菏泽5.9级地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了１９７９—１９８７年发生在北纬３４°３０＇一３６°＇１０，东经１１５°—１１７°４５＇范围内１４８次ＭＬ≥２０级地震的波速比值，分析了１９８３年菏泽５．９级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异，对计算结果进行了ｔ检验，源区和场区波速比的时空变化及ｔ检验结果表明，５．９级地震前，源区波速比存在比较明显的下降一低值一恢复过程。场区则表现了５．９级地震临震前的低值异常。５．９级地震后源区和场区的波速比计算结果一致，时空变化均为正常。     

大同—阳高地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了１９８５年至１９９２年发生在ψＮ３９°００‘￣ψＮ４１°００’,λＥ１１２°００‘￣λＥ１１４°３０’范围内的１２７次ＭＬ≥２．０地震的波速比值,分析了１９８０年大同一阳高６．１级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异,对计算结果进行了ｔ检验,源区与场区波速比的时空变化及ｔ检验结果表明,大同－阳高６．１级地震前,源区波速比存在比较明显的下降－－低值－恢复－恢复－高值过程。场区测表现也     

张北6.2级地震前京西北地区地震波速比的异常变化

对张北62级地震前京西北地区地震波速比的时空分布特征进行了分析,发现62级地震前,该地区波速比时空分布都出现了较明显的低值异常:下降—低值—恢复—下降—发震的过程。空间分布则为近似椭圆形的低值异常区,异常区外围地区地震平静。对计算结果进行了t检验,波速比的时空变化及t检验结果表明,62级地震前京西北地区地震波速比存在着比较明显的低值异常。     

苏鲁交界及南黄海地区地震波速比的变化特征

本文主要应用多台波速比和单台波速比的方法，计算了苏鲁交界及南黄海（北纬３５°３５′至３６°００′，东经１１７°００′至１２１°００′）范围内，１９８４到１９９１年７月发生在该区域的１６３次ＭＬ≥１．７地震的波速比值，并对波速比结果进行ｔ检验和模糊数学分析识别。分析结果发现，１９８５年１月至１１月出现了不连续的波速比低值异常时段，模糊数学识别的异常从属函数在这段时间也呈现高值。异常恢复后，１９８７年     

内蒙古东部地区波速比变化特征研究

以内蒙古地震监测台网的监测能力和资料完整性为基础,结合内蒙古东部地区（41°～51°N,114.5°～124.6°E）实际地震地质构造特点,选取了内蒙古东部地区（41°～51°N,114.5 ° ～ 124.6°E） 2008-2012年的ML≥2.0地震作为研究对象,利用多台和达法计算得出了该区域的平均波速比及其变化特征.通过分析该地区两次中等地震震例,发现内蒙古东部地区在中等地震前后波速比时间变化存在显著异常,符合“下降—低值—恢复—发震”的规律,且存在着震后异常期的变化;在对该区域内波速比绘制空间等值线后,发现该区域内波速比高值主要是沿着大兴安岭分布,其空间分布基本呈现东低西高、北低南高的态势.综合研究了区域地震地质背景和最近一两年研究区域内波速比变化,得出内蒙古东部地区地下介质的应力变化比较显著,具备发生中强地震的地质构造条件.     

丽江、宁蒗强震的波速比时空演化图象和数值分析

通过对１９９６年２月３日滇西北丽江７０级地震前波速比时空演化图象的动态追踪,同时对比了相距９０ｋｍ的１９７６年１１月７日、１２月１３日宁蒗６７、６４级地震。发现,不同作者在不同时间研究的滇西北地区这两次重复发生的强震在孕育过程中波速比的时空演化图象十分相似：强震前５～７年,强震孕震区出现波速比高值异常区;强震前３～４年,孕震区的波速比大面积低值异常;强震前１～２年左右,孕震区再次出现范围略小的波速比高值异常区;强震发生在波速比低值异常区包围的两次高值异常区重叠部位。两次强震前滇西北波速比月均值均持续低值异常数年后,在震前１年左右出现明显的偏离平均值,当高、低值异常均趋于正常时,强震的孕育进入短临阶段。进一步研究波速比高、低值异常区的数值分布,显示出：第一次高值异常区中波速比最大的地震发生在异常区的边缘;低值异常区和第二次高值异常区中波速比最小和最大的地震发生在异常区内。这些波速比最大、最小的地震距主震的距离不超过６０ｋｍ。     

新疆新源、和静交界6.6级地震前后波速比异常特征研究

利用天山中段数字化地震观测报告,采用多台和达法,计算了2012年6月30日新疆新源、和静交界6.6级地震前后波速比异常变化情况.结果表明:在该次地震前,波速比在空间上形成一个的低值异常区,其值在1.6左右,地震发生在该异常区的东北缘;地震发生后,震区周围波速比在1.8左右,基本恢复正常.     

