陇东盆地泾河剖面水化学特征及其水文地球化学过程

运用piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法,对水样的水化学特征及水文地球化学过程进行分析,在陇东盆地岩土风化—溶滤作用控制了水体水化学特征;阳离子交替吸附、溶滤、沉淀作用在水化学演化中占主导地位。     

浅论农业地球化学及其应用

本文介绍了农业地球化学研究的目的和任务，归纳了岩石－土壤－水体－植物间元素含量变化、岍存状态及共生组合对农作物产品、产量与品质的影响，指出了农业地球化学的发展前景并提出了建议。     

临邑盆地同生地下水化学研究

本文运用古生物和地球化学方法对临邑盆地沉积、演化各时期湖盆水体的化学特征进行了分析和论证。确定了各沉积期段同生地下水的相对盐度变化，并得出盆地起始沙四期同生地下水为具有海水特征地下水的结论，为盆地地下水化学演化和成岩演化研究奠定了基础。     

化学动力学在地球化学中的某些应用

化学动力学在地球化学（特别是成矿作用地球化学）研究中有极其重要的作用,其主要应用包括七个方面。本文重点介绍了地球化学中化学动力学的实验研究方法以及碳酸盐、硅酸盐、氧化物和硫化物等矿物的反应动力学实验成果;介绍了Helgeson的质量迁移理论及其研究热液在围岩中的运移方面的应用,并在热力学性质和动力学行为两方面研究了围岩的离解作用、蚀变作用与矿化作用及其相互关系。     

中国东部主要入海河流河口区地球化学特征：理化指标与水溶态元素浓度

河水理化性质和元素组成特征直接影响到水体利用功能,入海河流元素输送量对近岸海洋生态环境具有重要影响。在中国东部33条入海河流下游河段或河口区布设了水地球化学调查点,分别在2007年夏季(丰水期)、2007年底—2008年初(枯水期)采样并测定了河水酸碱度、电导率值以及溶解态常量和微量元素浓度。研究表明,多数北方河流水体酸碱度、电导率值以及常量元素浓度高于南方河流,与中国土壤及其常量元素组成的南北分带相吻合,反映了我国南北气候分带对河水地球化学特征的控制作用,推断少数河流酸碱度、电导率和常量元素浓度的异常分布与海水混合作用、人为污染等作用有关;部分河流水体中微量元素浓度背离于区域正常浓度,其原因一是与区域地球化学背景有关,二是与城市污染影响有关,通过对比部分城市上、下游水体元素浓度证实城市污染的影响;研究认为丰水期易溶元素Na、Ca、K、Zn、Se浓度较低反映了大量降水的稀释效应,而丰水期河水Al、REE、Fe、Pb、Tl等元素浓度明显高于枯水期,主要与丰水期暴雨形成的地面径流携带大量胶体颗粒进入地表水有关。     

好氧不产氧光合细菌反馈作用下的五里峡水库坝前水体化学特征研究

微生物是水体生物地球化学循环的主要驱动者,也是能量代谢的主要参与者,在水体生态系统多样性与稳定性方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。好氧不产氧光合细菌(AAPB)是水体中一类分布广泛的重要功能类群,它们可利用光能补充自身能量代谢,并影响水体化学组分,其重要性被人们广泛认可并深入研究。为探讨岩溶区AAPB反馈作用下的五里峡水库坝前水体化学特征,本文对坝前不同层位水体进行实地监测,在获得不同层位水体溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳稳定碳同位素特征的基础上,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测、研究了坝前水体不同层位AAPB分布规律。结果表明:取样期五里峡水库坝前水体为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)贫-中营养型;通过水体溶解氧、δ~(13)CPOC、δ~(13)CDOC和碳氮比综合分析得出,坝前水体有机碳主要由微型生物产生;AAPB占总浮游细菌的相对丰度范围在1.33%~1.60%,且AAPB在不同层位的丰度变化强度要高于总浮游细菌的丰度变化强度,表明相较于总浮游细菌,AAPB对水化学特征的反馈作用更加敏感;使用典范对应分析可揭示水体理化性质与AAPB的内在联系,结果显示AAPB和总浮游细菌均受浊度的影响较大,故基于颗粒沉降的海洋微生物泵作用也适用于陆地岩溶水库。因而,AAPB反馈作用下的水化学特征对揭示CO_2-水-碳酸盐岩-微生物代谢体系具有重要的启示意义。     

