浅析人类活动对运城市地下水资源的影响

运城市位于中国北方干旱半、半湿润地区,水资源较为贫乏.地下水资源的开发利用在运城水资源开发利用中居于主要地位,全市 2002 年供水量中地下水供水量占 77 %.各种人为因素对运城市水资源的影响主要包括:采煤、采矿对水资源的影响、废污水排放对水资源的影响、超采对地下水资源的影响.其主要表现为地下采矿活动破坏了浅、中、深层地下水原来的补给、迳流与排泄条件,造成地下含水层疏干、地表水系断流、水质污染;未经处理的污水直接排放,在污染河流的同时入渗污染了地下水;过量开采,形成地下水下降漏斗,引起盐、硝池咸水倒灌,造成含水层污染.     

冻土区石油污染物迁移及清除研究进展

多年冻土区输油管道面临着差异性融沉和冻胀的关键性难题. 受力不均匀对管道造成机械性破坏, 管道破裂、泄漏现象不断发生. 泄漏油污在冻土中的存在及其扩散对当地的生态环境产生长期不利的影响, 而且对土壤自身的物理、化学和生物特性造成影响. 土壤中石油烃的迁移和分布受土壤和地形、 温度、含水(冰)量、降水以及冻结融化过程等多种环境因素影响. 近年来, 各种物理、化学和生物方法被用来清除冻土区石油烃污染. 正在勘察和设计中的中俄原油管道穿越连续、不连续、岛状和零星分布多年冻土, 及季节冻土区. 为了有效保护兴安岭地区的寒区生态环境, 中俄原油管道有必要预先做好应对管道泄露的前瞻性研究.     

银川平原主要水环境问题及其对策

基于野外调查、取样分析以及遥感影像等,介绍了银川平原水文地质条件及水资源利用概况,探讨了土壤盐渍化、湖泊湿地萎缩、地下水盐化、地下水超采以及土地荒漠化等水环境问题及其演化成因。结果表明：银川平原地下水主要接受渠系渗漏及灌溉入渗、大气降水入渗、平原周边地下侧向径流、洪水散失、黄河水等补给,地下水排泄方式主要是排水沟排泄、蒸发和人工开采等,大部分地区潜水埋深在3 m以内;地表水主要来源于黄河引水,水资源利用效率不高;土壤盐渍化总面积8.17×104hm2,呈逐年缩减的趋势,主要分布于银川平原北部,平原南部仅分布在邵岗东部、灵武东部秦渠和东干渠等;湖泊湿地总体呈逐渐减少趋势,主要分布在银川平原北部,永宁以北、平罗以南区域比较集中,滩涂沿黄河两岸分布;潜水总含盐量自西向东、自南向北不断增大;银川和石嘴山深层地下水超采严重,地下水降落漏斗面积已超过500 km2;沙漠化土地分布在银川平原的东西两侧;土壤盐渍化及地下水盐化主要由潜水位埋深过浅,蒸发强烈造成的。最后,提出了防治上述水环境问题的对策：进一步加强水资源管理以及地表水与地下水联合调配;提高农业水资源利用效率;完善田间工程配套,实现渠道防渗管道化;改进田间灌溉技术;严格污水排放,积极开展污水净化处理,实行污水资源化;加强对水土环境质量的系统监测。     

喀斯特地区自然和人为因素对城市地下水的影响

贵州境内岩溶发育强烈,占全省面积的70%以上;地表多漏斗,地下多溶洞伏流,地下水与地表水交换强烈,地下水补给极为丰富,水-岩反应速度快且充分.地下水主要来源于大气降水和地表水的入渗补给,以地下渗流方式补给河流、湖泊.由于特殊的岩溶作用过程和发育特征,出现一系列特殊岩溶环境问题.过量开采和不合理的利用,造成地下水位严重下降,形成大面积的地下水下降漏斗,在地下水用量集中的城市地区,还会引起地面发生沉降.而工业废水与生活污水的大量入渗严重污染了地下水源,危及地下水资源.地下水一旦被污染,治理与恢复将是一项复杂、困难、耗时且花费巨大的工程.因而系统地研究地下水的类型、地下水的运动以及与地表水、大气水之间的相互转换补给关系,具有重要意义.     

