我国近岸多室草苔虫(Bugula neritina)的群体遗传分化研究

基于线粒体控制区序列和SLAF-seq,对重要药源生物多室草苔虫的群体遗传分化水平开展了研究。控制区序列中检测到8个单倍型,单倍型多样性（h）和核苷酸多样性（π）分别为0.130 7和0.000 7,单倍型网络图和NJ系统进化树的结构都较简单,无明显拓扑结构。中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明多室草苔虫未经历过大规模群体扩张。F_st和AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要来自于群体内。SLAF建库共开发得到214 409个SLAF标签,其中多态性SLAF标签23 437个,共开发出99 432个SNP位点。群体间的遗传距离较小,且低于群体内的遗传距离。基于SNP所做的系统发育树和群体遗传结构分析表明,各群体之间没有显著的遗传结构。综上所述,我国沿海多室草苔虫的遗传多样性水平较低,不同地理群体之间不存在显著的遗传结构。多室草苔虫较强的扩散能力是造成上述结果的主要原因。另外,本研究还验证和讨论了SLAF-seq应用在海洋生物群体遗传分化研究中的可行性和优势。     

不同附着基对聚缩虫附着的影响

国外Ｆｕｒｓｅｎｋｏ１９２９年;Ｓｕｍｍｅｒ１９３８年;Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ１９７３年;Ｏｖｅｒｓｔｒｅｅｔ１９７３年对聚缩虫的发生、形态、生活史及与对虾的关系进行过报道,国内宋微波１９９１,１９９２年;沈亚林１９９１年;张秋阳１９８６,１９９０年;孟庆显等１９８０年;冯玉爱等１９８４年;高爱根等１９９２年;潘贤渠等１９８７年,郑国兴１９８７年;楼丹１９８７年;刘传损１９８４年;吴友吕等１９９２年对聚缩虫的分类、形态、繁殖、生态对对虾的危害、数量监测与防治等方面进行过研究。笔者曾对聚缩虫进行过实验生态…     

应用新一代测序技术测定大室别藻苔虫线粒体基因组全序列

线粒体基因组的获得传统上通常是采取长PCR结合鸟枪法或步移法测序。近年来新一代测序技术蓬勃发展,以454,Solexa和SOLiD测序平台为代表。应用新一代高通量测序技术(Solexa)并结合巢式PCR扩增,完成了大室别藻苔虫(Membranipora grandicella)的线粒体基因组全序列。大室别藻苔虫线粒体基因组是目前国际上获得的第一条苔藓动物软壁亚目线粒体基因组全序列,基因组全长为15861 bp,比已完成的4种苔藓动物线粒体基因组略大。大室别藻苔虫线粒体基因组包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个核糖体RNA基因和20个转运RNA基因。通过与已测得的苔藓动物进行比较,发现目前已完成的5个苔藓动物线粒体基因组的基因排列顺序显著不同。苔藓动物线粒体基因组基因排列的比较,今后可能会成为探讨该类群系统演化关系的重要信息来源。     

不同附着基对毛蚶幼虫附着变态影响的研究

研究对比了5种不同类型的附着基对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)幼虫附着变态的影响。研究发现,聚乙烯网片、红棕帘、波纹板附着基的附苗量显著优于尼龙窗纱和棉布附着基。竖直放置的附着基上附苗量优于水平放置,竖直放置的附着基上、中、下三层苗种附着量也有显著差异,下层苗种附着量显著优于上层和中层。此外,通过比较三种不同颜色的附着基上毛蚶幼虫的附着量,表明深颜色的聚乙烯网片(黑色)较浅颜色的网片(绿色和白色)吸引更多的幼虫附着。因此,在生产过程中通过使用深颜色的聚乙烯网片,并将其放置于水体的中下部将会提高幼虫的附着量,从而获得稳定高效的育苗效果。     

底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对扇贝幼虫附着和变态的影响

为了建立生态、高效的扇贝幼虫附着和变态诱导技术,采用底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝开展了附着和变态诱导的现场实验。实验围绕底栖硅藻在扇贝幼虫培育池内的数量变动、存活状态、在栉孔扇贝食谱组成中的贡献以及其对两种扇贝附着和变态的诱导效果开展。结果表明,底栖硅藻附着基能极显著提高海湾扇贝和栉孔扇贝幼虫的附苗量和变态率(P<0.01)。在海湾扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高220.19%(P<0.01),变态率和壳长两组差异不显著(P>0.05)。在栉孔扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高43.02%(P<0.01),变态率提高87.31%(P<0.01),底栖硅藻处理组壳长和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组附着基比对照组早3d检查到变态的稚贝。底栖硅藻附着基在进入幼虫培育池的黑暗环境后光合作用受限,对于扇贝幼虫的日常管理导致底栖硅藻脱落,数量有一定的下降,但丰度最终能保持为56.0—183.9个/mm2。使用基于混合模型对栉孔扇贝稚贝食物来源进行分析结果显示金藻Isochrysis galbana对稚贝的食物贡献较高,...     