微量元素锶及其同位素的地球化学研究与应用前景

锶元素的浓度和同位素组成在自然界的碳酸盐、水体和生物体中有很大的变化范围,这种变率和定量的相关性可能是沉积速率、介质环境、矿物结晶体生长机制和生物聚集或选择吸收作用的函数。随着测量分析技术的提高,以及锶元素含量和同位素组成变化的地球化学理论模式的逐步完善,锶元素和同位素组成的地球化学特征成为研究水文循环、碳酸盐成岩作用机制、以及由此引出的古环境评价和现代环境的监测与示踪等方面的重要工具。主要介绍了锶元素及其同位素在以上各方面的研究进展及其应用前景。     

水地球化学测量在森林沼泽景观区区域化探异常追踪中的作用研究

对水地球化学测量在森林沼泽景观区域化探异常追踪阶段的地位和作用进行了研究,发现了水体中热液型铅锌矿床和铜金矿化、斑岩型铜矿床的指示元素种类.以相对低密度(0.5点/km2～2点/km2)和小采样量(每点25ml)的水地球化学测量可达到快速有效缩小找矿靶区、指明找矿有利区段、指导下一步工作部署的目的.     

亚热带小流域花岗岩化学风化及CO2消耗速率研究

文章选择深圳市的亚热带典型小流域作为研究对象,通过定期采集流域内降水、泉水、岩石及风化残积土样品,分析所有样品的常量元素和微量元素,探讨流域水体的化学成分组成和主要成分来源以及岩石化学风化程度和风化趋势,结合流域水文气象数据估算了花岗岩化学风化速率及CO2消耗速率.结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,主要...     

黔西月亮田矿区龙潭组泥岩地球化学特征及指示意义

通过广泛调研前人研究成果、月亮田矿区地勘资料,区域地质背景,钻取并测试区内两口钻井的17件泥岩样品;运用地球化学指标指示沉积环境,对区内龙潭组泥岩地球化学特征及地质意义进行了详细研究。结果表明:区内龙潭组沉积主体时期长期处于温湿气候,利于植物繁殖;古水体以淡水环境为主,间或有短暂海侵;沉积水体以贫氧至厌氧的弱氧化至还原性环境为主,为区域聚煤作用提供了良好条件;龙潭组物源以来自大陆岛弧的玄武岩为主。研究结果符合贵州省大地构造背景,不仅进一步佐证了研究区在晚二叠世龙潭期作为沉降区,长期接受玄武岩物源沉积,也揭示了古沉积环境及物源区构造背景,为区域地质研究提供了新的理论支持。     

布隆湖水化学成分的形成机制

在对研究区地质及水文地质条件进行分析的基础上,根据对各类水样水质资料的分析,得出与补给水相比,布隆湖水中各组分含量普遍升高、TDS显著增大、水化学类型由HCO3.Cl型变为Cl.SO4.HCO3型、水质由良好的饮用水变为多种组分含量超标的不可饮水;认为布隆湖水的化学成分是在补给水化学成分的基础上,经过蒸发浓缩作用、溶解/沉淀及阳离子交替吸附作用而形成的。使用离子比值分析方法,估算出河水进入布隆湖后,蒸发比例高达71.43%,使各组分含量增大了约3.5倍;质量平衡模拟结果表明,形成湖水化学成分的主要化学作用是岩盐、石膏的溶解、方解石的沉淀以及CO2的逸出,此外还发生了少量的阳离子交替吸附作用。     

藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊水质状况及其评价

湖泊水质是研究湖泊变化及其对气候变化响应的重要指标.分析了藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊的水化学指标概况、 水化学组成、 矿化度时空分布及其驱动, 并在此基础上对各湖泊的水质现状进行了评价. 研究表明: 流域内各湖泊水化学性质虽有一定的相似性, 但矿化度等水化学指标浓度存在显著差异, 各湖泊水化学组成亦差异显著. 羊卓雍错和巴纠错均为硫酸盐类-镁组, 沉错为硫酸盐类-钠组, 普莫雍错和空姆错则分别为重碳酸盐类-镁组和重碳酸盐类-钙组. 各湖泊矿化度差异较大的主要原因在于其补给来源不同, 以降水补给为主的湖泊矿化度远高于以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊. 与全球气候变暖相对应, 各湖泊矿化度变化反映了气候变化的影响, 而水电站运行对羊卓雍错水体化学性质变化有所贡献. 目前, 羊卓雍错、 普莫雍错水质为劣V类, 空姆错、 沉错、 巴纠错水质为V类. 深入探讨该流域水质对气候变化的响应, 亟需更长时间序列的数据支持. 为此, 必须继续在该流域长期开展全方位的水化学观测与水质监测、 评价工作.     

