Exotic species and estuaries: managing Spartina anglica in Tasmania,Australia

The spread of exotic Spartina anglica (rice grass) occurs in temperate estuaries of the USA, UK, Netherlands, France, China, New Zealand and Australia. In Australia S. anglica infestations are found in the southern States of Tasmania and Victoria. The ecological, social and economic costs associated with its continued spread in Tasmania have resulted in the development of a management program supporting eradication and control. The paper begins by outlining the suite of problems associated with the management of exotic S. anglica infestations. The legislative framework for S. anglica is then critically evaluated. Recent developments that facilitate integrated coastal zone management are presented and assessed with respect to S. anglica. The paper makes recommendations on resolving legislative and institutional responsibility, promoting sustainable development practices in the coastal zone and raising the profile of environmental and aquatic weeds such as S. anglica.     

中国海岸带外来植物物种影响分析——以大米草与互花米草为例

外来物种所引起的生物入侵一直是近年来环境问题研究的热点.毫无例外,在互花米草于2003年被列入入侵物种名单后,也引起了互花米草的生态效应研究的热潮.文章主要分析了大米草和互花米草在我国的引种背景;米草的最初引种目的,以及其生态位等.基于大米草在我国海岸已基本完全退化,这里主要就互花米草在我国的现状以及其所引起的正负生态效应进行分析.     

Comparison of β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) levels in two mediterranean ecosystems with different trophic levels

β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations were recorded from September 1999 to September 2000 in two geographically close ecosystems, differently affected by eutrophication: the Little Bay of Toulon and the Niel Bay (N.W. Mediterranean Sea, France). Little Bay had higher nutrient levels ([NO₃⁻]_max. = 30.3 μM; [PO₄³⁻]_max. = 0.46 μM) and higher chlorophyll a concentrations ([chl a]_mean = 2.4 μg/L) compared to Niel Bay ([NO₃⁻]_max. = 19.7 μM; [PO₄³⁻]_max. = 0.17 μM; [chl a]_mean = 0.4 μg/L). In the two sites, we measured dissolved (DMSP_d < 0.2 μm) and particulate DMSP (DMSP_p > 0.2 μm) concentrations. The DMSP_p was particularly analysed in the 0.2–5, 5–90 and > 90 μm fractions. In the eutrophicated Little Bay, DMSP_d concentrations showed a clear seasonality with high values from January to March (124–148 nM). The temporal profile of the DMSP_p concentrations was similar, peaking in February–March (38–59 nM). In the less eutrophic Niel Bay, DMSP_p concentrations were much lower (6–9 nM in March–April), whereas DMSP_d concentrations were relatively high (110–92 nM in February–March). DMS concentrations were elevated from the end of the winter to the spring in Little Bay, ranging from 3 nM in October to 134 nM in March. In the less eutrophic Niel Bay, lower DMS levels were observed, generally not exceeding 20 nM. Each particulate fraction (0.2–5; 5–90; > 90 μm) contained less DMSP in Niel Bay than in Little Bay. At both sites, the 5–90 μm fraction made up most of the DMSP_p. This 5–90 μm fraction consisted of microphytoplankton, principally Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. The 5–90 μm biomass calculated from cell biovolumes, was more abundant in Little Bay where the bloom at the end of the winter (165 μg/L in March) occurred at the same time as the DMSP peaks. The estimated DMSP_p to biomass ratio for the 5–90 μm fraction was always higher in Little Bay than in Niel Bay. This suggests that the high DMSP levels recorded in Little Bay were not only due to a large Dinophyceae presence in this ecosystem. Indeed, the peak of DMSP_p to biomass ratio obtained from cell biovolumes (0.23 nmol/μg in March) was consistent with the proliferation of Alexandrium minutum. This Dinophyceae species may account for between 50% (2894 cells/L) and 63% (4914 cells/L) of the total phytoplankton abundance in the Little Bay of Toulon.     

Effect on marine sediment nitrogen fluxes caused by organic matter enrichment with varying organic carbon structure and nitrogen content

