Research Hotspots of Karst in 2016 Based on Bibliometrics Analysis

Karst is a special type of landscape that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks and forces the investigators to pay attention to hydrological and ecological problems, karst hazards, karst management, and the sustainability of karst environments, etc. To better explore the research hotspots of karst in 2016, 1472 papers included in the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were collected and the CiteSpace software was used to generate visualizing information for bibliometrics analysis. The frontiers in the karst research can be reflected, which provides the basis information for scholars to achieve concise objectives and find breakthrough innovation in the future. When karst or stalagmite was selected as the key word, 795 SCI papers published in 2016 were collected. The clustering results of key words in 795 papers showed that the main research hotspots were “karst hydrochemistry”, “karst rocky desertification and biogeochemistry”, “climate change and paleoenvironmental reconstruction” and “karst engineering and hazard”. China has made great contributions to these papers on karst research, which reflects the regional comparative advantage on karst research in China, though Chinese scholars are lacking in the tight linkage with scholars from other countries. Moreover, 677 papers were collected when karst or stalagmite was chosen as the key word in CNKI. The clustering data showed that the main research hotspots in CNKI were “karst hydrochemistry”, “karst rocky desertification and biogeochemistry”, “karst oil and gas resources” and “karst engineering and hazard”. From the above results, it was found that domestic and international research hotspots of karst were different.     

利用多源大功率充电法定位复杂岩溶含水通道的方法

由于地下发育的岩溶形态空间分布存在不均匀性,导致地表地质调查很难确定地下岩溶含水通道的位置;而一般的地球物理方法受地形或地质条件的限制,在对岩溶含水通道进行探测时存在多解性,往往需要几种物探方法综合判断。本文尝试利用大功率充电法对岩溶含水通道进行快速准确的定位,并通过布设多个充电点来验证异常的可靠性;在布设测线的同时布设以充电点为圆心的弧形测线和平行直线测线,分析对比其优缺点;在数据分析之前分别对数据进行正常场改正和Fraser滤波处理。通过利用多源大功率充电法对洛潭水库复杂岩溶含水通道进行探测后发现：该方法可以快速准确地定位测区内岩溶含水通道的位置及走向,其中弧形测线能够更好地控制整个测区岩溶含水通道的走向,经过正常场改正和Fraser滤波处理后的平行直线测线观测结果也能很好地对异常进行定位;而“多源”观测能更好地甄别有效异常。经钻探及示踪法验证,该方法的探测结果是准确可靠的。     

The comparison of hydrodynamic characteristics of karst aquifers: application on two karst formations in Zagros (Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak), southwest Iran

In order to study the function, hydrodynamic behavior, and hydraulic properties of the karst aquifers in Izeh, southwest Iran, time series analysis was applied to the precipitation, spring discharge, and piezometric head data of two representative karst systems of Zagros (Ilam-Sarvak and Asmari Formations). Time series analysis was applied to two karst aquifers, those of Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak Formations. The daily precipitations of anticlines were estimated based on the precipitation–elevation function which was applied on digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. The mean estimated daily precipitations were considered in bivariate time series analysis as input data of each karst system. The total length of time series was about 2.7 years, extending from May 2007 to December 2009. During the research, several one-parameter probe data loggers were installed, which daily measure the water surfaces in karst aquifers. Time series analysis was applied for describing Izeh karst aquifers with a focus on both univariate (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) and bivariate (cross-correlation, gain function, and coherency function) methods. The results show that Asmari karst aquifer in Kamarderaz Anticline has a large storage capacity. Because of lacking a well-organized karst network, in the Asmari karst aquifer, baseflow dominates with low contribution of quick-flow. In the Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer (Shavish and Tanush Anticlines), the karstification occurred in fractures and small diameter conduits, which caused to quick-flow between dense limestone. The Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer could be regarded as a transition between two extreme types of karst, e.g., highly karstified system and in the opposite, extremely diffused one. The analysis of well hydrograph in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer shows that the karst aquifer has a low storage capacity. Unlike Asmari karst aquifer, the fractures and small diameter conduits in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer are more enhanced, producing a better developed karst network. Contrary to the typical karst systems, however, diffuse flow and conduit flow coexist in the Asmari Formation.     

