中国岩浆型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床的时空分布及其地球动力学背景

中国岩浆型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床主要出露于中亚造山带(新疆北部的天山-阿尔泰地区)、华北克拉通北缘(吉林-辽宁-北京-河北-内蒙古)和华北克拉通西南缘(甘肃)、扬子克拉通西-北缘(陕西-四川-云南)的广大地区,受控于镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体,具有成群成带分布的特征.这类矿床依其岩石类型和地质特征可划分为3类,即产于镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入体中的基底Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床、产于与溢流玄武岩有关侵入体中的Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床和产于科马提岩中的Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床.这类矿床的成矿时代主要集中于新元古代早期(1000～800 Ma)和古生代晚期(295～250 Ma)两个时间段,所对应的地球动力学背景分别为Rodinia超大陆聚合与裂解阶段、活动造山带后碰撞和二叠纪溢流玄武岩大规模喷发阶段,且均与超级地幔柱活动有关.这类矿床依其成矿构造环境可划分为4类,即古大陆边缘裂谷型、地幔柱型、弧后拉张型以及造山带后碰撞型.这类矿床按其成矿构造环境、成岩成矿时代和地质特征可划分为4个成矿区带,即新元古代与Rodina超大陆聚散有关的Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床、华北克拉通北缘Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床、中亚造山带后碰撞Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床和峨眉地幔柱区Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床.     

Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland

The style of Pleistocene outwash sedimentation in the foreland of the central European Mountains (the Carpathians and Sudetes) was controlled to a large extent by the topography. The deposits of three outwash plains formed in various morphological situations in front of the Upper Odra Lobe during the Odranian glaciation (older Saalian) are described here to show the conditions of their development and to reveal the relation between outwash plain sedimentology and proglacial topography. One outwash plain was formed between the mountain front and the ice-sheet margin, which advanced into the zone of fore-mountain alluvial fans. This outwash, deposited parallel to the ice margin, was under the considerable influence of extraglacial rivers flowing from the mountains. The second outwash was deposited in a small valley dipping away from the ice sheet and successively buried by glaciofluvial sediments. It evolved from a narrow valley sandur to an unconfined outwash plain. The third one was formed in a relatively broad, dammed valley dipping towards the ice sheet, where proglacial lake base level controlled the pattern of outwash channels as well as the character of the sedimentation. The studied outwash plains have different sedimentary successions. Their sedimentary profiles differ from each other even in the neighbouring valleys, indicating that distinct depositional conditions existed at the same time in closely spaced areas. It is suggested that the glaciomarginal deposition was controlled mostly by the orientation of the valleys and the inter-valley areas relative to the ice-sheet front. Size and morphology of valleys and interfluves were also important. Depending on their orientation, the outwash plains were fed by meltwaters in various ways; the dip of their surfaces was markedly different and the dynamics of the proglacial river systems were diverse.     

Hf isotopic fingerprinting of geodynamic settings: Integrating isotopes and numerical models

Hf isotopes have proven invaluable in understanding the evolution of Earth's crust-mantle system, but their use in reconstructing tectonic environments, in many cases, remains equivocal. In this study, we introduce a new approach to predict the Hf isotopic evolutionary pattern for rifting and collision based on the integration of numerical models and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf isotopes. The geodynamic numerical models allow us to estimate the proportion of juvenile material added to the crust through time. On the basis of this proportion, we calculate changing ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios using mixing models. Predicted Hf isotopic patterns generated through this numerical approach imply that juvenile signals are observed during back-arc extension, whereas evolved signatures dominate collisional settings. We use this novel modeling approach in the case study region of the Halls Creek Orogen to elucidate its tectonic setting through time. In addition, the geochemical features of magmatic rocks in the case study region imply partial melting of a sub-arc mantle wedge with magma-crust interaction on ascent in a convergent margin setting. The links between predicted Hf isotopic evolution, geodynamic numerical models, whole rock geochemistry and measured zircon Hf isotopic evolution trend resolve three discrete stages in the tectonomagmatic development of the Halls Creek Orogen: (1) oceanic crust subduction; (2) back-arc formation with addition of juvenile mantle input; and (3) docking of the North Australian and Kimberley cratons resulting in the development of mixed-source magmatism formed in a collisional setting. We provide a new method to validate geodynamic models with isotopic datasets, which should lead to more rigorous understanding of crustal evolution.     

