Midbroken reinforced concrete shear frames due to earthquakes. A hysteretic model to quantify damage at the storey level

A nonlinear hysteretic model for the response and local damage analyses of reinforced concrete shear frames subject to earthquake excitation is proposed, and, the model is applied to analyse midbroken reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to earthquake loads. Each storey of the shear frame is represented by a Clough and Johnston hysteretic oscillator with degrading elastic fraction of the restoring force. The local damage is numerically quantified in the domain [0,1] using the maximum softening damage indicators which are defined in closed form based on the variation of the eigenfrequency of the local oscillators due to the local stiffness and strength deterioration. The proposed method of response and damage analyses is illustrated using a sample 5 storey shear frame with a weak third storey in stiffness and/or strength subject to sinusoidal and simulated earthquake excitations for which the horizontal component of the ground motion is modeled as a stationary Gaussian stochastic process with Kanai-Tajimi spectrum, multiplied by an envelope function.     

Effect of masonry infills on seismic performance of a 3‐storey R/C frame with non‐seismic detailing

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of masonry infills on the seismic performance of low‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) frames with non‐seismic detailing. For this purpose, a 2‐bay 3‐storey masonry‐infilled RC frame was selected and a 1 : 5 scale model was constructed according to the Korean practice of non‐seismic detailing and the similitude law. Then, a series of earthquake simulation tests and a pushover test were performed on this model. When the results of these tests are compared with those in the case of the bare frame, it can be recognized that the masonry infills contribute to the large increase in the stiffness and strength of the global structure whereas they also accompany the increase of earthquake inertia forces. The failure mode of the masonry‐infilled frame was that of shear failure due to the bed‐joint sliding of the masonry infills while that of the bare frame appeared to be the soft‐storey plastic mechanism at the first storey. However, it is judged that the masonry infills can be beneficial to the seismic performance of the structure since the amount of the increase in strength appears to be greater than that in the induced earthquake inertia forces while the deformation capacity of the global structure remains almost the same regardless of the presence of the masonry infills. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction between cladding and structural frame observed in a full‐scale steel building test

Interaction between the external wall cladding and the seismic load resisting frame was examined in a full‐scale cyclic loading test of a three‐storey steel building structure. The building specimen had Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete (ALC, also designated as Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) panels installed and anchored to the structural frame as external wall cladding, using a standard Japanese method developed following the 1995 Kobe earthquake. ALC panelling is among the most widely used material for claddings in Japan. In the test, the ALC panel cladding contributed little to the stiffness and strength of the overall structure, even under a very large storey drift of 0.04 rad. No visible damage was noted in the ALC panels other than minor cracks and spalling of the bottom of the panels in the first storey. Consequently, in a Japanese steel building with properly installed ALC panel cladding, the structural frame is likely to be little affected by its cladding, and the ALC panels are capable of accommodating the maximum storey drift generally considered in structural design without sustaining discernible damage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢框架结构的地震损伤研究

基于预定损伤法对钢框架构件主要设计参数进行损伤敏感度分析,研究主要设计参数与钢框架结构梁、柱损伤的关系;揭示钢框架结构梁、柱的损伤及梁、柱线刚度比、结构高宽比、柱轴压比、锈蚀率对楼层损伤的影响规律;获得楼层的损伤与整体结构损伤的关系,最终建立钢框架结构的损伤演化模型。研究成果可为建立地震激励下钢框架结构的损伤模型提供理论基础和数据支持。     

Preliminary analysis of a soft‐storey mechanism after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake

Observation of damage caused by the recent Abruzzo earthquake on April 6th 2009 showed how local interaction between infills and RC structures can lead to soft‐storey mechanisms and brittle collapses. Results of the present case study are based on observed damage caused by the earthquake in the zone of Pettino. Analytical model based on simulated design procedure was built up and time history analyses were employed to verify the causes of the structural collapse, as highlighted by observed damage. This failure mechanism was investigated taking into consideration all components of the ground motion. Nonlinear behavior of brick masonry infills was taken into account and two parametric hypotheses for infill mechanical properties were considered, given the uncertainties that typically characterize these nonstructural elements. Nonlinear modeling of infills was made by a three‐strut macro‐model aimed at considering both local and global interaction between RC frame and infills. Seismic input was characterized by the real signal registered during the mainshock near the case‐study structure. Different shear capacity models were considered in the assessment. Analytical results seem to confirm with good approximation the likely collapse scenario that damage observation highlighted; the lack of proper detailing in the columns made the local interaction between infills and RC columns and the strong vertical component of the ground motion to be the main causes of the brittle failure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of damage in reinforced concrete structures from earthquake records- optimal location of sensors