Modeling hydrological responses of karst spring to storm events: example of the Shuifang spring (Jinfo Mt., Chongqing,China)

Reproduction of hydrographs at karst springs has been an approach of understanding the karst aquifer, which normally acts as drains for the groundwater flow. However, its numerical modeling is difficult since factors for the internal geometry and connectedness are unknown and hard to quantify. Hydrographs of the karst aquifer with well-developed conduits in Shuifang spring catchment were obtained from the automatic gauging station at the spring orifice. Data as to the conduit system were also obtained based on results and analyses of tracer tests. With these data, the hydrological responses of Shuifang spring to storm events were simulated by storm water management model (SWMM) developed by USA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies are used to compare the computed flow to the observed, which are 0.95 and 0.92 for calibration and validation. SWMM was verified and applicable in karst conduit drainage system. The model illustrated correctly quick recharge through conduits and slow and low inflow from the fissured aquifer matrix. The SCS-CN (soil conservation service-curve number) infiltration method was used for computation of losses and runoff. Field tests indicated that permeability was extremely high but different in karst area, which was less sensitive to the computed runoff when exceeded the common value provided by SWMM. Therefore, an improved quantitative infiltration model for karst area will make SWMM possible to be a useful tool for assessing and reproducing spring hydrographs.     

基于FEFLOW的岩溶管道模型构建方法探讨

岩溶管道流模型的刻画一直是岩溶区开展地下水数值模拟研究中的难点所在,基于此,文章以贵州六枝特区某项目为例进行地下水数值模拟研究,探索了在FEFLOW离散特性功能模块下岩溶管道流模型的刻画方式与方法。在详细分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,对研究区范围、边界、含水层结构等概化,建立了研究区的水文地质概念模型;以ArcGIS软件为辅助,基于有限元法的FEFLOW软件为操作平台,利用区内钻孔资料及野外测算结果,通过软件公式编辑、插值等功能分别获得各层顶底板高程属性,将数据输入FEFLOW后,对模拟区平面三角剖分进而空间离散构建了研究区的三维地质模型;并利用FEFLOW软件的离散特性功能模块,将研究区灰场南部岩溶洼地与岩脚泉间划定为特定区域,建立缓冲区并给予其高特异性,耦合哈根-泊肃叶流体流动公式,在模型中刻画了岩溶管道流模型;最后探讨了特殊地质构造与岩溶管道模型的刻画方式与方法刻画出了符合案例区的三维向斜褶皱地质模型和岩溶管道流模型。      

地面核磁共振测深方法在武汉市岩溶地面塌陷探测中的应用研究

岩溶地面塌陷是隐伏岩溶区常见的地质灾害类型之一,是制约武汉市城市规划和建设的重大地质环境问题。地下水对岩溶地面塌陷的形成和发展发挥着至关重要的作用,地面核磁共振测深方法是目前唯一直接探测地下水的地球物理方法,对地下水探测具有独特优势。本文介绍了地面核磁共振测深方法在探测岩溶塌陷区地下含水层方面的潜力,并在武汉市岩溶塌陷区内外开展了探测实验,结果表明:地面核磁共振测深反演的含水量参数可辅助划定含水层顶底板埋深,确定含水层厚度,并量化含水层富水性特征;弛豫时间参数指示了含水层孔隙度大小,可为岩溶发育程度、岩溶裂隙充填情况等提供参考。结合钻孔资料,验证了地面核磁共振测深方法在岩溶塌陷区地下含水层探测中的可行性。      