地热资源开发过程中潜在地下水环境问题

地热资源开发利用与地下水运动和水环境演化密切相关。为了给我国大规模地热资源绿色开发与利用提供参考,本文综述了浅层地热资源、中深层水热型地热资源及深部干热岩型地热资源开发现状和典型开采技术。其中：浅层地热资源的开发模式分为土壤源热泵和地下水源热泵;中深层水热型地热资源开发模式主要有直接开采、采灌结合和单井循环;深部干热岩型地热资源通过水力压裂或化学刺激等储层改造技术,形成增强型地热系统(EGS)。结合报道实际案例,评述了地热资源开发对地下水资源与环境的潜在影响,包括地源热泵技术可能导致冷热堆积、水热开采可能引起地下水位下降、干热岩水力压裂可能诱发微地震事件,以及压裂液泄露可能造成化学污染等。针对地热开发对地下水土环境造成的负面影响,提出了有助于地热资源绿色开发的相应措施,包括提高回灌能力、采灌过程中保持水量平衡、保持换热效率与地下热量新平衡,及采用新型材料等。     

多孔介质水动力弥散尺度效应研究：现状与展望

随着工农业生产的发展,工业“三废”大量排放、农药和化肥大面积施用、核能利用带来核废料日益增多、人口增长和都市化带来的垃圾、污水不断增加,这些污染物向地下入渗,使地下水水质遭受严重的污染或面临污染的威胁。另一方面,由于不合理开采和过量抽取地下水资源,改变了水力状态,加速了地下水污染的进程;不科学的灌溉方式引起土壤大面积的盐碱化。这些问题的日趋严重,已引起人们的高度重视。地下水污染和土壤盐碱化实质上是可溶性污染物     

辽河油田污水回注适宜性研究

分别从地层地质条件,地下水有机指标化验,地下水多年水质变化规律,氚的同位素分析等方面研究了污水回注对地下淡水是否造成影响;并在此基础上建立了污水回注适宜性综合评价模型,对研究区进行了适宜性评价.     

印度对土地处理污水的研究

印度制订了一个土地处理污水指南,其主要内容有;1)为使地下水不被污染,限制土地处理污水的量及所含物质;2)不污染破坏土壤;3)消除有害于健康的元素;4)将土地处理作为污水处理的中间介质,也即污水要经过预处理才能渗入地下。印度     

西辽河平原环境地质问题与可持续发展

西辽河平原的环境地质问题主要表现为土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、区域地下水位下降及地下水污染等.从可持续发展的角度,提出了环境地质问题的整治需科学合理地对沙漠化土地进行治理;加强盐渍土地的开发利用;合理利用地下水资源及切断污染源.     

水源地开采过程中地下水流场变化对土壤盐渍化影响

阐述了滩小关水源地周围的自然环境条件及水源地开采当中所引起的地下水流场变化、地下水位的变化、地下水化学态征的变化,明确指出地下水位的变化是区域地表土壤盐渍化的主要因素.提出合理开采浅层地下水,降低地下水位是改良土壤盐渍化的主要途径.     

种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究

基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。     

弱透水层中有机污染物(菲)的衰减研究

本文以高渗透压渗流试验装置模拟已被污染的浅层地下水越流通过弱透水层污染深层地下水的过程,研究了有机污染物(菲)通过饱和粘性土弱透水层时的自然衰减特征,以及非生物因子-配位体对于弱透水层中菲迁移转化的影响作用。研究表明,菲的衰减曲线明显分为三阶段:初期吸附截留显著期,中期微生物降解旺盛期,后期微生物降解稳定期;溶液中共存离子HCO 3-、Ca2+与菲形成络合物,SO42-参与菲的生物降解;溶液中主要配位体不同时,菲与阴、阳离子之间相互作用的方式也不同,以络合作用为主。渗透水中菲含量有99%以上被衰减,仅有极少量菲穿透弱透水层。     

基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法

土-水分配系数（K_d）是表征重金属污染物在土壤包气带中迁移能力的重要参数,受污染物质量浓度、pH值、有机质质量分数、铁铝氧化物质量分数等多种因素影响。本文通过实验研究了分配系数与各种影响因素之间的关系,基于多元回归分析方法得到了分配系数与影响因素的关系方程;并以分配系数、泄漏量、土壤孔隙度、初始含水率为风险因子建立了地下水污染风险评价方法。以某工厂铬废液的泄露为案例,采用构建的方法进行地下水污染风险评价。结果表明：该处地下水被污染的风险等级为中等。地下水污染风险评价方法的建立为重金属污染地下水的监测管理提供了一种有效方法。     

