Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen: the effect of little auk Alle alle (L.) colonies

Samples of two species of widely distributed mosses (Sanionia uncinata and Hylocomium splendens) were collected in the Ariekammen-Fuglebergct catchment area (Hornsund. Spitsbergen) within and outside little auk Alle alle (L.) colonies. The concentrations of Cd. Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn. Fe. N, P, and S in the moss samples were found to be 1.5-2 times higher within than outside the colonics. Significant differences were found for Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe, but not for Ni, Mn, N, P, and S. Sanionia uncinata accumulates up to 8 ug g⁻¹ d. wt Cd, 14-Pb, 8-Ni, 47-Zn, 9-Cu, 90-Mn, and 1920 u, g g⁻¹ d. wt Fe, while Hylocomium splendens accumulates up to 4 μg g⁻¹ d. wt Cd, 12-Pb, 3-Ni, 31-Zn, 5-Cu, fiO-Mn, and 840 μg g⁻¹ d. wt Fc. The colonics of seabirds contribute greatly to the supply of elements in the tundra ecosystems of southern Spitsbergen. The effect seems, however, to be limited to rather small areas.     

Heavy metals in water, ice and biological material from Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Concentrations of heavy metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg and Co were determined in surface waters, glacier ice and plant and animal materials from three regions in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The concentrations of these metals in two samples of surface waters and in the vascular plants from Spitsbergen were found to be lower than what is commonly found in Cental Europe. Elevated concentrations were found in old ice from the surface of a glacier. The concentrations of heavy metals in algae were lower than in vascular plants. The concentrations of metals in the samples of feathers and animal hair from Spitsbergen were higher than what is common for Central Europe.     

Seasonal variations in heavy metals concentrations in Mt. Qomolangma Region snow

The concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co in snow pit collected in September, 2005 from the accumulation area of the East Rongbuk Glacier (6523 m a.s.l.), which lies on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations (pg/ml) of heavy metals are Ba2-227, Co2.8-15.7, Cu10-120, Zn29-4948 and Pb14-142, respectively. The δ18O was determined by MAT-252. The time period of the snow pit spans from autumn 2005 to summer 2004. Seasonal variations of the concentrations and δ18O are observed, of which Pb, Cu, Zn and Co are much lower in summer monsoon season than that in non summer monsoon season, suggesting that different sources of heavy metals contributed to the site. EFc (crustal enrichment factors) is Co3.6, Cu27, Pb33 and Zn180, respectively. Higher EFc values of Pb, Cu and Zn suggest that Pb, Cu especially Zn are mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources.     

珠穆朗玛峰地区雪冰中重金属浓度与季节变化

对2005 年9 月采自珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523 m 的东绒布冰川积累区一批雪坑样品中重金属Ba, Co, Cu, Zn 和Pb 的浓度利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行了测试, 重金属浓度范围分别为(pg/ml); Ba2~227、Co2.8~15.7、Cu 10~120、Zn29~4948、Pb14~142。并利用气体稳 定同位素质谱仪MAT-252 对样品稳定氧同位素比率(δ¹⁸O) 进行了测试, 雪坑样品对应的时间为2004 年夏到2005 年秋, δ¹⁸O和重金属元素的浓度都存在着季节变化特征。在夏季风期间δ¹⁸O 值和重金属元素的浓度都很低,而在非夏季风期间δ¹⁸O值和重金属元素浓度升高,反映了不同的水汽来源对重金属浓度季节变化的影响及其环境意义。Co, Cu, Pb, Zn 的地壳富集系数(EF_c) 分别为: 3.6、27、33、180, 表明该地区Pb, Cu, Zn 已经受到了人类活动的污染, 其中Zn 受到的污染最大。     