Enrichments with five types of organic carbon, differing in nitrogen content and type of organic carbon, were made to a marine sediment in order to study effects on nitrogen fluxes. The enrichments used were Ulva lactuca, Ascophyllum nodosum, Zostera marina, Ceratium spp., lignin, and mixtures of U. lactuca and A. nodosum. Fluxes of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate were measured in short-term (48 h) microcosm experiments, using a carbon enrichment loading similar to that at the sampling site. Changes in microbial community growth and structure due to three types enrichments were also detected using molecular methods in a microcosm experiment run for 4 days to allow for detection at DNA-level.Ammonium fluxes changed from an efflux in the control to an influx for all enrichments apart from U. lactuca. The change was significantly related to the added material's C:N ratio when Ceratium spp. was excluded. All enrichments induced an influx of nitrate suggesting the formation of anoxic micro zones, but there was no relationship with C:N ratio. Instead, the magnitude of the nitrate influx is suggested to be related to the structure of the organic carbon, where enrichments containing a large pool of cellulose and lignin (Z. marina and lignin) gave rise to a lower influx, compared to algal material with more easily degraded organic matter like lipids and starch, which induced the highest influx of nitrate (Ceratium spp., U. lactuca, and A. nodosum). The occurrence of an ammonium influx together with increased nitrate influx and a lower efflux of phosphate in the enrichments suggests a growth of heterotrophic bacteria. This was also confirmed using molecular methods (PCR-DGGE) where the relative abundance of bacterial species in the enrichments increased.The sum of ammonium and nitrate fluxes showed that total nitrogen removal was enhanced in all enrichments compared to the nonenriched control sediment, but in different ways. Ceratium spp. induced the highest removal followed by A. nodosum, U. lactuca, Z. marina, and lastly, by lignin. The same pattern was observed also in a second experiment. These results indicate that easily degradable organic carbon, together with a lower C:N ratio of the added material, will remove nitrogen from the water phase, making the recycling of nitrogen to the overlying water mass smaller.     

黄河三角洲米草入侵对滩涂底栖动物多样性的影响

2005年5,8,10月份对黄河三角洲的无棣县岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口米草分布区与非米草分布区底栖动物进行了调查.结果表明:米草分布区底栖动物种类少于非米草分布区的,优势种类相对多度存在差异;岔尖、小清河口米草分布区底栖动物平均密度高于非米草区的,生物量均高于非米草分布区的,但五号桩米草分布区底栖动物密度低于非米草分布区的;米草入侵导致小型螺类密度高,蛤类、蟹类密度低;岔尖、五号桩米草分布区与非米草分布区底栖动物多样性、均匀度、优势度无显著差异,小清河口则反之.米草入侵改变了底栖动物的群落结构,对小清河口底栖动物多样性影响较显著.     

互花米草化学治理对天津附近海域水质和沉积物质量的影响

互花米草作为入侵物种对潮间带滩涂和盐沼具有严重的生态危害性,化学方法治理互花米草具有简便、快速、彻底和成本低等特点,但化学药剂存在一定毒性,可能会对周边环境带来一系列不利影响,然而目前有关化学治理措施所带来的环境影响的研究较少。本文基于2017年8-11月的调查数据,研究了天津市永定河河口附近滩涂互花米草化学治理对附近海域海水水质和潮间带沉积物产生的影响,对调查海域海水水质和沉积物质量进行了评价。调查与评价结果表明,无机氮、活性磷酸盐和化学需氧量（COD）为调查海域的主要污染因子,硫化物为潮间带沉积物的主要污染因子。施药后特征污染物——草甘膦检测值高于本底值,所有站位均未检出磺酰脲类除草剂。综合来看,化学治理对附近海域海洋环境的影响较小。     

水体溶解无机氮对角毛藻胞内活性氮组分的影响

本文研究了水体中不同形式溶解无机氮(NH_4~+,NO_3~-,NH_4~++NO_3~-)及其含量对牟氏角毛藻和钙质角毛藻胞内活性氮组分(NH_4~+,NO_3~-,AA,Pr,RNA及DNA)的影响。结果表明:角毛藻胞内无机氮储量的大小体现了水体中无机氮的营养水平;培养角毛藻采用混合无机氮比之单一无机氮,其胞内AA和Pr含量较高,AA/Pr值可定量标志水体无机氮的营养水平及藻类本身氮的营养状况;RNA/DNA值是藻类生长增殖状况的指标之一。     

秋季东海二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐浓度分布及降解速率研究

于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。     

Opposite diel patterns of nitrogen fixation associated with salt marsh plant species (Spartina foliosa and Salicornia virginica) in southern California

