第二松花江甲基汞污染成因及其治理对策

工业废水的排人是形成第二松花江甲基汞污染水体的重要原因，生物化学作用使沉淀的底质汞和自然本底汞的甲基化过程是形成甲基汞污染的次生原因．控制和减少甲基汞及汞污染源的数量，改造生产工艺．逐渐消除现有污染源，控制汞的次生甲基化的产生条件，减缓甲基汞的形成速率，促进水体的自净作用等是治理甲基汞污染的根本措施．     

湿地条件下无机汞—有机汞相互转化研究进展

汞（Hg）作为一种有毒重金属污染物，在全球范围内受到广泛关注。有机汞尤其是甲基汞的毒性比无机汞毒性更大，且易在食物链中积累，因此无机汞—有机汞的转化问题近年来备受关注。之前的研究多集中于海洋环境中的Hg甲基化问题，对于淡水环境尤其是湿地环境Hg甲基化的研究相对欠缺。而湿地环境的特殊性与复杂性使其成为突出的甲基汞产出单元，且生物积累作用明显。通过系统总结湿地中无机汞—有机汞转化的途径和机理以及其影响因素和相关生物作用，指出沉积物、颗粒有机碳和周丛生物是重要的甲基汞产生微环境，频繁密切的生物间相互作用成为湿地高甲基化潜力的保障。因此加强各类湿地Hg甲基化研究对保护湿地生态及居民健康具有重要意义。     

稻田生态系统汞的形态转化及同位素分馏北大核心CSCD

水稻是甲基汞的超富集农作物,汞污染区稻米普遍含有较高含量的甲基汞。食用大米是我国南方内陆居民人体甲基汞暴露的主要途径。水稻甲基汞污染问题已经引起了国际社会的高度关注。国内外学者围绕稻田生态系统汞的生物地球化学循环开展了大量的研究工作,取得了一系列重要研究成果。本文总结了稻田土壤汞的关键形态转化过程研究现状及存在问题,对未来需要进一步开展的研究工作进行了展望,包括:稻田土壤中汞的甲基化过程、影响因素及参与汞甲基化的主要微生物群落;典型汞矿区稻田土壤中汞的形态分布特征与参与甲基化反应的主要汞形态的识别;稻田土壤中汞的还原过程及对甲基化的影响;稻田生态系统汞的同位素分馏特征及汞的生物地球化学过程定量识别。     

稻田生态系统汞的形态转化及同位素分馏

水稻是甲基汞的超富集农作物,汞污染区稻米普遍含有较高含量的甲基汞。食用大米是我国南方内陆居民人体甲基汞暴露的主要途径。水稻甲基汞污染问题已经引起了国际社会的高度关注。国内外学者围绕稻田生态系统汞的生物地球化学循环开展了大量的研究工作,取得了一系列重要研究成果。本文总结了稻田土壤汞的关键形态转化过程研究现状及存在问题,对未来需要进一步开展的研究工作进行了展望,包括:稻田土壤中汞的甲基化过程、影响因素及参与汞甲基化的主要微生物群落;典型汞矿区稻田土壤中汞的形态分布特征与参与甲基化反应的主要汞形态的识别;稻田土壤中汞的还原过程及对甲基化的影响;稻田生态系统汞的同位素分馏特征及汞的生物地球化学过程定量识别。     

汞矿区稻田土壤汞形态分布特征及对甲基化的影响

汞污染区稻米甲基汞超标现象普遍存在,汞在土壤中的形态分布被认为是影响甲基化过程的重要因素之一.本研究选取贵州省万山废弃汞矿区和土法炼汞区为研究区域,在水稻生长期间对稻田土壤剖面中总汞、甲基汞及形态汞进行测定,结合土壤环境因子指标,讨论土壤汞形态分布特征对甲基化的影响.研究表明,汞矿区稻田土壤中总汞和甲基汞均表现出随土壤...     