基于探地雷达单道信号处理的岩溶分析方法

探地雷达（GPR）作为岩溶隧道超前地质预报的主要手段广泛运用于隧道岩溶探测,但GPR自带分析软件所得时间剖面图只能进行岩溶定性分析,无法较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。基于此,提出一种基于GPR原始数据的单道信号计算岩溶位置和大小的方法。具体做法主要包括：先用地质雷达自带分析软件确定岩溶位于哪几道信号上,再将这几道信号的数据利用自编程序提取并作Hilbert函数变换,绘出信号的瞬时振幅、相位和频率图（三瞬图）,根据每道三瞬图图像突变的位置确定岩溶的起、终点,最后联合各道计算结果确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。上述方法在赣龙铁路中复隧道DK189+135、DK189+75断面岩溶探测中得到了成功运用。实践证明,该方法能较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状,是基于探地雷达探测岩溶分析的可行方法。     

滇东南喀斯特区域石漠化时空格局演变研究——以广南县为例

石漠化给区域发展带来了一系列生态环境和社会经济问题,国家自实施生态治理工程以来,区域石漠化得到一定改善。为探讨生态治理工程实施后石漠化格局变化,研究以滇东南典型喀斯特区域广南县为例,以2000年、2010年和2018年3期遥感影像为数据源,通过人机交互式解译获得石漠化空间分布数据,运用时间变化度、转移矩阵和叠加分析等方法,分析广南县石漠化时空格局演变特征。结果表明:（1）时间变化上,广南县石漠化类型仍以重度石漠化为主,但是石漠化面积总体在不断减少。灌木林地和未利用地石漠化面积最大,其中灌木林地以潜在石漠化为主,未利用地以重度石漠化为主,是石漠化重点治理的用地类型。2000-2010年石漠化转移方向是向无石漠化和相邻等级石漠化转移,2010-2018年主要向低等级石漠化转移;（2）空间分布上,广南县喀斯特区域石漠化南多北少,呈现南重北轻的分布格局,沿篆角乡—黑支果乡—南屏镇南部—八宝镇西南部一线、珠琳镇和五珠乡相邻区域、珠街镇和曙光乡的相邻区域是石漠化集中分布区;（3）19年间,广南县喀斯特南部区域的石漠化大面积改善,而中部及北部区域的石漠化不断恶化。整体而言,退耕还林等生态治理工程的实施,能有效改善喀斯特区域的石漠化状况,使广南县石漠化总面积减少了288.98km2。      

基于知识图谱的岩溶知识发现系统建设

岩溶领域通过地质调查和科学研究积累了大量的成果资源,资源之间的关联关系更加复杂,传统的关键词检索模式已不满足用户获取知识的需求。为实现知识层面的数据检索,利用数据挖掘技术进行岩溶实体抽取与关系计算,以岩溶术语为核心,基于知识图谱构建岩溶知识发现系统,实现岩溶地质成果、期刊、论文、图书、标准、项目、专家等实体的智能语义搜索和关联导航,最大化的挖掘数据的潜在价值,为用户提供精准知识服务,提升了用户体验。      

An approach for estimating sustainable yield of karst water in data sparse regions

This study presents an approach for transferring the qualitative analysis of groundwater sustainability for development to quantitative evaluation by an analogy of two similar regions. A concept of groundwater exploitation sustainability (GES), which is an evaluation index based on water supply capability, eco-geo-environment maintaining capability and the harmony between water and society, is put forward. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method is applied to calculate the GES for the Xiangshan and Dianchang karst groundwater sources in the Huaibei city, Anhui Province, China. The GES of the Xiangshan karst system was calculated to be 0.53 and represents medium exploitation sustainability, while that for the Dianchang is relatively high with a value of 0.70. These two karst systems are separate units but have similar hydrogeological conditions. The Dianchang area had limited groundwater observation data, while the Xiangshan area had long series of observation data, which enabled the computation of the sustainable yield. The sustainable yield of the Xiangshan karst area was used to calibrate the GES, and develop a linear equation between the GES and sustainable yield, which was used to calculate the sustainable yield of the Diangchang karst area as 40.4 million m³.     