北京市再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险

通过野外取样分析再生水灌溉、长期污水灌溉条件下土壤剖面和地下水中重金属含量, 预测再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险。结果表明:污染严重的Cr、Cu和Zn等3种元 素主要在土壤表层0～20cm累积, 0～180cm土层呈先降低后升高, 之后再降低的变化趋势。 污染较轻的As、Ni和Pb在0～60cm土层含量差异不大, 0～180cm土层大致呈先升高后降 低的变化趋势。所有重金属在土壤剖面90cm左右的土层中均存在高值区, 该层含量高于上、 下土层, 高值区的分布位置与北京剖面土壤发生层的分布特征一致, 与成土母质自然发育有 关, 并非表层土壤重金属向下淋溶沉积而成。综合土壤剖面重金属分布特征和调查区地下水 重金属浓度情况, 重金属向下层土壤迁移的趋势很小, 即使凉水河灌区污染严重的Cr、Cu、 Zn,主要在土壤表层累积, 并未导致地下水重金属污染。在当前的水质条件下, 农田再生水 灌溉输入的重金属量低于大气沉降和有机肥施用, 再生水灌溉导致地下水的污染风险小于大 气沉降和有机肥施用。因此相对于大气沉降、有机肥施用等输入途径, 再生水灌溉导致地下 水重金属污染的可能性不大。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价——以江苏太仓市为例

太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度,呈对数正态分布;Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度,呈正态分布。Cu、Hg、Zn、As显著高于当地背景值,以As累积指数和超背景值率最高;8种重金属除As自表层向下递增外,其余元素均为表层向下递减。土壤复合污染严重,土壤潜在生态风险达中等水平,黄泥土生态风险高于沙夹垅;重金属生态风险以印染厂最大,其次为电镀厂和养殖场,产生潜在生态风险为Hg、Cd,而As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb等多属轻微水平。     

Physiological adaptations in Coleoptera on Spitsbergen

Metabolic rates and Q₁₀ values were determined for three species of Spitsbergen Coleoptera, Amara quenseli, Simplocaria metallica and Rhynchaenus flagellum . The beetles had metabolic rates which were elevated compared to values of Coleoptera from other regions. This is interpreted as an adaptation to the prevailing low temperatures and short activity period on Spitsbergen.
A. quenseli had rates of water loss comparable to values of beetles in temperate and tropical xeric habitats, indicating that the habitat of the beetles on Spitsbergen at least occasionally is xeric.
Determination of cold-hardiness parameters such as supercooling point and haemolymph melting point of A. quenseli beetles revealed that the beetles had values corresponding to those of active insects in the temperate and tropical region. They had no thermal hysteresis factors. Thus, during summer they show no physiological adaptations to cold.     

珠穆朗玛峰地区雪冰中重金属浓度与季节变化

The concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co in snow pit collected in September, 2005 from the accumulation area of the East Rongbuk Glacier (6523 m a.s.l.), which lies on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations (pg/ml) of heavy metals are Ba2-227, Co2.8-15.7, Cu10-120, Zn29-4948 and Pb14-142, respectively. The δ¹⁸O was determined by MAT-252. The time period of the snow pit spans from autumn 2005 to summer 2004. Seasonal variations of the concentrations and δ¹⁸O are observed, of which Pb, Cu, Zn and Co are much lower in summer monsoon season than that in non summer monsoon season, suggesting that different sources of heavy metals contributed to the site. EF_c (crustal enrichment factors) is Co3.6, Cu27, Pb33 and Zn180, respectively. Higher EF_c values of Pb, Cu and Zn suggest that Pb, Cu especially Zn are mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40501014; No.40871058 Author: Duan Jianping (1981–), Ph.D. Candidate, specialized in climate and environmental change.     

珠江广州河段微表层与次表层水环境质量比较(英文)