北京小汤山地热田地热资源量及地热水储存量计算与评价

文章简述了小汤山地热田的开发利用历史,描述了该地热田的地质、地热地质条件。对地热井的有关参数进行了统计分析,将热田分为两个分区,采用热储法计算出基础资源量、地热资源量和地热水的静储量分别为1746．03×10^12kcal、1290×10^12keal和25．43×108m^3。     

开封凹陷区地温场特五及成因机制探析

以40眼地热井资料为基础，研究了开封凹陷地区地热系统的地温、地温梯度及地表热流值的分布特征；结合地质构造及地下水活动规律，说明了控制地温分布的因素及地热系统的成因机制。     

Geothermal energy

The Earth's heat may be concentrated under particular structural and hydrogeological conditions, when it can represent a valuable alternative source of energy. Thermal groundwater can be used directly for heating, and natural steam reservoirs can be tapped to drive turbines for electricity generation.     

贵州石阡地热田地热资源量计算

贵州省石阡地热田属于典型的山区褶皱断裂复合型热储,本文针对以往该类型热储资源量计算存在的问题,在热矿水采样测试结果和综合研究基础上,建立石阡地热田热储模型;结合地热井钻探和测井资料,考虑褶皱断裂型热储参数存在各向异性的差别,将地热资源量计算区划为以层状热储为主的层状热储区和以断裂带为主的带状热储区,确定计算参数,采用热储法计算地热资源量;计算得出石阡地热田地热资源为2.18×1016kJ/a,折合成标准煤7.46×108t/a,可利用的地热资源量为3.28×1015kJ/a,折合标准煤1.12×108t/a;将计算结果与该地区以往研究成果进行对比分析,结果显示,褶皱断裂型热储地热资源量的计算过程中,深部断裂带带状热储是不可忽略的,本次研究所采用的计算方法得出的结果更能真实的反映该地热田实际的地热资源量。     

Multi-objective Optimization of Geothermal Extraction from the Enhanced Geothermal System in Qiabuqia Geothermal Field, Gonghe Basin

A geothermal demonstration exploitation area will be established in the Enhanced Geothermal System of the Qiabuqia field, Gonghe Basin, Qinghai–Xizang Plateau in China. Selection of operational parameters for geothermal field extraction is thus of great significance to realize the best production performance. A novel integrated method of finite element and multi-objective optimization has been employed to obtain the optimal scheme for thermal extraction from the Gonghe Basin. A thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling model (THM) is established to analyze the thermal performance. From this it has been found that there exists a contraction among different heat extraction indexes. Parametric study indicates that injection mass rate (Qin) is the most sensitive parameter to the heat extraction, followed by well spacing (WS) and injection temperature (Tin). The least sensitive parameter is production pressure (pout). The optimal combination of operational parameters acquired is such that (Tin, pout, Qin, WS) equals (72.72°C, 30.56 MPa, 18.32 kg/s, 327.82 m). Results indicate that the maximum electrical power is 1.41 MW for the optimal case over 20 years. The thermal break has been relieved and the pressure difference reduced by 8 MPa compared with the base case. The optimal case would extract 50% more energy than that of a previous case and the outcome will provide a remarkable reference for the construction of Gonghe project.     

蔚县地热地质特征及地热资源开发利用

河 北 省 蔚 县地 热 属 断 陷沉 积 盆 地 传导 型 中 低 温地 热 资 源 ,具 备 了 盖 层 、热 储 、热 源 以 及 传 热 通 道 等 地 热 系 统的 重要 条 件。 经勘 探 证实 ,该 区地 下 热水 微量 元 素锶 与偏 硅 酸含 量两 项 有益 微量 元 素含 量指 标 均达 到 了国 家 饮 用 天然 矿泉 水 标准 中的 相 关指 标,且水 资 源丰 富、埋藏 浅,有利 于 开发 利用 。     

西安地热田地热弃水回灌数值模拟研究

本文在分析研究西安地热田西南地热开发区的地质构造、热储特征的基础上,首次建立了回灌区地热系统三维数值模型,完成了地热弃水回灌的数值模拟研究,提出地热弃水回灌层位及回灌水量、回灌对热储层渗流场及温度场的影响等.     

Remarkable preservation of microbial mats in Neoproterozoic siliciclastic settings: Implications for Ediacaran taphonomic models

It is beyond doubt that the appearance of infaunal bioturbation and metazoan biomineralization across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition irreversibly affected the nature of marine sediment architecture and biogeochemistry. Here we review those changes in relation to their likely effect upon the processes of fossil preservation, especially within siliciclastic sediments. Processes of soft-tissue preservation in siliciclastic settings from the Ediacaran Period, including microbes and microbial mats as well as Ediacaran macrofossils, are here reviewed within this context. Highlighted examples include the exceptional preservation of microbes found in association with wrinkle structures and Ediacaran macrofossils in England and Newfoundland (replicated by silicate minerals) and in the White Sea region of Russia (replicated by iron sulphide). These occurrences show that soft-tissue preservation in siliciclastic settings went well beyond that typical for Ediacaran macrofossils alone and also extended to similar modes of preservation in associated microbes. Using these new observations it can be argued that several existing explanations for Ediacaran fossil preservation can be united within a biogeochemical model that involves evolution of the sediment mixed layer across this transition.     