高密度电法与多波映象法在覆盖型岩溶勘察中的应用

采用高密度电法与多波映象法对深圳市龙岗某住宅区覆盖型岩溶地质体进行了勘察,并与钻探进行对比分析,说明这两种方法能够较好地探测覆盖型岩溶地区岩溶的发育形态,取得了岩溶基岩面埋深的符合率和强岩溶发育区的符合率,减少钻探工作量87 %75 %,节约勘察投资的好效果。30 %20 %     

塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层研究--以塔河油田6区为例

通过对研究区FMI成像测井和XMAC，DSI测井等资料的综合，并结合该区的油气地质、地球物理资料，对下奥陶统缝洞型碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层的剖面结构及展布特征进行了较为深入地分析结果表明，研究区古岩溶储层主要分布于下奥陶统顶部不整合面之下约250m的范围内，储层垂向发育具有明显分带性，岩溶剖面的纵向分带与该区多期次岩淀旋回作用密切相关。古岩溶储层的发育与分布受多种因素控制。     

岩溶水文地质环境地质信息管理系统构建与实现

为服务地质调查数据管理需求,基于GIS平台,构建了岩溶地区水文地质环境地质信息管理系统,按标准对调查数据、空间数据进行集成整合,实现了岩溶数据资料信息的数字化、可视化、动态化管理。其系统主要功能模块包括调查数据管理模块、空间数据管理模块、数据核查管理模块、钻孔柱状图管理模块、基础数据管理模块、系统数据管理模块。      

基于孔中雷达反射成像特征的岩溶定量化评价

为准确评价隐伏岩溶区的强岩溶发育特征,采用孔中雷达反射成像技术,利用不同地层的电性差异特征以及探测钻孔孔壁地层岩溶发育情况,并根据岩体中雷达反射波的强度衰减特性,建立钻孔雷达最大探测距离与地层岩溶率的关系,定量推算出地层岩溶发育程度。结果表明:孔中雷达反射成像技术可获得钻孔半径10~30 m范围,甚至更远区域的岩溶发育信息。利用钻孔雷达最大探测距离与地层岩溶率的关系,可得到钻孔周边地层岩溶发育的定量化评价,分析各层位不同埋深的岩溶发育情况,可为地质勘察和工程建设提供更详实的基础数据,具有较好应用前景。      

Hydrodynamic conditions and karst formation in the northwest part of Syria

The study of hydrodynamic zonation and karst formation in the northwest part of Syria is a topical hydrogeological problem. It is important to trace the history of karst formation and evaluate the spread of karst structures in the area and the rate of development of karst processes, as well as their influence on water supplies and irrigation. The solution of this problem was performed by integrated geophysical methods (electric and seismic exploration works) and data analysis of well-drilling, geological, hydro-geological, and subsurface territory explorations. The most detailed works were done near Ras Al-Ain. This paper is devoted to the results of the study of hydrodynamic conditions and karst formation.     

Karst database development in Minnesota: design and data assembly

The Karst Feature Database (KFD) of Minnesota is a relational GIS-based Database Management System (DBMS). Previous karst feature datasets used inconsistent attributes to describe karst features in different areas of Minnesota. Existing metadata were modified and standardized to represent a comprehensive metadata for all the karst features in Minnesota. Microsoft Access 2000 and ArcView 3.2 were used to develop this working database. Existing county and sub-county karst feature datasets have been assembled into the KFD, which is capable of visualizing and analyzing the entire data set. By November 17 2002, 11,682 karst features were stored in the KFD of Minnesota. Data tables are stored in a Microsoft Access 2000 DBMS and linked to corresponding ArcView applications. The current KFD of Minnesota has been moved from a Windows NT server to a Windows 2000 Citrix server accessible to researchers and planners through networked interfaces.     