A method for the localization of structural damage in seismically excited reinforced concrete (RC) structures using a measured acceleration response time series is presented. From the measured response of some or all storeys, the two lowest smoothed eigenfrequencies and mode shape coordinates are estimated. These estimated values are used as an input to a developed substructure iteration method where local storey damages are estimated in such a way that these smoothed values are reproduced. The local damage indicator of a substructure is defined as the average reduction of the stiffness matrix of the initial undamaged substructure. The method is applied to simulated data of a six-storey, two-bay test frame (scale 1:5) that is to be tested at the Structural Laboratory of Aalborg University, Denmark. The simulations are performed using the non-linear finite element program SARCOF. Special emphasis is put on the investigation of the optimal location of measurement sensors, i.e. at which locations along the structure is the most information about the damage distribution gained. In all cases it is assumed that measurements are performed at top storey and ground surface, and the investigations are concentrated on putting one or two more measurement points in between. The two cases where the structure is excited in the first and second mode are investigated, and it is found that in general the sensors should be placed in the lower part of the structure. Furthermore, it is found that the method provides good results even when only the measurements at top storey and ground surface are used.     

2021年2月13日日本福岛县地震中脉冲型地震动对结构动态响应的影响

2021年2月13日,日本福岛县近海发生M7.3级强地震及多次余震。根据台站地震动数据,从地震地面运动特征,框架结构震害特征以及有无速度脉冲地震动下框架结构的动力响应等方面对此次地震震害进行了初步探究。结果表明:此次福岛近海地震有比较明显的速度脉冲特征,地震动的加速度反应谱卓越周期较低,速度频谱却以低频成分为主。在速度脉冲型地震作用下,结构层间位移角和楼层剪力远大于非速度脉冲地震动,是此次地震中非结构构件发生破坏的主要原因。     

C F RP加固震损钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗整体性倒塌能力分析

首先介绍了CFRP加固受损钢筋混凝土柱的数值模拟方法,通过OpenSees软件进行了建模分析,数值模拟结果与试验结果的对比验证了该数值模型的有效性;其次,对一6层钢筋混凝土框架以受极罕遇地震影响进行预损,采用损伤指数和折减系数的方法建立震损钢筋混凝土框架的分析模型,并选择5种不同的CFRP加固方案对其进行加固;最后,对CFRP加固的震损RC框架进行增量动力分析。定量的评价了CFRP加固震损RC框架的抗整体性倒塌能力和抗倒塌安全储备。结果表明:CFRP加固能有效提高震损钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗震性能。加固部位的选择对加固效果的影响很大,在所选用的5种CFRP加固方案中,对底层及第2层的梁柱进行加固的方案对提高震损钢筋混凝土框架的抗整体性倒塌能力效果最佳。     

基于IDA的方钢管混凝土框架-SPSW核心筒结构地震易损性研究

为研究方钢管混凝土框架-钢板剪力墙（SPSW）核心筒结构在不同强度地震下破坏概率,使用拉杆模型作为钢板剪力墙等效模型,与已有试验对比验证各参数有效性。以地震动峰值加速度（PGA）作为地震动强度参数,按照场地条件等要求选择11条地震动记录。以结构最大层间位移角作为损伤指标,对一典型方钢管混凝土框架-钢板剪力墙核心筒结构进行增量动力分析（IDA）,得到IDA曲线簇。基于增量动力分析进行易损性分析,得到易损性曲线,并计算结构的抗倒塌储备系数。结果表明:8度多遇地震作用下,此结构处于正常使用状态。8度设防地震作用下,处于修复后可使用状态。8度罕遇地震作用下,处于生命安全状态。表明该结构具有良好的抗震性能,满足规范中“小震不坏”、“中震可修”和“大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。该结构抗倒塌储备系数大于规范建议值,具有较好的抗倒塌能力。     

钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构楼层受剪承载力计算方法

在不考虑结构整体扭转的前提下，假定异形柱框架结构中的异形柱为单向偏心受压且为弯曲型破坏，给出了异形柱正截面受弯承载力和异形柱框架结构楼层受剪承载力计算方法。方法简便实用，与试验结果比较吻合。     