Geothermal gas equilibria

Comparison of theoretical and analytical equilibrium constants based on the reactions CH₄ + 2H₂O = CO₂ + 4H₂, 2NH₃ = N₂ + 3H₂ and iron(II)-aluminium-silicate + 2H₂S = FeS₂ + H₂ + aluminium-silicate, shows that the composition of fluids discharged from geothermal areas in New Zealand (Wairakei, Kawerau, Broadlands) reflects close to complete attainment of chemical equilibrium within the system H₂O, CO₂, H₂S, NH₃, H₂, N₂ and CH₄. Under conditions prevailing in explored geothermal systems in New Zealand, the minerals graphite (elemental carbon), anhydrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite do not appear to take part in the overall equilibrium system. The three physical parameters required to evaluate geothermal gas reactions are temperature, pressure and vapor-liquid ratios within the gas equilibration zone.     

Geothermal potential of Egypt

One hundred and sixty samples of groundwater from nearly all parts of Egypt have been collected and chemically analyzed in order to assess the country's geothermal potential. The samples considered to be thermal include 20 wells (T > 35°C), 4 springs (T > 30°C) and 1 spring not included in the present inventory. The remaining samples, together with data from the literature, establish background chemistry. The hottest springs are located along the east shore of the Gulf of Suez: Uyun Musa (48°C) and 'Ain Hammam Faraoun (70°C). Additional warm springs are located along both shores of the Gulf of Suez and this region is the most promising for geothermal development. The Eastern Desert of Egypt, particularly the coastal area adjacent to the Red Sea has above normal heat flow ( ~ 72.0 < mWm⁻²) and therefore some geothermal potential although only one thermal well (Umm Kharga: 35.8°C) could be located, In the major oases of the Western Desert (Kharga, Dakhla, Farafra and Bahariya), the regional temperature gradient is low (< 20°C/km), but many of the wells tap deep artesian aquifers and produce large volumes of water in the 35–43°C range. Such wells constitute a low temperature geothermal resource. None of our samples in northern Egypt can be considered thermal including several reported “hot springs.” Application of the silica, NaKCa. and NaKCaMg geothermometers does not indicate the presence of a high temperature geothermal resource at any area we visited.     

Geothermal mineral equilibria

The dominant reaction determining the chemistry of fluids in a geothermal system of the New Zealand type consists of the conversion of primary plagioclase by CO₂ to calcite and clays with log pco₂ = 15.26 ? 7850/(t + 273.2), temperature t in °C. Subsequent reactions involving secondary minerals control relative CO₂-H₂S-contents. The distribution of mineral phases throughout a geothermal system reflects the stepwise conversion of thermodynamically unstable primary phases through a series of intermediate, metastable phases to a thermodynamically stable, secondary assemblage. The relative stabilities of these phases was evaluated on the basis of their solubilities, the least soluble aluminiumsilicate representing the thermodynamically most stable phase under a given set of conditions. Observed assemblages of secondary minerals in geothermal systems represent indicators allowing mineral/fluidinteraction conditions to be evaluated on the basis of multi-component mineral stability diagrams.     

洛阳盆地地热资源与龙门地热田的关系

龙门地热田的形成是其特殊地质构造制约地下水运动的结果，F1，F2为龙门地热田的控热构造，F41为地热田的导水构造，∈3为龙门地热储层，上覆数百米的二叠，三叠系则成为龙门地热田的盖层，龙门地热田之北邻洛阳盆地为凹陷区，但地温梯度却为3．1℃／100m，明显高于龙门及其它相邻地区，经对洛阳盆地地热背景及控热条件分析认为：延伸并隐伏于洛阳盆地中的龙门控热构造F1，F2断层，仍具有导热性质，F1，F2断层虽被F3错开，还仍具有导水作用，经F1，F2排入洛阳盆地的热水，不但提高了洛阳盆地的地温，而且也是洛阳盆地热储层，下第三系砂，砾岩含水层的主要补给水源，故根据龙门地热勘探情况，选择洛阳盆地的地热开发目标区应为F1构造带上和隐伏的北东向断裂带上，取水层段应为下第三系上部的断裂带附近。     