Characterizing Major Controls on Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Chemical Composition of Surface and Pore Brine of Maharlu Lake,Southern Iran

Maharlu Lake with Na–Cl water type is the terminal point of a closed basin in southern Iran. A total of 10 water samples from two rivers discharging to the lake and 78 water samples of surface and pore brine of Maharlu Lake have been collected from different depths (surface, 20, 50 and 100 cm) of four sampling stations along the lake during a period of lake water-level fluctuation (November 2014–July 2015). To investigate chemical interaction between lake surface water and shallow pore water and to understand the major factors governing chemical composition of Maharlu brine, concentrations of major and minor (boron, bromide and lithium) solutes, pH and total dissolved solids have been measured in collected water samples. Saturation indices of evaporite minerals in collected water samples have been also calculated. The chemical behavior of dissolved solutes and evaporative evolution of the lake brine during a hydrological period have been simulated using PHREEQC. The results of our investigations indicated that chemical composition of lake surface water and pore brine of Maharlu Lake are mainly connected with lake water-level fluctuations and distance from input rivers (and depth), respectively. Hydrochemical investigations and statistical analysis showed that the brines chemistry of Maharlu is mainly controlled by three processes: brine evaporative evolution, dissolution–precipitation and diagenetic evolution of secondary carbonates.     

湖泊沉积物的矿物组成、成因、环境指示及研究进展

湖泊沉积物是不同地质、气候、水文条件下各类碎屑、黏土、自生/生物成因矿物以及有机物质等的综合体。沉积矿物蕴含着丰富区域和全球环境演变信息,如湖水的化学组成、流域构造、气候、水文以及人类活动的相互作用等。相关信息可以赋存在矿物外部微形貌、内部微结构、化学组成、物理和化学性质、同位素组成、谱学特征、成因以及共生组合等方面。因此,湖泊科学的许多关键课题都离不开矿物学,特别是在利用湖泊沉积物进行区域及过去全球变化研究中,深入的机理研究归根到底都要涉及矿物学,如流域化学风化作用、粒度组成、生物壳体化学组成、测年材料的选择等。然而,由于湖泊沉积物中矿物的多源性、复杂性,如何有效提取和解译其中的环境信息,是一项长期困扰研究者的课题,湖泊沉积矿物学的研究往往被许多研究者所忽视,中国的相关研究也较为薄弱。笔者综述了湖泊沉积物中碎屑、黏土、自生/生物矿物的矿物组合、特征、成因在（古）环境反演中的作用及最新研究进展,提出除了继续加强对湖泊沉积物中矿物来源、成因和古环境示踪的深入研究以外,矿物相间的转变及其对湖水和孔隙水组成的响应、一些非晶质或隐晶质及低丰度矿物相在湖泊化学和动力学中的作用也是很有潜力的研究领域,最后提出了研究中存在的一些问题、面对的挑战以及对研究前景的展望。     

末次间冰期以来新疆巴里坤湖蒸发盐的沉积环境记录

沉积物岩芯的碳酸盐、石膏等蒸发盐含量和矿物组成的证据显示了新疆巴里坤湖末次间冰期以来一直是一个水位变化频繁的浅水盐湖,有时甚至为间歇式的湖泊,约在34000aB.P.前后巴里坤湖沉积相发生了显著的变化,34000aB.P.之前为泥坪-湖滨相沉积,34000aB．P．之后为成湖相沉积。尽管我们对巴里坤湖34000aB．P．前后的沉积相变难以理解,但是长期处于浅水状态的巴里坤湖沉积物中蒸发盐的含量和矿物组成仍然与气候变化密切相关。在泥坪-湖滨相形成的碳酸盐中白云石相对的增加是地表强烈蒸发的结果。以石膏为主的蒸发盐含量增加是温度和降水增加所致,而其含量减少则是冰川前进致使补给水矿化度降低造成的。这使我们获得了该区古气候变化并不服从于冰期与雨期同步模式的信息。     

粒度和元素证据指示的居延海1.5kaBP来环境演化

居延海是黑河的终端湖, 在最近3 000 a来已由原来面积 800 km2逐渐萎缩而最终干涸, 同时其周边环境也发生了巨大的变化.东居延海(索果诺尔)湖相沉积的粒度和元素资料研究结果表明: 明清以前湖泊的变化主要受气候变化的影响, 温暖时期, 气候偏湿, 入湖水量增多, 湖泊面积扩大, 流域化学风化作用增强; 寒冷时期, 气候偏干, 入湖水量减小, 湖泊萎缩, 流域化学风化作用减弱.明清之后特别是近40 a来, 由于黑河上中游地区大规模的土地开发及水资源利用, 入湖水量不断减小, 甚至河流断流, 最终导致了目前居延海的干涸.     