岩溶区高速公路路堤及溶洞顶板稳定性数值分析

采用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS对某室内模型试验进行了数值模拟,验证了三维有限元法进行洞室结构稳定性分析的可靠性。结合永武（永安-武平）高速公路A11合同段岩溶地质资料,将溶洞近似为与实际相近的椭球状,建立岩溶区路堤的三维有限元模型,分析溶洞顶板厚度、填方高度、溶洞位置以及溶洞充填状况对路堤及溶洞顶板稳定性的影响。为与现行顶板安全厚度确定方法进行比较,进行二维平面应变有限元分析。研究表明,对于较完整的顶板岩层,按顶板受拉破坏稳定安全系数为4确定的安全厚度过于保守,按梁板理论弯曲受拉破坏确定的安全厚度也偏于保守,是由于实际顶板岩层并不完全符合梁板理论的简化假设,而以有限元分析所得最大弯矩按梁板弯曲受拉破坏确定的安全厚度最为经济;实际工程中三维效应明显的溶洞,现行理论简化和二维数值分析法都较为粗糙,宜采用三维数值分析法。通过对上述问题的分析,为该高速公路岩溶区填方路段的设计和溶洞的处治与否提出指导性意见,已创造较好的经济效益和社会效益,可供类似工程应用时参考。     

喀斯特石漠化演变轨迹的典型案例研究——以贵州盘县为例

本文以1974年MSS、1999年TM、2007年TM影像为基本数据源,辅以实地踏勘,考虑一个完整的峰丛洼地等,扣除其平坝部分后作为评价单元,获得了贵州省盘县3个时期的石漠化数据并计算了石漠化和无石漠化土地的演变轨迹。相应于1974年、1999年、2007年3个时段,研究区土地退化演变轨迹可分为8种,并可进一步归纳为不变型、逆转减弱型、反复型和加重型4种演变过程类型,从1974年、1999年到2007年未发生过变化的不变型轨迹面积占较高的比例。研究区的喀斯特土地可分为石漠化土地、无石漠化土地、石漠化已恢复土地和潜在可恢复石漠化土地。     

我国“十一五”期间的岩溶研究进展与重要活动

“十一五”期间,国际岩溶中心在我国桂林成立,岩溶研究在理论上与实践应用上取得了显著进展。理论上,运用地球系统科学的观点和现代自动化测试手段发展了岩溶动力学;新的学科生长点岩溶生态学不但揭示了西南岩溶生态系统的脆弱性、土壤质量变化与某些土壤营养元素形态的初步规律,而且选育了大量适合岩溶地区的名特优植物物种;全球变化研究探讨了岩溶水循环中溶解无机碳形式对全球碳汇的贡献,从多种气候替代指标深化了洞穴石笋的古环境记录研究;用新技术探索了岩溶地下水水质和水量的有效评价方法。应用上,形成的西南岩溶水、石漠化和水土流失调查区域性资料在国家目标和干旱找水重大社会需求中发挥重要作用,岩溶地区油气勘察形成典型地质模式,中国南方喀斯特自然遗产申报成功,岩溶塌陷监测与预警新技术成功用于工程建设区塌陷的防治。      

Groundwater monitoring for cement kiln dust disposal units in karst aquifers

Well-developed karst aquifers tend to be heterogeneous and consist of variable porosities. Groundwater monitoring and the associated data interpretations in such aquifers are often more complicated than porous medium aquifers. Collection of representative data in karst aquifers often requires monitoring at appropriately located wells and/or springs that are proven to connect to the groundwater system. Water samples are to be collected under different flow conditions, including base flow, high-flow, and low-flow. The sampling frequencies may vary from several months for base flows to minutes in response to recharge events. The groundwater monitoring program presented in this paper is for a cement kiln dust mono-fill site in a karst area of southern Indiana. Following dye tracing and extensive geophysical investigations, one spring was selected as a monitoring location. A second spring should be used as a monitoring location when the last cell of the mono-fill begins receiving the wastes. The paper discusses results from the first spring, at which nine background sampling events were completed to evaluate the natural variations of the water quality. Based on the background data, a statistical evaluation plan was developed for 12 water-quality parameters to determine the integrity of the landfill. The statistical power of the statistical analyses was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.