厚壳贻贝肠道细菌的生物被膜对其幼虫和稚贝附着的影响

为研究肠道细菌在厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)幼虫和稚贝生长发育过程中的作用,本研究从成体厚壳贻贝肠道中分离出了10株细菌,通过分别形成单一细菌生物被膜,检验其对厚壳贻贝幼虫和稚贝附着的影响和生物被膜特性。实验结果发现,10株肠道细菌所形成的生物被膜均能诱导厚壳贻贝幼虫和稚贝的附着,但不同种类肠道细菌的诱导能力不同,其中Bacillus sp.4对厚壳贻贝幼虫具有高诱导活性,Phaeobacter sp.1具有低诱导活性;Phaeobacter sp.1对厚壳贻贝稚贝具有高诱导活性,Bacillus sp.4具有低诱导活性。通过比较分析 Bacillus sp.4和Phaeobacter sp.1生物被膜的生物量及胞外产物发现,肠道细菌被膜细菌密度、膜厚和胞外脂类对厚壳贻贝幼虫的附着变态无影响,而胞外蛋白和胞外多糖可以影响幼虫的附着变态;对于厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着,肠道细菌被膜细菌密度、膜厚和胞外α-多糖均能影响其诱导活性,而胞外脂类和胞外蛋白无影响。本研究成果可为提高厚壳贻贝的健康生态养殖相关技术提供相关的指导,为解析生物被膜调控厚壳贻贝附着机制和该物种生态健康养殖提供理论依据。     

微生物粘膜对杂色鲍幼虫附着和变态的影响

为了探讨广泛存在于海中基质表面的微生物粘膜对鲍幼虫附着和变态的诱导作用,研究了不同年龄微生物粘膜 ( 1 ～ 6 d ) 对杂色鲍幼虫附着和变态的影响.结果表明:1 ～ 6 d微生物粘膜均显著地诱导幼虫附着,其中 3, 5 和 6 d 微生物粘膜还显著地诱导幼虫变态;幼虫的附着率和变态率分别与微生物粘膜中的藻类密度和细菌密度呈显著的正相关性,推测藻类和细菌可能在幼虫的附着和变态中起着重要作用.垂直基质选择性试验结果表明,90 % 以上的幼虫附着在具 23 d 微生物粘膜的载玻片表面且变态率达 70 % 以上,进一步证实了微生物粘膜可以诱导杂色鲍幼虫的附着和变态,同时也证实了幼虫具备选择附着基质的能力.     

海水升温对壮实鹿角珊瑚幼虫存活和附着的影响

研究海水升温对石珊瑚幼虫存活及附着的影响有助于理解和预测海洋暖化背景下幼虫的扩散和种群补充动态.探究了海水升温(+3℃)对壮实鹿角珊瑚(Acropora robusta)幼虫存活和附着的影响.两个温度下孵育7d后幼虫的存活率均大于90%,升温对珊瑚幼虫的存活并无明显的影响;在孔水石藻(Hydrolithon onkodes)诱导下,3℃的升温使珊瑚幼虫的附着率提高了75%,同时升温改变了珊瑚幼虫的附着选择:30℃下孵育7d的幼虫中附着在塑料六孔板表面的比例是27℃条件下孵育的幼虫的13倍,然而二者中附着于珊瑚藻表面和侧面骨骼的幼虫比例相近.研究表明环境温度3℃以上7d的升温处理并不影响壮实鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活,但会促进幼虫的附着进而缩短幼虫的浮游期,升温会限制珊瑚幼虫的扩散并对排卵型珊瑚种群间的遗传连通性产生潜在影响.     

温度对网纹纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的生物学效应

文章探讨了网纹纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulatus)幼虫处于12°C、18°C、24°C、30°C和36°C环境中的发育和附着状况。结果表明, 网纹纹藤壶无节幼虫经历96h的发育后, 幼虫的存活率分别为99.0%±1.2% (12°C)、95.0%±4.8% (18°C)、92.0%±2.8% (24°C)、80.0%±10.6% (30°C)和0 (36°C); 在12~30°C的范围内, 温度升高能显著促进幼虫的发育。网纹纹藤壶金星幼虫在96h的培养过程中, 其存活率在所有温度条件下始终维持在100%; 在18°C至36°C的温度范围内金星幼虫均可附着, 其中30°C条件下附着率最高, 可达84.5%±12.1%, 而在12°C则始终无金星幼虫附着。综合幼虫的存活率、发育进程和附着状况来看, 网纹纹藤壶幼虫发育及附着的适宜温度为18~30°C。     

