考虑时变性影响的盾构壁后注浆浆液固结及消散机制研究

在盾构管片壁后注浆时,由于浆液渗透压的存在,浆液会向外渗透,浆体本身逐渐固结,作用在管片上的注浆压力逐渐消散。考虑到浆液往周边地层渗透过程中由于黏度的变化会引起地层渗透系数的变化,推导了基于浆液黏度时变性的浆体固结变形方程和浆液压力消散方程,分析了浆液固结、消散及浆液压力沿管片外壁分布规律,为精细化分析施工阶段管片受力提供了计算依据。计算结果表明：浆液从注浆口喷出后,浆液黏性的增大使浆液流动性减小,注浆压力消散幅度减小,浆液消散持续时间变短。浆液配比与围岩渗透系数变化对注浆压力消散幅度及消散持续时间存在一定影响。现场实测结果与理论计算结果较为一致。在进行壁后注浆时,应充分考虑时变作用下浆液消散作用的影响。     

An investigation of the effects of important grouting and rock parameters on the grouting process

Today, grouting is used as an aid in ground improvement in most civil and mining engineering projects. Groutability and grout penetration depth are among the most important issues that are considered in grouting operation. Various parameters such as in-situ stress, pore water pressure, joint geometric and geomechanical characteristics, grout properties (viscosity and yield stress) and technical factors such as grouting pressure and flow rate affect the groutability and grout penetration depth in a jointed rock mass. Knowledge of the effect of these parameters has advantages in the prediction of grouting results. Typically, cement-based grout is used in jointed rock masses. Unlike water, stable cement-based grout usually acts as a Bingham fluid. In this study the effect of important parameters on grouting process in a jointed rock mass was investigated numerically using the DEM method. In the conducted study, the problem geometry represents a horizontal section in a regularly jointed rock mass with two joint sets. The analyses results show that the grout penetration depth and intake increase as joint aperture, normal stiffness and grouting pressure increase and in-situ stress and pore water pressure decrease. Increase in joint spacing does not have any effect on the grout penetration depth but decreases the grout intake. The effect of joint orientation on grouting process is strongly dependent on in-situ stress state. On the other hand, increase in grout yield stress decreases the grout penetration depth and intake, while grout viscosity does not have any effect on maximum grout penetration depth and intake. To further investigate the above mechanisms, the grouting process conducted in Gotvand dam-Iran was simulated numerically.     

锦屏一级水电站深部裂缝控制性灌浆技术研究

针对锦屏一级水电站深部裂缝加固技术难题,在对深部裂缝工程地质特征及其灌浆加固技术特点分析基础上,对水泥-水玻璃控制性灌浆技术进行了研究。首先对水泥-水玻璃灌浆作用机理进行分析,然后主要从胶凝时间和强度两方面对水泥-水玻璃浆液进行试验研究,分析了水玻璃和缓凝剂加量对浆液胶凝时间和强度的影响规律,并按初凝时间为5min的情况进行了水泥-水玻璃浆液配比设计。最后,提出采用水泥-水玻璃双液孔口混合式灌浆方法,采用自上而下、孔口封闭、纯压式灌浆方式对深部裂缝进行固结灌浆加固处理。由此初步建立了锦屏一级深部裂缝灌浆加固处理技术研究方案。     

An FEM/VOF hybrid formulation for fracture grouting modelling

A numerical model using a hybrid formulation of a finite element method (FEM) coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) technique to simulate the fracture grouting processes in soils is described. The numerical model considered the couplings of the stress distribution, with two-phase fluid flows, and the mesh element damage. The hardening of grout in soil is described by a time-dependent Young’s modulus and viscosity. Crack initiation, branching, propagation, and grout vein growth in homogeneous and heterogeneous soils can be numerically reproduced. Although the method is developed particularly for simulating fracture grouting, the processes of compaction grouting and permeation grouting can also be numerically simulated. Some grouting cases have been simulated with results similar to the experimental results. This further confirms the adequacy and the power of the numerical approach.     