Acidification and Trace Metals of Lakes in Taiwan

One hundred and eighty lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Taiwan, and the offshore islands have been investigated since 1985. Effects such as warming/cooling, mixing, photosynthesis and respiration on pH have been identified. These effects were found to be less profound than those resulting from the geology. Since there is little rain or lake water pH data available prior to 1970, it was necessary to use proxy data in order to ascertain the history of lake acidification. In this study, we present data based on diatoms in a sediment core collected from a lake in the remote subalpine region of southern Taiwan. The acidity of this lake water was found to have increased since 1900. We measured the concentrations of 55 chemical species in lake water samples. In addition, concentrations of 26 chemical species were obtained from sediments. Conductivity, alkalinity (HCO₃ ^?), most other major and minor chemical species, as well as the non sea-salt SO₄/Na ratio in lake water clearly decrease with elevation. Distribution of pH is similar, although the trend is less clear. Distribution of trace metals, however, shows a different trend as anthropogenic pollution, diagenetic reduction and lake acidification are at play.     

Evaluating the anthropogenic and geologic impacts on water quality of the Eğirdir Lake, Turkey

E?irdir Lake is the second largest fresh water lake with 482 km² surface area of Turkey. The lake is an indispensable water source for our country and region because of available water capacity and usage aims such as drinking-irrigation water, tourism, and fishing. However, especially contaminants located in the E?irdir Lake catchment affect the lake water quality negatively in times. Therefore, determination of the water quality of the lake has quite importance for region human health and sustainable usage of the lake. The major factors that control the quality of the E?irdir Lake water are agricultural activities in the basin, water–rock interaction, and domestic and industrial wastes. This study investigates the anthropogenic and geologic impact originated from pollution sources and water–rock interaction in the lake watershed basin to the E?irdir Lake water quality. For this purpose, geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological properties of the lake basin with point and nonpoint pollution sources were investigated. To determine the water quality of the lake, 48 water samples were collected especially from locations representing effects of pollutants in May and October 2009. The analysis results were compared with maximum permissible limit values recommended by World Health Organization and Turkish drinking water standards. The contents of all chemical and physical parameters are higher in dry periods than wet period, and water pollution was observed at discharge points of the streams into the lake. Also, pH, turbidity, potassium, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, aluminum, iron, and lead concentrations were found to be above drinking water standards.     

Influence of emission from copper–nickel smelters on the chemical composition of lake water: Acidification forecast

The influence of the emission of sulfur dioxide and solid substances from Pechenganickel and Severonickel copper–nickel combines (Murmansk oblast) on the chemical compositions of lake water and the development of acidification is analyzed. The temporal dynamics of ∼100 lakes, studied in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2009, and the response of the chemical composition of the lake water to the impact of acid-forming substances depending on the load level (the distance of combines), geologically controlled sensitivity of catchment areas of the lakes studied to acid deposition, and the lake areas is discussed. The likely further changes in sulfate concentration and pH value in the lake water under the scenarios of increase/decrease of sulfur dioxide emissions from smelter are estimated.

     

Investigation of water quality on Gökçekaya dam lake using multivariate statistical analysis,in Eskişehir,Turkey

Gökçekaya Dam is one of the dams located on the Sakarya River (Eski?ehir) in Turkey and is approximately 38 years old. No study regarding to the water quality of the dam lake has been hitherto made. This study aimed at determining the seasonal variations with physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the water quality of the dam lake. Depth-wise water samples were taken from five selected stations, in seasonal periods during 2005–2008, and anlayzed. The quality of water was classified in accordance with the results and taking into consideration many parameters. At the same time, number and type diversities of dissolved heavy metals and algae population were analyzed. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and classification analysis (CA) methods, differences between these parameters and samples from stations have been determined . The analysis showed that Gökçekaya dam lake, formerly an oligotrophic lake, has become a mesotrophic lake. And according to the results thereof the Lake has mezotrophic characteristics due to the sudden changes (including household waste water inflow and opening the Sar?yar dam lake shutters) in certain periods and in some stations. Hierarchical clustering analysis, revealed no significant difference between the measured parameters. And according to the Water Pollution Control Regulations in Turkey (WPCR) Gökçekaya dam lake is in the first class quality in terms of anions, cations, heavy metals, temperature, and pH values. However, the is of first class quality presence of nitrite reduces the water quality in the lake and causes this lake to be classified in the fourth class quality.