云南漾濞6.4级地震建筑结构震害特征调查分析

本文整理了云南大理州"5.21"6.4级地震震害调研与科考过程的部分成果。穿斗木架构结构和框架结构是云南大理州在低矮建筑和多高层建筑中广泛应用的两种结构形式。该研究基于震害调查结果,描述了地震过程中穿斗木架构结构和框架结构破坏的宏观现象,总结了两种典型结构的破坏形式,对震害成因进行了探讨。在此次震害调查过程中,科考人员还通过智能手机对结构基频进行了快速评估。在震后,研究人员对智能手机智能测振应用软件进行了更新,结合应用需求加入了测振地点和路线的地图信息,为震害调查与记录提供了便利。基于漾濞县震害科考与调研结果,为云南省穿斗木架构建筑及框架建筑的抗震方法与策略提出了建议,为震后建筑结构快速评价提供了新手段。     

Damage localization and quantification of earthquake excited RC-frames

In the paper a recently proposed method for damage localization and quantification of RC-structures from response measurements is tested on experimental data. The method investigated requires at least one response measurement along the structures and the ground surface acceleration. Further, the two lowest time-varying eigenfrequencies of the structure must be identified. The data considered are sampled from a series of three RC-frame model tests performed at the structural laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark during the autumn of 1996. The frames in the test series were exposed to two or three series of ground motions of increasing magnitude. After each of these runs the damage state of the frame was examined and each storey of the frame were classified into one of the following six classifications: undamaged, cracked, lightly damaged, damaged, severely damaged or collapse. During each of the ground motion events the storey accelerations were measured by accelerometers. After application of the last earthquake sequence to the structure the frames were cut into pieces and each of the beams and columns was statically tested and damage assessment was performed using the obtained stiffnesses. The damage in the storeys determined by the suggested method was then compared to the damage classification from the visual inspection as well as the static tests. It was found that especially in the cases where the damage is concentrated in a certain area of the structure a very good damage assessment is obtained using the suggested method. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ASEISMIC CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN METHOD FOR MULTI-STOREY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Using a newly introduced ductile low-rise shear wall with vertical keyways, a seismic resistance design approach for a practical type of composite structure, which consists of a reinforced concrete frame in the bottom floors and masonry structures in the upper floors, has been presented. The purpose of the new design approach is to improve the earthquake resistance of the whole structure by increasing the energy dissipation capacity in the bottom part of the structure. Non-linear analysis shows that, by adopting the newly proposed ductile low-rise shear wall in the bottom of the structure, the lateral deflection of the structure is not much more than that of a structure using conventional solid low-rise shear walls under a small or moderate earthquake excitation, and that even under the attack of a severe earthquake, a stable structural response can be expected for the proposed structure. Thus it is easy for such a structure to achieve the design objective of ‘minor damage in a small earthquake and prevention of collapse in a severe earthquake’ and the design method is of practical value for similar types of composite structures.     

Gray box identification of flexible structures: application to robust active vibration suppression control

The paper deals with gray box identification of flexible structures and active vibration suppression from a robust control perspective. First, the linearized mathematical model of an N‐storey flexible structure is presented. Next, the generalized mathematical model is particularized for the investigated three‐storey flexible structure. The considered flexible structure is identified based on black box and gray box identification methods and the model's parametric uncertainties are deduced. Furthermore, control constraints are presented for the design problem, in case of velocity as well as acceleration feedback, from a robust control perspective. Finally, the effectiveness of the control system is tested through experiments, when the input disturbance is assumed to be a sinusoidal one as well as a historical earthquake record (1940 El Centro record). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大跨预应力混凝土空间框架结构的地震振动台试验研究

利用地震振动台对大跨预应力混凝土井式梁空间框架结构的抗震性能进行了实验研究。两个模型的实验结果表明：(1)大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构可以提供大的楼层平面内刚度；(2)对称大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构，可以不考虑耦合地震反应；(3)大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构的竖向地震反应中心大而周边小；(4)在相同加速度但不同的地震波作用下，结构的竖向地震反应不同。     

Shaking table model test on Shanghai World Financial Center Tower

The height of 101‐storey Shanghai World Financial Center Tower is 492m above ground making it possible the tallest building in the world when completed. Three parallel structural systems including mega‐frame structure, reinforced concrete and braced steel services core and outrigger trusses, are combined to resist vertical and lateral loads. The building could be classified as a vertically irregular structure due to a number of stiffened and transfer stories in the building. Complexities related to structural system layout are mainly exhibited in the design of services core, mega‐diagonals and outrigger trusses. According to Chinese Code, the height 190 m of the building clearly exceeds the stipulated maximum height of for a composite frame/reinforced concrete core building. The aspect ratio of height to width also exceeds the stipulated limit of 7 for seismic design intensity 7. A 1/50 scaled model is made and tested on shaking table under a series of one and two‐dimensional base excitations with gradually increasing acceleration amplitudes. This paper presents the dynamic characteristics, the seismic responses and the failure mechanism of the structure. The test results demonstrate that the structural system is a good solution to withstand earthquakes. The inter‐storey drift and the overall behaviour meet the requirements of Chinese Design Code. Furthermore, weak positions under seldom‐occurred earthquakes of seismic design intensity 8 are found based on the visible damages on the testing model, and some corresponding suggestions are proposed for the engineering design of the structure under extremely strong earthquake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EFFECT OF INFILLS ON THE GLOBAL BEHAVIOUR OF R/C FRAMES: ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS FROM PSEUDODYNAMIC TESTS