不同材料塑料挂板对海月水母浮浪幼虫附着的影响

通过野外海区挂板的方法,探讨高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和聚氨酯(PUR)6种不同材料的塑料挂板对海月水母(Aurelia sp.1)附着的影响,分析不同塑料挂板表面粗糙度和海月水母附着的关系.研究结果表明:海月水母浮浪幼虫在夏末秋初可以附着在人工投放的塑料挂板附着基上,表明海岸带工程造成的人工附着基增多可能为海月水母的附着提供便利条件;海月水母螅状幼体在不同材料塑料挂板上的附着率有明显差异,PET、PUR和PVC塑料挂板海月水母螅状幼体附着率显著大于其他3种塑料挂板,其中PUR塑料挂板海月水母螅状幼体附着率最大,附着率为3.21±0.74 ind./cm2,HDPE塑料挂板海月水母螅状幼体附着率最低为0.26±0.08 ind./cm2;海月水母浮浪幼虫附着率与不同材料表面的粗糙度并不显著相关,表明塑料挂板材料的表面粗糙度并不是影响海月水母螅状幼体附着率的关键因子,而不同材料塑料挂板上形成的生物膜可能也对海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着产生影响.研究结果可为我国近岸海域有害水母海月水母暴发和防控研究提供一定的重要参考数据.     

Studies on Antineoplastic Constituents from Marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina Inhabiting South China Sea (Ⅲ): Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Bryostatins 10, 11 and 18

Six active compounds are isolated from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina,inhabiting the Nanwan Bay in the South China Sea, using the bioassay-guided method with a combination of extraction and partitionation with suitable solvents as well as multiple column chromatographies ( Sephadex LH-20, ODS and preparative HPLC).Their structures are identified as known bryostatins-bryostatins 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 18 through intensive analysis of the data of high resolution 2D NMR (600 MHz, DQF-COSY,TOCSY, HMQC and ROESY) and ESI-MS. Among them, bryostatins 10, 11 and 18 are for the first time obtained from this bryozoan in the South China Sea and they show significant antineoplastic activities in vitro.     

几种神经活性物质对海湾扇贝幼虫变态诱导作用的研究

本文研究了儿茶酚胺类和金属离子对海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用,结果显示;外加10-4-10-6mol/dm3的肾上腺素,10-5mol/dm3的去甲肾上腺素和L-多巴具有十分显着的诱导能力;外加10-15mmol/dm3K+和Ca2+处理幼虫一段时间后,对其变态有明显促进作用。实验研究了最适浓度下肾上腺素、L-多巴和KCl不同处理时间对幼虫变态的影响,表明幼虫对肾上腺素和L-多巴表现出很高的敏感性,而对KCl则表现出对时间和剂量较强的依赖性。     

Neurophysiological control of swimming behaviour,attachment and metamorphosis in black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) larvae

Experiments were conducted to test the effect of a range of chemicals on larval responses in swimming behaviour, attachment and metamorphosis of the black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). The effect of antibiotics on larval survival was first tested within negative (filtered seawater) and positive (GABA at 10^?5, 10^?4 and 10^?3 mol L^?1) control assays over 3 days. This experiment corroborated the effectiveness of using antibiotics to improve survival of larvae without obvious synergistic interactions with the GABA inducer or confounding effects of potential bacterial interactions. Chemical treatments (acetylcholine, potassium chloride, dopamine and glutamine) were then tested at various concentrations for their ability to modulate swimming behaviour and induce larval attachment and metamorphosis over 14 days. Generally, larval state shifted from swimming to attached, and from attached to metamorphosed, in the control and treatments over time. However, the peak percentage of attached and metamorphosed larvae varied in time among chemicals and concentrations. While overall percent metamorphosis was minimally enhanced after 14 days of exposure to some chemical treatments at certain concentrations, all treatments displayed significant capacities to down-regulate larval swimming and induce early attachment and metamorphosis. Mortality was recorded throughout the duration of the experiment, and was generally low (<20%) across controls and most treatments for exposures of less than 12 days. Interpretations of specific results from this study are used to elucidate neurophysiological control of larval activities for this abalone species. Comparisons with other marine invertebrates highlight the specificities of chemical cues and endogenous regulatory mechanisms across relatively closely related taxa.     