苍山5．2级地震前地震波速比的异常变化

本文对苍山５．２级地震前，鲁南地区地震波速比的时、空分布特征进行了分析，发现５．２级地震前，该区波速比的时、空分布都出现了较明显的低值异常。时间分布的异常形态为下降—低值—恢复—发震。空间分布则为近似圆形的低值异常区。异常区外围地区显示地震平静。苍山５．２级地震前，我们曾根据该区的波速比异常变化，对鲁南地区提出了预报意见。     

荷泽5.9级地震前小震波速比时空变化特征

本文研究了荷泽5.9级地震前小震波速比时空变化特征,发现在荷泽附近大约2°×2°范围内出现了持续两年的小震波速比低值异常集中分布区,当集中区内波速比回升到极大值后小震活动平静,然后波速比低值区向外围扩散,当外围出现波速比极小值且逐渐回升后,在低值集中区内主震发生。震前小震波速比低值异常持续三年,直到主震前半个月波速比恢复正常。最后本文对波速比异常的有关问题进行了讨论。     

6.6级地震前小金地区地震活动性

小金6.6级地震发生在鲜水河断裂带与龙门山断裂带之间一个地震活动水平较低的地区.根据该地区近10多年来中小地震活动的频度～震级统计关系,计算得到这一地区7级地震复发周期为435～523年;6级为58～69年;5级为10.1～11.7年.对该区及附近地震活动分析表明,小金地震前6年左右震中附近出现4级背景性地震空区;1989年3月1日小金5.0级地震为空区内逼近地震。小金地震前1年多四川西部曾出现背景性地震条带;震中附近曾出现弱震空区。b 值的时空扫描显示这次地震前2年多附近地区 b 值存在一个由高值到低值的变化过程.对周围4°×4°范围2.5级以上地震活动归一化熵计算结果,断层面总面积熵有下降异常,反映地震时间间隔及单位面积地震频度的熵无变化.     

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

燕郊等测点迁移优化与地磁观测研究

为优化地磁观测条件，开展了燕郊、夏垫等测点迁移工作；按照测眯迁移原则与实施技术方案，完整地收集并整理了地质构造与地球物理等方面的基本资料；进行了野外实地勘察，磁场梯度的测量，确定了新测点，在新老测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测；应用多种方法分析研究了地磁对比观测资料，结果表明，新老测点与有关测点的地磁变化具有良好的一致性，并得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的按点差。     

Temporal variations and scaling of streamflow and baseflow and their nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and loads

The patterns of temporal variations of precipitation (P), streamflow (SF) and baseflow (BF) as well as their nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations (C) and loads (L) from a long-term record (28 years) in the Raccoon River, Iowa, were analyzed using variogram and spectral analyses. The daily P is random but scaling may exist in the daily SF and BF with a possible break point in the scaling at about 18 days and 45 days, respectively. The nitrate concentrations and loads are shown to have a half-year cycle while daily P, SF, and BF have a one-year cycle. Furthermore, there may be a low-frequency cycle of 6–8 years in C. The power spectra of C and L in both SF and BF exhibit fractal 1/f scaling with two characteristic frequencies of half-year and one-year, and are fitted well with the spectrum of the gamma distribution. The nitrate input to SF and BF at the Raccoon watershed seems likely to be a white noise process superimposed on another process with a half-year and one-year cycle.     

GIS与防灾减灾

地理信息系统(GIS)在我国已得到广泛的应用。在简要介绍G1S的发展历程、特点和发展趋势的基础上，重点从防灾减灾的角度介绍了GIS在气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害等领域的应用成果。     

Fault and system stiffnesses and stick-slip phenomena

Summary This paper discusses the influence of system stiffness on the dynamic instability of fault surfaces under laboratory conditions for a number of test modes. In conjunction with shear load stiffness, the normal load stiffness, often neglected, is shown to have a considerable effect on the stick-slip process —its presence or absence and its characteristics. Also appropriate stiffnesses are suggested for an earthquake sequence modeled as a growing dislocation.     