The water quality in the surface microlayer(SML) and subsurface water(SSW) in the Guangzhou segment of Pearl River, a eutrophic urban river section in China, were analyzed. The spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient concentrations, heavy metals and bacteria were examined from two sampling sites in monthly samples throughout 2010. The mean concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite were higher than 7.0 mg/L, 3.1 mg/L, 1.1 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L, while total phosphorus and orthophosphate were 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. These results indicated that the water quality was rich in minerals and eutrophic. The mean concentrations of Mn and Fe were higher than 0.013 mg/L; and Ni, Cr and Pb were higher than 0.001 mg/L. The mean concentrations were in the order of Mn Fe Ni Pb Cr. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Guangzhou segment were lower than the limit of the surface water quality standards in China and the World Health Organization(WHO), but higher than the median values in the world's freshwater. The density of bacteria ranged from 3.30×105 to 5.23×106 cells/mL, and the amount of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.30×10 3 to 1.89×10 6 cfu/mL. Fecal coliform levels were beyond the V class of China water quality standard. The SML was enriched in nutrients, heavy metals and bacteria, with the maximum enrichment factor of 3.84 for nutrients, 8.00 for heavy metals, and 3.04 for bacteria, suggesting that the water quality of the SML of the Guangzhou segment of the Pearl River was more serious than in the SSW.     

基于137Cs计年法估算滇池沉积物重金属负荷

根据滇池流域地貌、湖盆形态、物源供给等,用GIS方法将滇池外海分作7个区域,以¹³⁷Cs计年法确定各区域上部沉积物3个沉积时段为1954~1963、1963~1986、1986~2003年,测算不同时段各区域的泥沙年均沉积通量和年均蓄积量,与当地实情及他人用其它方法研究对照,结果可以吻合。在此基础上,结合实验室测量,估算各区域的Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn在各时段的年均沉积通量,得到1963~2003年期间滇池沉积物几种重金属负荷分别达到1040.8、1054.0、11.2、824.7、2.5、2465.6 t。故应十分重视滇池沉积物中重金属,采用减少重金属和泥沙入湖量并举的措施控制沉积物重金属负荷的进一步增长。     

路域土壤植物系统重金属污染研究综述

道路建设、交通活动向周围环境排放重金属污染物,引起路域土壤重金属污染和植物体内重金属含量升高.这些污染物还可能通过食物链对动物及人类造成影响,对区域生态安全构成威胁.本文综述了路域土壤重金属含量随与路缘距离和土层深度增加的变化规律,路域土壤重金属空间分布的影响因素以及路域土壤重金属的赋存形态.从4方面论述了路域植物重金属污染的研究:(1)路域植物吸收重金属的途径;(2)植物体内重金属含量与距离路缘的关系;(3)路域不同植物种的重金属含量差异;(4)同种植物不同器官中的重金属含量的差异.     

连霍高速不同运营路段路旁土壤重金属分布及潜在生态风险

在连霍高速公路运营时间不同的湾刘和小王庄断面, 按照距离公路的远近不同布设采样点, 对路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr)的空间分布特征及土壤重金属潜在生态风险展开研究。结果表明:运营时间较长的湾刘断面(处于中等生态风险状态)路旁土壤重金属含量高于小王庄断面(总体处于轻微生态风险状态)。随着距公路路基距离的增加, 多数重金属含量及潜在生态风险呈不规则偏态分布。湾刘断面的RI峰值出现在距路基50～100m之间, 小王庄断面出现在距路基35 m处。土壤Cd是最主要的风险因子, 对RI的贡献率平均为61.39%。土壤污染物潜在生态风险评价应根据所研究污染物种类和数量对H?kanson 潜在生态风险指数分级标准进行适当调整。     

官厅水库及永定河枯水期水体氮、磷和重金属含量分布规律

于枯水期 (冬季和春季 )在官厅水库库区及永定河沿线 1 3个地点采集了表层水样品 ,分别测定了原水和过滤水中 N、P和重金属的含量 ,同时进一步分析了过滤水中不同形态氮的含量 ,初步探讨了枯水期官厅水库和永定河水体 N、P及重金属含量的分布规律及污染特征。研究结果表明 ,官厅水库库区及永定河沿线重金属基本没有污染 ,大多低于地表水 类标准 ,极个别样点超过 类但仍低于 类标准。 N、 P污染比较严重 ,大部分样点的总氮、总磷指标超过湖泊水库 类标准 ,个别样点甚至超过 类标准。不同地点 ,各形态 N的含量有显著差别 ,体现了外源污染的区域分布规律。     

Magnetic investigation of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoils around the East Lake, Wuhan, China