Application of Visual MODFLOW to assess the Sewage Plant accident pool leakage impact on groundwater in the Guanting Reservoir area of Beijing

In this paper, Visual MODFLOW is used to simulate groundwater flow and transport within the study area based on a certain scenario, assessing the leakage impact of a Sewage Plant accidental pool on groundwater using NH₃-N as the assessment factor. In the model constructed, soil absorption and degradation was taken into account; the adsorption process of NH₃-N adopted the Langmuir equation and the degradation was simplified as a first-order dynamic reaction. The leakage process was defined as a recharge with contaminants in the case that where there are two accidents happening to the Sewage Plant within a one month interval. The result of the model indicated that the NH₃-N concentration of groundwater increased sharply when the Sewage Plant was malfunctioning. The peak of NH₃-N concentration under the accident pool was about 8.0 × 10⁻⁵ mg/L at the first accident. When the second accident happened, the NH₃-N concentration increased to a maximum of about 1.1 × 10⁻⁴ mg/L. At a location of about 20 m from the accident pool, the concentration declined to about one sixth of the center, which demonstrated that the NH₃-N concentration increase caused by leakage of the accident pool was little, and the spatial influence also was small. The paper provides a method of dealing with the transport of physically and chemically reactive substances in groundwater with Visual MODFLOW and assessing the Sewage Plant accident pool leakage impact on groundwater quantitatively.     

甘肃某生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染特征及污染途径分析

依据实际调查数据,采用单因子污染指数分析法确定了生活垃圾填埋场地下水中主要污染物、污染程度和污染范围,并进行了土壤和地下水污染耦合性分析,研究结果表明：该生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染物主要为氨氮、总氮、高锰酸盐、锰、挥发酚和氟化物,其污染指数最大值分别为1 407.24、745.00、137.12、97.50、3.60和1.68,污染区总面积0.168 km²;填埋场下游沟谷纵向上,总氮、锰两项指标在土壤中的含量与地下水中浓度变化趋势一致;其污染途径主要为库区防渗层破损,渗滤液垂向沿基岩风化裂隙进入地下含水层,以连续渗漏的方式不断污染地下水,污染物在地下水径流作用下向拦挡坝下游不断迁移。     

Isotopic and hydrochemical data to restrict the origin of the groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert,Northern China

Despite its extreme aridity, the Badain Jaran Desert is rich in groundwater. In the southeastern part of the desert, it is characterized by coexistence of high megadunes and a great number of lakes. Deuterium and oxygen 18 isotope compositions as well as hydrochemistry of groundwater, lake water, soil water and river water were investigated in detail to gain an insight into their relationships and the origin of the ground-water. The results show that the groundwater and the lake water are genetically related, but unrelated to local precipitation and the leakage of Heine River at northern slope of Qilian mountain. δD and δ¹⁸O values of deep soil water (lower than 40 cm) and groundwater plot on the same evaporation line E11, which shows that they have the same recharge source. The point of intersection between E11 and LMWL suggests that the groundwater originates from the water resource which has a weighted mean value that is lighter by some 6‰ δ¹⁸O than the local precipitation in Badain Jaran Desert. ³H data of water samples shows that the groundwater in Badain Jaran Desert originates from the water recharged after the nuclear test. The deep fault zone underground maybe the water circulation channel based on Helium analysis of groundwater. The result has guiding significance to rational exploitation and utilization of the local groundwater.     