水生生态系统中汞-硒相互作用研究进展

甲基汞是汞存在于水生生态系统(水体、沉积物和水生生物)毒性最强的形态,并通过食物链的传递对生物体产生危害,因此有效控制汞的甲基化过程是汞环境化学和毒理学研究的重要课题。生物体内硒对汞的甲基化过程有明显的抑制作用,明确汞和硒在水生生态系统的形态特征以及汞-硒相互作用机制,有助于解决汞污染问题。汞在生物体内的毒性与生物体内硒含量紧密相关,汞与硒相之间的相互作用主要表现在生成不溶的化合物促使汞去甲基化或受生物体内硒相关酶抑制被直接排除于生物体外,从而抑制了汞的毒害作用。本文评述了汞、硒在水生生态系统中的形态特征,指出在水体中合理添加硒化合物可抑制无机汞在生物体内甲基化过程,深入研究生物体内汞和硒相互作用机制及其生理效应是该领域未来发展方向。     

厌氧和有氧氛围切割沉积物样品中对甲基汞测定的影响

甲基汞是在自然界中广泛存在的毒性最强的汞化合物之一.在汞的生物地球化学循环中,由于甲基汞具有生物积累和生物放大的特点而特别受到关注.无机汞可以在生物和非生物甲基化作用下转化为甲基汞,导致毒性增强和对生物的危害加重.汞的甲基化作用受许多因素的影响,例如pH,温度,DOC,细菌活性等.汞甲基化作用主要发生在沉积物的表层,且由于该处微生物活性最强,汞甲基化速率最快.沉积物是水体甲基汞的一个源.     

乌江流域新建水库水体汞的分布特征

20世纪80年代以来在北美和北欧,许多新修建的水库鱼体中甲基汞浓度较建库以前有了很大提高[1,2].研究表明,筑坝形成的水体环境有利于汞的活化、甲基化和生物累积[3],使流域内的水库成为高风险的甲基汞污染"敏感生态系统"4.     

汞污染的环境效应及人体暴露研究进展

汞作为一种全球性污染物,一直是国际上热点问题之一。为了解汞污染对生态环境的影响及人体暴露危害的调查研究现状,在概述汞的高毒性、生物富集性、迁移性及国内外汞污染现状的同时,该文着重阐述了人体暴露于不同形态汞,无机汞和甲基汞环境下导致的健康疾病的研究进展;在分析汞的来源、存在形式及全球范围内的干湿沉降作用的基础上,总结了汞在环境中的迁移转化机制及生物化学效应的表征,并就其对人类健康发展提出一些看法。     

汞污染的环境效应及人体暴露研究进展

汞作为一种全球性污染物,一直是国际上热点问题之一。为了解汞污染对生态环境的影响及人体暴露危害的调查研究现状,在概述汞的高毒性、生物富集性、迁移性及国内外汞污染现状的同时,该文着重阐述了人体暴露于不同形态汞,无机汞和甲基汞环境下导致的健康疾病的研究进展;在分析汞的来源、存在形式及全球范围内的干湿沉降作用的基础上,总结了汞在环境中的迁移转化机制及生物化学效应的表征,并就其对人类健康发展提出一些看法。     

武汉市湖泊汞污染现状研究

对武汉市远郊区、城乡结合部和市区三种环境中6个湖泊沉积物和鲢鱼肌肉中的汞污染特征进行了调查采样,采用原子荧光光谱仪进行了汞含量的测定.结果表明:与环境背景值相比,各湖泊沉积物均不同程度地遭受了汞污染,且汞污染表现出由市区向远郊呈减弱的趋势;在沉积柱垂直方向上,市区湖泊表层汞污染严重,向深层汞含量迅速降低,郊区湖泊沉积柱的汞含量基本上变化不大;沉积物中汞的赋存形态研究表明,汞在各湖泊中主要以惰性残渣态形式出现,反映了以飘尘和悬浮物颗粒形式输入为主的特点;湖泊鲢鱼肌肉中汞含量与沉积物中汞含量的变化规律一致,城区湖泊鲢鱼肌肉中的汞含量大大高于郊区湖泊,但鲢鱼肌肉中的汞含量尚未超出国家标准,属安全范围.     