A series of pseudo-dynamic tests were conducted on a full-scale four-storey reinforced concrete building designed according to Eurocodes 2 and 8. The building was 10 m long, 10 m wide, and 12⋅5 m high. It was designed as a ductility class ‘High’ structure, for typical live loads and for a peak ground acceleration of 0⋅3 g and medium soil conditions. A first test was conducted on the bare frame. The project was carried out within the framework of the European Association of Structural Mechanics Laboratories (EASML), and was designed to assess the adequacy of the damage indicators to be used in the calibration of Eurocode 8. The pseudodynamic test was conducted by using an artificially generated earth-quake derived from a real earthquake (Friuli, 1976), with nominal acceleration 50 per cent larger than the value adopted in design. The structure performed as expected. The pattern of the measured rotations was that of a weak-beam, strong-column mechanism. The fundamental frequency of the structure after the test was found to be half of the initial value, but the damage was limited and uniformly distributed. A second experimental programme was conducted as part of the work of the Network Prenormative Research in support of Eurocode 8, to study the influence of masonry infill panels on the global behaviour of the frame. Two pseudodynamic tests were conducted, with different infill patterns. A test was performed by infilling the two external frames with hollow brick masonry in all four storeys (uniform infill distribution). The test was then repeated on the structure without infills at the first storey, to create a soft-storey effect. The input signal was the same as in the tests on the bare frame. The purpose of the tests was to study the effects of the different layouts of infills, as well as to calibrate the computer models for the infills to be used in parametric analyses. In this paper the test results are presented and the performances of the structure with different infill configurations are compared. The global behaviour of the structure is compared with the predictions which could have been made with simplified approaches. In particular, single degree of freedom energy concepts are used to verify if the differences in the global behaviour could have been predicted. The differences in the single degree of freedom energy demands with respect to the bare frame may be used as a means of accounting for the presence of irregular distributions of non-structural infills in the simplified design of the frame.     

Updating of nonlinear analytical modeling of soft storey RC frame building models based on cyclic test results

Cyclic testing has been carried out on two 1/4 scale of (G+2) soft storey RC frame building models to evaluate the nonlinear performance under cyclic loading. The first model has been designed only for gravity loading and the second model has been designed for gravity and earthquake loading. The different pushover parameters of the frames such as load-deformation curve, displacement and storey drift profile and the failure pattern have been evaluated. These parameters are used for up-gradation and comparison of the nonlinear analytical modeling of the soft storey RC frame building. The nonlinear analytical models have been updated at three stages i.e. linear range, nonlinear range and finally at failure stage. The % of error between the experimental and analytical results for different pushover parameters has also been evaluated.     

漾濞6.4级地震穿斗木房屋震害特征及其原因简析

基于漾濞6.4级地震现场震害调查的结果,简要介绍了穿斗木构架民居的结构布置形式,对穿斗木结构的破坏现象进行分类和归纳,并得出穿斗木结构的整体破坏程度重于砌体结构与混凝土框架结构的结论。对比芦山7.0级地震中穿斗木结构震害较砌体结构和混凝土框架结构轻的现象,从地震动差异及围护墙差异两个方面给出了初步解释。结合现有的研究成果,对穿斗木结构的改进与加固提出了建议。     

Robust active vibration suppression control with constraint on the control signal: application to flexible structures

A unified mathematical framework, sustained by experimental results, is presented for robust controller design taking into account the constraint on the control signal. The design procedure is exemplified for an active vibration suppression control problem with applications to flexible structures. The considered experimental set‐up is a three‐storey flexible structure with an active mass driver placed on the last storey. First, the considered flexible structure is identified and the model's parametric uncertainties are deduced. Next, control constraints are presented for the robust control design problem, taking into account the restriction imposed on the control signal. Finally, the effectiveness of the control system is tested through experiments, when the input disturbance is assumed to be a sinusoidal one as well as a historical earthquake record (1940 El Centro record). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.