Groundwater quality in the lower Varuna River basin,Varanasi district,Uttar Pradesh

The lower Varuna River basin in Varanasi district situated in the central Ganga plain is a highly productive agricultural area, and is also one of the fast growing urban areas in India. The agricultural and urbanization activities have a lot of impact on the groundwater quality of the study area. The river basin is underlain by Quaternary alluvial sediments consisting of clay, silt, sand and gravel of various grades. The hydrogeochemical study was undertaken by randomly collecting 75 groundwater samples from dug wells and hand pumps covering the entire basin in order to understand the sources of dissolved ions, and to assess the chemical quality of the groundwater through analysis of major ions. Based on the total dissolved solids, two groundwater samples are considered unsuitable for drinking purpose, but all samples are useful for irrigation. Graphical treatment of major ion chemistry by Piper diagram helps in identifying hydro-geochemical facies of groundwaters and the dominant hydrochemical facies is Ca-Mg-HCO₃ with appreciable percentage of the water having mixed facies. As per Wilcox’s diagram and US Salinity laboratory classification, most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except two samples (No’s 30 and 68) which are unsuitable due to the presence of high salinity and medium sodium hazard. Irrigation waters classified based on residual sodium carbonate, have revealed that all groundwaters are in general safe for irrigation except one sample (No. 27), which needs treatment before use. Permeability index indicates that the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. Although the general quality of groundwater of the lower Varuna River basin is suitable for irrigation purpose, fifty seven percent of the samples are found having nitrate content more than permissible limit (>45 mg/l) which is not good for human consumption. Application of N-Fertilizers on agricultural land as crop nutrients along the Varuna River course may be responsible for nitrate pollution in the groundwater due to leaching by applied irrigation water. The other potential sources of high nitrate concentration in extreme northern, southern and southwestern parts of study area are poor sewerage and drainage facilities, leakage of human excreta from very old septic tanks, and sanitary landfills. The high fluoride contamination (>1.5 mg/l) in some of the samples may be due to the dissolution of micaceous content in the alluvium. Nitrate and fluoride contamination of groundwater is a serious problem for its domestic use. Hence an immediate protective measure must be put into action in the study area.     

天津市平原区咸淡水界面下移特征分析

本文通过对开采条件下水动力场和水化学场变化特征的分析，认为集中超采深层地下水引发的浅层咸水向深层淡水的越流，是第Ⅱ含水组水质咸化的根本原因。并从咸水下移溶质运移模拟、渗透速率、粘性土层的越流滞后等方面，讨论了咸淡水界面下移速率及其影响因索。     

黑河下游额济纳三角洲河道渗漏对地下水补给研究综述

干旱区河道渗漏是河道径流转化为地下水的一种主要方式. 河道渗漏系数是确定河流与地下水之间转化量的重要参数, 也是建立地下水模型的关键. 从河道渗漏运动的研究方法、 河道渗漏时空动态变化、 河道渗漏特征规律与机理以及河道渗漏模拟研究等方面入手, 综述了国内外有关河道渗漏研究方面的进展情况以及发展趋势. 同时对黑河下游额济纳三角洲地区的河道渗漏研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述, 分析当前研究的不足. 针对黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲水系与河道特点, 提出如下建议: 从河道渗漏的时空动态变化分析入手, 开展典型渗漏观测试验、 进行河水位、 流量、 河床含水量、 地下水位的连续观测和同位素示踪试验, 测定河道渗漏与地下水运动参数; 建立河道渗漏模拟模型, 模拟和预测不同情景下河道渗漏过程. 为该地区的河道渗漏补给地下水的定量化研究提供新的思路, 为制定科学合理的水资源利用规划和维护绿洲稳定及可持续发展提供科学依据.     

Soil and groundwater quality with reference to nitrate in a semiarid agricultural region

Nitrate is a common pollutant in surface water and groundwater of agricultural areas. It is essential to monitor this pollutant in groundwater, especially when it is used for drinking purposes without treatment. The present study was carried out in an intensively irrigated area which forms a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India where groundwater meets all the water needs of the rural population living in this area. The objective was to assess the spatiotemporal variation in the concentration of nitrate in groundwater and soil. Based on the analysis of 496 groundwater samples collected from 45 wells over a period of 2 years from March 2008 to January 2010 by sampling every 2 months, it was observed that groundwater in 242 km² of the total 724 km² area had nitrate above the maximum permissible limit of 45 mg/l for drinking purposes. Nitrate concentration in groundwater showed a positive relation with potassium, chloride, and sulfate, indicating their source from fertilizers. Reasons for the high concentration of nitrate in domestic areas were the dumping of animal wastes and leakage from septic tanks. The pH of the soil samples showed that most of the area had basic soil. Apart from pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous, available potassium, ammoniacal nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen were also analyzed in the 97 soil samples.