四川康定地热田地下热水成因研究

康定地热田位于四川盆地西缘山地和青藏高原的过渡地带,属于高热流背景上的深循环高温地热系统。本文以康定地热田地下热水为研究对象,通过采集地热田内的主要两个热显示区(榆林河和雅拉河地区)的温泉和地热井的地下热水样,进行水化学和稳定同位素测试分析,研究其地下热水的补给来源和热储温度。雅拉河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na型水,榆林河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3·Cl-Na型水,均显示了深部地下热水沿断裂上涌与浅部冷水混合的特点。根据地下热水同位素的结果分析计算,康定地热田地下热水的起源均来自大气降水,雅拉河地下热水的补给高程为5 600~5 900 m,榆林河地下热水的补给高程为5 300~6 300 m,来源于南部的贡嘎山的可能性较大。榆林河地下热水具有明显的氧-18漂移现象,其原因为较高的热储温度,二氧化硅温标和阳离子温标的结果证明了这个判断,雅拉河地下热水的热储温度为172~188℃,榆林河地下热水的热储温度为192~288℃。     

安宁地热田浅部热储水化学特征及补给通道位置

碳酸盐岩淡水热储层在我国西南地区广泛分布,安宁地热田毗邻昆明地热田西侧约40 km,是具有垂向双层热储结构的低温地热田.在深部地层缺乏钻探资料时,为了探究地热田成因,寻找深部热储向浅部热储的补给通道,使用了以下研究方法:（1）通过类比昆明地热田确定灯影组深部热储的水化学特征,（2）从水岩作用、水化学类型和主要离子相关性分析方面入手,阐述深部热储与浅部栖霞茅口组热储水化学特征的区别与联系,发现可用钠离子作为热水通道的指示因子,（3）以包括开采现状、实测温度和通道位置的数值反演模型验证通道的合理性.分析显示,浅部地热水为混合水,水化学类型（HCO₃-Ca·Mg型）明显受同层冷水控制,与深部地热水离子浓度差别大.浅部热储水各点的地热水化学特征差异小,仅钠离子浓度分布可与地热田温度分区和开发利用情况相呼应.对于补给通道的水化学数据分析结果和数值模拟结果嵌合较好,说明采用以钠离子分布为主的综合分析方法所推断的补给通道位置较为合理.      

Genesis of Geothermal Fluid in Typical Geothermal Fields in Western Sichuan,China

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids can reveal the genesis of geothermal systems and act as important references for developing and using geothermal resources.This study presents hydrogeochemical processes and thermal cycle mechanisms of typical geothermal fields in Western Sichuan.Based on the geological conditions in Western Sichuan,29 hot springs in three geothermal fields in the Batang and Litang areas were selected for hydrochemical and isotopic (δD andδ~(18)O) analyses.Furthermore,the temperature of the thermal reservoir was calculated and the upflow cooling process of the hot springs was analyzed.Most of the subterranean hot waters in Batang and Litang are of the HCO_3-Na hydrochemical type.The ion variation in Batang is primarily affected by water-rock interactions.There is a strong positive correlation between Na~+,B~-,and Cl~-in Litang,suggesting that they have the same material source.The Na~+and metaboric acid content is relatively high,which indicates that the groundwater runoff in both areas is relatively long-lasting,with reduced flow velocity;moreover,the metasilicic acid content is relatively high,which supports this conclusion.Both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes plot near the atmospheric precipitation line,indicating that groundwater recharge is functionally obtained from precipitation.The calculated thermal storage temperatures in Batang and Litang were 88–199°C and 96–154°C,respectively.The proportion of cold water mixing in Batang was 64%–67%,while that in Litang was 60%–68%.According to the calculated results,the initial thermal cycle depth of the Batang area (4540–4780 m) was greater than that of the Litang area (3150–3960 m).The enthalpy of the deep parental geothermal fluid in Batang was 1550 J/g with a Cl~-concentration of 37 mg/L,while that in Litang was 2100 J/g with a Cl~-concentration of 48 mg/L.     

天津市热储规划分区和地热井审批系统研发

为解决天津市地热工作中大量地热地质专业数据处理工作周期长与管理决策快速、科学要求相矛盾的问题,满足地热开发利用科学规划发展的要求,为资源的可持续开发利用提供操作简单、智能的工具和手段;在过去天津地热工作的基础上,提出了"两线一面"三维动态分区方法,利用MapGIS SDK及Visual Basic开发了地热工程热储规划分区及地热井审批查询系统。该系统的开发为规划的制定和落实提供了快速、全面、直观的规划分区,并且具有动态跟踪功能。在规划期间内,每年根据热储动态观测数据,利用该系统制作一套年度规划分区图,供管理部门掌握规划情况和动态审批。