Correlation of foreshocks and aftershocks and asperities

A close correlation in spatial distribution of local seismic activity and energy release patterns before and after the 1979 Petatlan, Mexico earthquake suggests heterogeneity within the fault plane of this major low-angle thrust event associated with subduction along the Middle America Trench. A simple two-asperity model is proposed to account for the complexity. Foreshocks and aftershocks of the neighboring 1981 Playa Azul earthquake showed a similar pattern. As both events occurred at the junction of the Orozco Fracture Zone and the Middle America Trench, we speculate that the observed complex fault plane is caused by subduction of the rugged ocean floor of the Orozco Fracture Zone. Short-term precursory seismicity prior to the Petatlan earthquake can be explained by using the asperity model and migration of a slip front from the south-east to the north-west across the main shock source region.     

地震系统科技信息资源集成整合的探索与研究

本文探索了网络化环境下,利用现代化的信息技术,对地震科技信息资源集成整合以及共建共享等问题。     

Causes and solutions of overshoot and undershoot and end swing in Hilbert-Huang transform

Introduction Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is a great break in processing nonlinear and non-stationary data and can be successfully used in many science domains. There are mainly two parts in this method. The first part is to decompose the original data into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) with the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). IMF components are derived from the original data directly according to the local characteristics in the data under some rules, so that IMF are poste…     

石油双机（有机+无机）混合成因的研究与探索

石油与天然气的成因问题关系到我国乃至世界各国能源结构的配置及其能源在社会与经济发展中的地位和导向.自从17世纪展开对石油的有机与无机成因的争论以来,至今已有约300~400年的历史.尽管有机成因论占据了统治地位,但是无机成因论亦不断地在兴起！通过对这二者的理解和研究,从理论上讲他们都具有一定的物质基础和论据.基于对国内、外一些特异油田的生储环境,原油中所富含的微量金属元素的聚集与散失,某些油田中并未找到卟啉分子这样的生物标志物,碳、氢、氧化学合成实验等方面取得了一定的成效,故全盘否定无机生油的论点和论据确尚感为时过早或欠妥！显然,在以有机物成油为主体的前提下,无机物亦可生成部分石油,并通过运移、渗透到各油田的储集层中应是完全可能的.基于这样的分析、研究和探索,现提出石油的双机（a有机+b无机）混合成因的新理念.诚希能在今后的石油工业发展中,从理论、技术、实验和实践中强化对双机混合成因新理念的深化研究与探索,以达深切理解和扩展石油生、储空间环境等是不无裨益的！

     

Advancements and best practices for analysis and correlation of tephra and cryptotephra in ice

Geochemical analysis of fine grained (<20 μm) tephra found in ice cores is inherently difficult, due to the typically low number and small size of available particles. Ice core tephra samples require specialized sample preparation techniques to maximize the amount of information that can be gained from these logistically limited samples that may provide important chronology to an ice record, as well as linking glacial, marine and terrestrial sediments. We have developed a flexible workflow for preparation of tephra and cryptotephra samples to allow accurate and robust geochemical fingerprinting, which is fundamental to tephrochronology. The samples can be prepared so that secondary electron imagery can be obtained for morphological characterization of the samples to ensure that the sample is tephra-bearing and then the sample can be further prepared for quantitative electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive techniques (EMP-WDS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Some samples may be too small for typical instrumentation conditions to be used (i.e. 20 μm beam on the EMP) to analyze for geochemistry and we present other techniques that can be employed to obtain accurate, although less precise, geochemistry. Methods include analyzing unpolished tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter with a 1 μm beam on an SEM; using the “broad beam overlap” EMP method on irregular particles less than 20 μm in diameter, and analyzing microlitic shards as well as aphyric shards using EMP to increase the number of analyzed shards in low abundance tephra layers. The methods presented are flexible enough to be employed in other geological environments (terrestrial, marine and glacial) which will help maximize and integrate multiple environments into the overall tephra framework.