In marine wetlands, nitrogen fixation is a potentially important nutrient source for nitrogen‐limited primary producers, but interactions between nitrogen fixers and different vascular plant species are not fully understood. Nitrogen fixation activity was compared in sediments vegetated by three plant species, Spartina foliosa, Salicornia virginica, and Salicornia bigelovii in the Kendall Frost Reserve salt marsh in Mission Bay (CA). This study addressed the effects of plant type, day and night conditions, and sediment depths on nitrogen fixation. Higher rates of nitrogen fixation were associated with S. foliosa than with either of the two Salicornia spp., which are known to compete more effectively than Spartina for exogenous nitrogen in the salt marsh environment. Rates of nitrogen fixation, determined by acetylene reduction, in sediments vegetated by S. virginica were low during the day (7.7 ± 1.2 μmol C₂H₄ m⁻² h⁻¹) but averaged 13 ± 6.6 μmol C₂H₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ at night, with particularly high rates in samples from locations with visible cyanobacterial mats. The opposite diel pattern was found for sediments containing S. foliosa plants, in which average daytime and nighttime rates of nitrogen fixation were 62 ± 23 and 21 ± 15 μmol C₂H₄ m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. For S. foliosa, nitrogenase activity of rinsed roots and different sediment sections (0–1, or 4–5 cm depths) were measured. Although nitrogen fixation rates in vegetated sediment samples were substantial, all but one of rinsed S. foliosa root samples (n = 12) and subsurface sediments at 4–5 cm depths failed to show nitrogen fixation activity after 2 h, suggesting that the most active nitrogen fixers in these systems likely reside in surface sediments. Further, nitrogenase activity in shaded and unshaded S. foliosa samples did not differ, suggesting that nitrogen fixers may not rapidly respond to changes in plant photosynthetic activity. Average nitrogen fixation rates in S. foliosa‐vegetated samples from the Mission Bay salt marsh were on the same order as those of highly productive Atlantic coast marshes, and this microbially‐mediated nitrogen source may be similarly substantial in other Mediterranean wetlands. Sediment abiotic variables seem to exert greater control upon nitrogen fixation activity than the effects of particular plant species. Nonetheless, dominant plant species may differ substantially in their reliance on nitrogen fixation as a nutrient source, with potentially important consequences for wetland conservation and restoration.     

Response of Spartina patens to increasing levels of salinity in rapidly subsiding marshes of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain

Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. plants were collected from a Mississippi River deltaic plain brackish marsh located along the Louisiana Gulf Coast. The plants were subjected to salinity levels of 4 to 22 ppt under controlled environment conditions. Salt water instrusion is currently occurring in much of Louisiana's extensive S. patens brackish marshes due to rapid coastal subsidence and that impact is simulated in this study. Specifically, the influence of salt water influx on the stomatal behaviour and net photosynthesis of S. patens was studied. Stomatal conductance was reduced 54% and net photosynthesis 43% as soil salinity was increased from 0 to 22 ppt. Both responses were rapid (within 24 h) and persisted throughout the entire experiment. Salt excretion from both leaf surfaces was noted within three to five days after salt application. Results presented suggest that salt water intrusion is contributing to the rapid rate of marsh deterioration occurring in coastal Louisiana.     

不同氮源对微藻增殖的影响

采用室内实验的方式研究了无机氮和有机氮对不同微藻增殖的影响情况。比较了不同氮源(氯化铵和尿素)对纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、亚历山大藻(Alexandrium sp．)、隐藻(Chroomonas salina f.adolenscens)4种海洋微藻生长的不同影响。结果表明,有机氮尿素对海洋微藻增殖的影响比无机氮的复杂。由微藻最适生长的氮、磷浓度得到N：P值,讨论了该值对微藻增殖的影响,以及影响N：P值的可能情形。     

Effects of zinc sulphate on haematological parameters in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and influences of MS222

Haematological variables of dogfish collected in February and March were analyzed after treatment with acute and subacute zinc concentrations. Differences were found only in leucocyte number. Leucocyte levels were affected by time of analysis. The anaesthetic MS222 also exerted a significant influence on the white cell number.     

基于Nimbus-7和DMSP卫星资料的北极海冰变化特征分析

利用1979—2012年Nimbus-7和DMSP海冰密集度资料对北极海冰进行研究。EOF分析结果表明整个北极海域海冰密集度变化具有非常强的季节变化特征,海冰最多的月份在1—4月、最少的在7—10月,其中鄂霍次克海和日本海、白令海等海域夏季无冰。北极海冰变化的总体趋势是减少,喀拉海和巴伦支海的减少速度最快,只有白令海海冰密集度呈增加趋势。北极区域海冰面积异常变化的主要周期一般在1 a左右,喀拉海和巴伦支海的主周期较长,为18.5 a。     

胶州湾海水中DMS和DMSP的分布及其影响因素

为了解人为活动对二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)生物生产的干扰,分别于2005年8月、11月对胶州湾海域进行采样。测定结果表明:胶州湾海水中8月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为4.89,17.9和23.93nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为4.58,19.98和21.49nmol·L-1,11月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为2.07,12.99和16.74nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为1.44,16.13和19.62nmol·L-1。DMS和DMSP的水平分布由于受到陆源输入的影响,呈现出自湾内向湾外递降的趋势。DMS和DMSP的含量夏季高于秋季。DMS和Chl-a在每个季节具有一定的相关性。DMS浓度的增加导致DMS通量增加。对海水微表层和次表层的研究表明,DMS和DMSPp并未在微表层中富集,而DMSPd有一定程度的富集。DMS,DMSP,Chl-a在海水微表层和次表层之间浓度分布的相关性体现了2层水体之间存在强烈的交换作用。     