Magnetic measurements and heavy metal analyses were performed on 133 samples from the urban soils around the East Lake in Wuhan, China. Samples were collected from four areas with different environmental settings: a heavy industrial area well known for thermal power generation and steel works; villages located in the downwind area of the industrial area; a main road with heavy traffic and roads around the East Lake. Results show that concentrations of magnetic particle and heavy metals in urban topsoils are significantly elevated due to the input of coarser-grained magnetite from industrial (e.g. power generation and steel production) and other anthropogenic activities (e.g. vehicle emissions). Concentration-related magnetic parameters, for example, magnetic susceptibility, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, significantly correlate with the concentration of heavy metals. Moreover, in terms of grain sizes, the magnetic particles of different origins can be efficiently discriminated at the studied region. Therefore, magnetic measurements provide a basis for discrimination and identification of different contamination sources, and can be used as an economic alternative to chemical analysis when mapping heavy metal contamination in urban soil around the East Lake region, Wuhan, China.     

北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价——以“镍都”金昌市为例

通过对甘肃省金昌市(镍矿城市)建成区的土壤重金属调查研究,揭示了其重金属来源、污染现状及其环境风险。结果表明:当地主要矿产品Ni和Cu两种重金属的土壤污染最严重,与《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)的III级标准比较,样品Ni和Cu的超标率分别为70%和57%,污染面积分别为26 km2和24 km2;土壤As和Cd污染主要集中在矿冶区和尾砂库附近,居民区土壤污染程度低;土壤Cr污染出现在尾砂库和采矿区附近,污染面积为3 km2。在城区土壤中,Co、Cu、Cd、Pb与Zn的污染来源及空间分布具有相似特征,而土壤As污染与Ni污染特征相近。Nemero综合指数评价结果表明,高风险区域主要分布在东部矿冶区、北部尾砂库和西南角采矿区,城市居民区的土壤重金属污染水平较低。     

长江三角洲典型区工业发展影响下土壤重金属空间变异特征

以长三角江苏省宜兴市为例,研究工业发展影响下土壤重金属空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)点源周围元素富集程度较强,其中固体点源周围含量最高,液体次之,气体相对较低;富集元素种类取决于点源排放废物类型;元素含量随距离的增加呈明显下降趋势,气体点源影响范围最大,固体次之,液体相对较小。(2)与点源相比,面源排放下元素富集程度较弱,元素含量随距离的增加变化规律不明显,但影响范围大。(3)面源排放下重金属空间分布的方向性,除受盛行风向的影响,还受到工业布局的影响;由于富集元素种类复杂,加之交叉复合效应,使其空间变异更为复杂,从而加大了重金属治理的难度。     

乌鲁木齐市近几年大气颗粒物中重金属的浓度特征

采用重量法对2014年、2015年、2017年采暖期乌鲁木齐市新疆农业大学大气颗粒物TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5进行采集,使用TAS-990型火焰原子吸收分光光度计、PF3型原子荧光光谱仪、石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定颗粒物中5种重金属元素的质量浓度,利用富集因子法分析重金属元素的富集程度及来源。结果表明：该采样点采暖期大气颗粒物TSP、PM₁₀的质量浓度在近几年均呈现出下降趋势,PM_2.5的质量浓度变化趋势为：2017年＞2015年＞2014年;重金属元素As的质量浓度在不同粒径大气颗粒物中均为最高值,且采暖期大气颗粒物中除Cr以外的重金属含量、重金属元素的富集程度近几年均呈现明显的下降趋势;重金属As、Cr、Zn、Hg元素更易富集于细颗粒物中。     

年轮化学示踪技术及在重现矿区重金属污染历史中的应用

矿区自然分布的树木从环境中吸收重金属元素,并在形成层发育过程中将重金属元素储存在年轮中,通过分析年轮中重金属元素含量的变化特征,可以半定量判定不同污染途径对年轮中重金属元素的贡献率,进而重现矿区环境变迁历史.本文综述了国内外年轮化学在环境污染分析中的应用案例,针对影响年轮化学分析精度的各种环境因素,结合矿区污染特征,探...