松花江水体总汞与甲基汞污染特征的研究

研究了松花江吉林市至三岔河口江段水体总汞与甲基汞污染特征。结果表明，随着主要工业汞与甲基汞污染源的治理和根治，该江段江水、表层沉积物和鱼类的总汞与甲基汞污染水平逐年下降，目前已基本降到轻度污染水平，而且各江段之间和年际间的差异已不显著，说明该汞源对江段水体的影响越来越小，目前对该江段（鱼和水）汞污染影响较大的是沉积汞。     

贵州万山汞矿区稻田土壤汞的分布及污染特征

受历史汞矿开采活动影响,万山汞矿区稻田遭受了严重的汞污染.为了查明万山汞矿区稻田土壤的汞污染现状以及评估其环境质量改善情况,系统采集了受汞矿区影响的五条主干河流沿岸稻田土壤进行汞含量分析,评价总汞和甲基汞污染程度及其生态风险,并与2008 年以来该区域稻田土壤汞数据进行对比.结果表明,研究区稻田土壤的总汞含量为0.21...     

汞污染土壤的萃取修复技术研究

分别采用HAc、NH4Ac、KI、EDTA、Na2S2O3等萃取剂萃取污染土壤中汞,研究了萃取剂对汞的萃取效果和萃取条件对萃取率的影响,并分析了用Na2S2O3溶液萃取前后土壤中汞的形态变化。结果表明,Na2S2O3水溶液对汞的萃取效果最好,适宜萃取条件为：浓度0.1 mol·L-1、土液比1∶6、萃取时间12 h,当土壤中汞浓度为107.86 mg/kg时,萃取率为65.32%。污染土样在适宜萃取条件下经Na2S2O3溶液萃取后,土壤中可交换态汞、酸溶态汞和硝酸溶态汞基本完全去除,土壤中汞的生物有效性显著降低;萃取后土样的浸出毒性检测符合《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007)中要求的无害化堆放标准。     

Farmland mercury contamination in the vicinity of an organic chemical factory in Guizhou,China

This study assesses the level of contamination of Hg in farmland soils along the irrigating channel downstream from Guizhou Organic Chemical Factory （GOCF）, where metallic mercury is used as a catalyst to produce acetic acid. The total input of mercury into the environment, as announced by GOCF, is 140 t in the past 30 years （1971-2000）. Sampling sites were chosen based on the distance from the source of pollution--the chemical factory. A total of 39 samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for total mercury concentrations and methyl mercury concentrations. The characteristics of vertical and horizontal distributions of total mercury and methyl mercury in the study area （farmland） are described in this paper. Much attention was paid to the transformation of inorganic Hg into organic mercury species in soils as well. The results showed that the farmland has been heavily contaminated by Hg. Land cultivation activity, land utilization style and distance from the pollution source could be the dominant factors controlling the distribution of THg and MeHg. It is observed that active transformation of inorganic Hg into organic mercury species （MeHg） usually takes place in paddy soils.     

The concentrations and distribution of mercury in aquatic ecosystem of Baihua Reservoir

1Introduction Thebiogeochemicalcycleofmercuryinaqueous systemisthekeyfactorleadingtotheexpansionof mercurypollutiononaglobalscaleandthesafetyof fishconsumers.Dissolvedgaseousmercury(DGM)e vasionisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantmer curysourcesforatmosphere.Atthesametime,this procedurewillreducetheHgburdeninthewatercol umnandmaythusdecreasemethylmercuryproduction andaccumulationinfish(Nriagu,1994).TheBaihua ReservoirissituatedinGuizhouProvince,andithas sufferedseriousmercurycontaminationfr…     

Mercury exposure through fish consumption in the urban area of Alta Floresta in the Amazon Basin