Effects of nitrogen and iron enrichments on phytoplankton communities in the Northwestern Indian Ocean

Nutrient-enrichment bottle experiments in the northwestern Indian Ocean surface waters were conducted to investigate phytoplankton growth following enrichments with either NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Fe or Fe + NO₃⁻. Stimulation of phytoplankton growth could be achieved by the addition of either NH₄⁺ or NO₃⁻ under the ambient Fe concentrations, but the most significant increases in Chl a, POC, and cell densities were observed in the Fe + NO₃⁻-amended culture. Iron addition caused more rapid responses of phytoplankton growth in the Fe + NO₃⁻ treatment than those in the NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁻ treatment. However, the Fe-enrichment treatment revealed minimal growth of phytoplankton because of severe major nutrient deficiency and was similar to the control treatment. Increases in the cell density of diatoms and spherical phytoplankton cells (< 10 μm) were significant in the NH₄⁺-enriched samples, whereas NO₃⁻ enrichment alone had little effect on the diatoms. Simultaneous addition of Fe and NO₃⁻ stimulated maximal growth of phytoplankton, in particular in diatoms, coccolithophorids and Phaeocystis type colonies. However, the dominance of coccolithophorids and Phaeocystis type colonies in the Fe + NO₃⁻ treatment may be interpreted as resulting from Si-limitation. The high N/P ratio for phytoplankton nutrient uptake in the N-amended culture indicates the possibility of some P-limited growth. From these results, we conclude that in the northwestern Indian Ocean, Fe and major nutrients are co-limiting phytoplankton production during the northeast monsoon. Iron appeared to affect the ability of phytoplankton to respond quickly to transient nutrient inputs.     

青岛沿岸海区海藻体中DMSP含量测定

实验研究海藻体中二甲基硫基丙酸酯（Ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｓｕｌｆｏｎｉｕｍｐｒｏｐｉｏｎａｔｅ,ＤＭＳＰ）的简单测定方法。改进顶空进样方法灵敏度低的缺点,采用碱解和萃取吸收同时进行气相色谱火焰光度检测法测定不同种类的底栖藻中所含的ＤＭＳＰ。并以此测定不同季节胶州湾部分地区近岸表层水体浮游藻所含的ＤＭＳＰ,同时还测定水体中的磷酸盐浓度。结果表明在底栖藻中ＤＭＳＰ含量随季节呈现一定的规律性变化,不同藻体内ＤＭＳＰ含量相差可达两个数量级,而单位水体微藻中的ＤＭ－ＳＰ亦随季节呈现一定的规律性变化     

Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants

Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) is a compound produced in several classes of algae and higher plants that live in the marine environment. Considering its generally high intracellular concentrations, DMSP has a function in the osmotic protection of algal cells. Due to the relatively slow adaptation of its intracellular concentrations upon salinity shifts, DMSP should, however, not be considered as an osmoticum in the strict sense of being responsible for osmotic balance, but rather as a constitutive compatible solute. Besides salinity, other factors also appear to affect cellular DMSP quotas, but the exact regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, a brief discussion is given of the three pathways of DMSP biosynthesis that are currently distinguished. This is followed by an overview of the factors that affect DMSP biosynthesis (light, salinity, temperature and nitrogen limitation) in relation to its physiological functions. A new hypothesis is presented in which DMSP production is described as an overflow mechanism for excess reduced compounds and for energy excess. Finally, the possible functionality of the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP is discussed in the context of an overflow mechanism.     

海水升温与氮限制对三角褐指藻生长及光合作用的影响

以硅藻三角褐指藻为实验材料,研究升温(24℃)与氮限制(40μmol/L)对藻细胞生长及光合特性的影响。结果显示,氮限制使得电子从Q_A~-到Q_B的传递受阻,降低了其对光能的吸收利用效率,导致其对高光强的耐受能力下降,从而降低生长速率。而升温并未影响三角褐指藻细胞电子传递速率、单位反应中心耗散的能量(DI_o/RC)、捕获的用于还原Q_A的能量(TR_o/RC)以及吸收的能量(ABS/RC)等,表明升温对其PSⅡ光化学反应影响不显著。但应对高光强时,升温使得藻细胞修复速率降低,导致藻细胞受光抑制明显。本研究表明,相对于温度,氮限制对三角褐指藻细胞光合作用和生长的影响更为显著,而海水升温与氮限制耦合作用会进一步影响三角褐指藻的初级生产贡献。