羽毛复合氨基酸钙配合物降解有机磷农药的研究

有机磷农药在我国农作物生产中已被广泛应用,但常因使用不当造成作物产品中残留超标。采用硫酸水解羽毛制取复合氨基酸,并与碳酸钙反应制得复合氨基酸钙配合物,该配合物可以通过水解有机磷农药中的磷酸酯键降低作物中的农药残留。将配合物分别喷施已施有机磷农药的茶叶、黄瓜和西红柿,5d后采摘茶叶鲜叶,按绿茶加工工艺进行处理,测定其毒死蜱含量,毒死蜱的残留量减少了75.80%;喷施配合物次日采摘黄瓜和西红柿样品,并测定其毒死蜱与乐果的残留量,黄瓜中毒死蜱残留量为空白对照的70.75%,乐果完全降解;西红柿中毒死蜱残留量为空白对照的71.33%,乐果的残留量为67.79%。     

Egg masses and larvae of the polychaete Nereis falcaria (note)

Larvae from polychaete egg masses obtained from the south Wellington coast were reared to identifiable juvenile worms and were found to be Nereis falcaria (Willey, 1905). Egg masses and larvae closely correspond to those previously recorded by Kirk (1907) from an unknown polychaete.     

Identification of larvae of snapper Chrysophrys auratus forster by electrophoretic separation of tissue enzymes (note)

A comparison was made between the electrophoretic patterns of isozymes of esterases and glucosephosphate isomerases of adult snapper Chryosophrys auratus, suspected snapper larvae, jack mackerel Trachurus novaezelandiae larvae, and blue mackerel Scomber australasicus larvae. The suspected snapper larvae revealed similar isozyme patterns to those of the adults, but differed from the other two larval species.     

Eggs and larvae of the trevally caranx georgianus (Teleostei: Carangidae)

The development and distinctive features of the eggs and larvae of Caranx georgianus Cuvier, 1833 are described. Diameters of the egg and oil globule range between 0.76 mm and 0.86 mm, and 0.20 mm and 0.25 mm respectively. At 21 °c, the eggs hatched approximately 28 h after fertilisation.     

Ingestion and assimilation efficiency of Aeshna brevistyla and Hemicordulia australiae larvae (Odonata)

In a laboratory study of the ingestion and assimilation efficiency of larvae of Aeshna brevistyla Rambur and Hemicordulia australiae Rambur, ingestion was determined using Cerenkov radiation techniques and assimilation efficiency by a double‐labelled isotope technique. Of each prey item (Daphnia carinata), 30% was not ingested but lost as body fluids and as material within the alimentary canal of the prey. Assimilation efficiency was greater than 70% for both dragonfly species, which appears to be typical for most other invertebrate predators. The efficiency with which 12th‐15th‐instar Aeshna assimilated ¹⁴C did not increase with feeding rate, but Hemicordulia increased its efficiency through instars 12–14. When dragonfly larvae were pre‐fed before experimentation, assimilation efficiency decreased in both species.     

Abundance and composition of decapod larvae at Saint Paul's Rocks (equatorial Atlantic)

We investigated the effect of interannual variation on the biodiversity and distribution of decapod larvae at Saint Paul's Rocks, an isolated small group of equatorial islands linked to the Atlantic Mid‐Ocean ridge. Zooplankton samples were collected between 2003 and 2005 from a range of different environments off the archipelago. Horizontal surface hauls were conducted in the inlet and at three increasing distances from the archipelago, both in the morning and at night, using a 200‐μm mesh net. Decapod larvae collected included 11 species and 37 individual taxa. Seven of them have not previously been recorded in the area. Samples taken at the shortest distance from the archipelago exhibited a significantly greater abundance than samples taken further away. No significant differences were detected between months in terms of decapod larvae abundance in the inlet. However, in the open ocean at night, the mean abundance was much higher in May and July. Decapod larvae abundance was much higher at night for both the open ocean and the inlet. Brachyuran and caridean larvae exhibited the greatest abundance and frequency in the inlet, mainly represented by the first‐stage larvae of: Grapsus grapsus, Plagusia depressa, Platypodiella spectabilis and Alpheidae. In contrast, Sergestidae holopelagic shrimps were the most abundant and the most frequent larvae in the surface waters of the open ocean. The composition, abundance and distribution of decapod larvae were very similar during the 2 years sampled. Species accumulation curves indicate that even greater diversity exists, demonstrating that long‐term research is important for acquiring accurate knowledge about the biodiversity of dynamic ecosystems such as those at Saint Paul's Rocks.     

Chemical induction of settlement and metamorphosis in two Babylonia (Gastropoda) larvae

INTRODUCTIONStudiesonchemicalinductionofsettlementandmetamorphosisinmarineGastropodalarvaehaveadvancedconsiderablyoverdecades,manyofwhichfocusonHalionsrufescensandPhestillasibogae.AccordingtotheavailabledataItheeffectivefactorswhichcaninduceGastropodalarvaetosettleandmetamorphose,includenatureinducers,neurotransmittersandtheirstructuralanalogs,inorganicion(K )andorganicsolvents.Sincethemechanismofmetamorphosisingastropodlarvaediffersmarkedlyamongvariousspecies,itisnecessarytoexamineandc…