This work addresses the mercury exposure scenarios through fish consumption in the urban area of Alta Floresta, by comparing the different patterns of mercury exposure from fish ingestion for different population groups. This study was based on field surveys that could provide background information, such as the characteristics of Hg sources, characteristics of local and regional environment, Hg concentrations in different media, and the characterization of the local urban population. The urban area of Alta Floresta is one of the most important gold-trading centers in Amazonia, where approximately 1 ton of gold has been commercialized monthly. The general adult urban population is exposed to low-level mercury concentration via fish consumption with an average daily intake of 0.2 μg/kg (b.w.) and an estimated hazard quotient of 0.7. However, the fishermen families present an average daily intake of 2.2 μg/kg (b.w.) and a hazard quotient of 8.6. The children of fishermen families between 5 and 14 years old are the main risk group for Hg exposure via fish ingestion. Based on the uncertainty analysis, the Hg fish concentrations and the fish ingestion rate were found to be the main parameters affecting the variability of the model outputs.     

The concentration and distribution of different mercury species in the water columns and sediment of Aha Lake

In order to find out whether Aha Lake was polluted by the acid mining waste water or not, the concentration and distribution of different mercuryspecies in the water columns and sediment profile collected from Aha Lake were investigated. It was found that discernible seasonal variation of different mercury species in water body were obtained in the Aha Reservoir. With regards to the whole sampling periods, the concentrations of HgP in the Aha Reservoir water body were evidently correlated to the concentrations of total mercury, showing that total mercury was mostly associated with particle mercury. The concentrations of methylmercury in water body were also evidently correlated to the concentrations of dissolved mercury. The dissolved mercury evidently affects the distribution and transportation of methylmercury. However, there is no correlation between methylmercury and total mercury. The dissolved mercury, reactive mercury, dissolved methylmercury levels in the water body of high flow period were much higher than those in low flow period. The distribution, speciation and levels of mercury within the Aha Reservoir water body were governed by several factors, such as the output of river, the release of sediment . Discernible seasonal variation of total mercury and methylmercury in porewater was described during the sampling periods, with the concentrations in high flow period generally higher than those in low flow period. The methylmercury in pore water column was evidently correlated to that of the sediment. The results indicated that highly elevated MeHgD concentrations in the porewater were produced at the depths from 2 to 5 cm in the sediment profile, and decreased sharply with depth. A positive correlation has been found between MeHgD formation and sulfate reducing bacterial activity. These highly elevated concentrations of MeHgD at the intersurface between waters and sediments suggest a favorable methylation condition. Moreover,     

地球化学测汞方法应用讨论

对多年来国内外测汞方法应用提出了新的看法,为测汞方法指出发展方向.认为汞气主要来源于构造断裂带,汞异常与各种类型矿体(汞矿体除外)并不一定有直接联系,矿体产生的汞异常只占无矿构造断裂带产生的汞异常的极少部分.认为测汞能够应用于地质工作中所有与构造断裂有关的领域.     

Distribution and speciation of mercury in the Hongfeng Reservoir,Guizhou Province,China

The water, pore water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from the Hongfeng Reservoir in November 2003 and February 2004 in accordance with trace metal protocols. The average concentrations of total mercury （THg）, dissolved mercury （DHg）, reactive mercury, dissolved gaseous mercury, total methylmercury, and dissolved methylmercury in the water columns were 8.00, 5.70, 0.63, 0.05, 0.16, and 0.07 ng/L, respectively. THg and DHg in the water columns, THg in pore water and THg in lake sediments of the Hongfeng Reservoir showed the level of mercury in the Hongfeng Reservoir was higher than in other natural waters in the world due to the loading of a lot of waste water with relatively high concentrations of mercury, whereas methylmercury concentrations in fish （wet weight） varied from 1.73-51.00 ng/g, much lower than in most remote lakes and reservoirs reported in northern Europe and North America. Methylmercury distributions in pore water and sediments showed methylation occurred mainly in the upper several centimeters of sediment cores in the Hongfeng Reservoir. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, total suspended particles, total Hg, and methylmercury were higher at Houwu than those at Daba in November 2003. It is suggested that other pollutants such as N and P from fishing farm and other waste water at Houwu, which resulted in deterioration of water quality, affected the concentrations and distributions of mercury species in the reservoir.