"抽注式"注浆法探讨

目前孔隙性围岩注浆参数大多是根据浅表土的渗透系数确定的，这不适合深层土注浆。本文从注浆压力对浆液扩散影响最显著的特点出发，提出用注浆孔与抽水孔同时工作的方法，这种方法可使浆液水力坡度增大，增加浆液有效扩散半径，提高深表土层注浆效果。     

渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响试验研究

通过在试验砂槽中进行灌浆试验,研究了渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响。首先,在选定水泥浆作为灌浆材料的前提下,验证了砂砾石材料的可灌性,确定了灌浆的有关参数,包括浆液水灰比、灌浆时间、灌浆压力、灌浆深度等;其次,在无渗流作用下,研究了灌浆压力、浆液水灰比与浆液扩散范围之间的关系;最后,在有渗流作用下,通过调整上下游水位差,研究了灌浆压力、渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间的关系。研究结果表明,渗流作用对灌浆压力与浆液扩散范围所呈的线性关系无明显影响,不同灌浆压力条件下,渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间呈明显的非线性关系     

深水注浆锚设计原理及其承载特性试验研究

海洋能源开发不断向深海迈进,大型深水海上平台对锚泊结构的承载力提出了更高的要求。针对传统鱼雷锚承载比不足的问题,提出了一种新型深水注浆锚。锚体带动连接其尾部的注浆管贯入海床,然后在外部注浆设备驱动下向海床注浆,浆液挤压土体并在锚体周围形成注浆固结块,从而大幅增加锚体抗拔力。采用自主设计的海洋锚注浆和拉拔试验系统进行了模型试验,研究了不同注浆量对浆液扩散特性以及锚体承载特性的影响规律。结果表明：浆液可以较好地包裹锚体,浆块呈倒锥形与锚体紧密黏结为一体,共同承受上部荷载,浆块承载比可达 24.6,远高于传统鱼雷锚的 2.4～4.1,从而验证了深水注浆锚的可行性。随注浆量的增加,浆块端部截面积和整体高度增加,注浆锚整体承载力也不断增大。     

考虑黏度时变性的水泥浆液盾构壁后注浆扩散规律及管片压力模型的试验研究

对水泥浆液黏度时变性进行了试验研究,证实了工程常用水灰比范围内水泥浆液服从宾汉姆流体特性;不同水灰比浆液黏度均随注浆时间增大而大幅度增加。根据试验结果,考虑注浆过程中水泥浆液黏度随时间的变化,对盾构壁后注浆水泥浆液的扩散规律及因注浆而造成的管片压力进行了推导及分析。计算表明：相同注浆时间条件下,水泥浆液扩散半径及注浆对管片产生的压力值均随注浆压力的增大而增大。考虑浆液黏度时变性后,扩散半径、注浆对管片压力值等均较不考虑浆液时变性时减小,且随注浆压力的增大,浆液黏度变化对管片压力值的影响更加明显。相同注浆压力条件下,浆液扩散半径及对管片产生的压力值均随注浆时间的增长而增加,但注浆前期增长速度较快,而后逐渐减缓。研究成果对于盾构壁后注浆工艺选择及参数设计具有较大的指导意义。     

基于流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析

劈裂注浆作为一种有效的土体加固方法,其理论研究落后于工程实践。提出了基于弥散裂缝模型和流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析方法,并通过ABAQUS二次开发编写劈裂注浆有限元程序。数值分析结果能与室内试验较好吻合,验证了有限元算法的合理性。在此基础上研究了注浆孔埋深和注浆流量对劈裂浆脉形状的影响。结果表明,劈裂注浆过程可分为起劈和劈裂发展两个阶段。当劈裂浆脉扩展到模型边界后,继续注浆会引起注浆压力的大幅提高和已有浆脉宽度的增加。随着注浆孔埋深的增加,浆脉分支减少,长度减小,宽度增加,劈裂浆脉形状的主要控制因素从土体参数的随机性变成大小主应力值的差异。注浆量一定的情况下,注浆速率越大,劈裂浆脉长度越短,宽度越大,注浆终压也越大。研究为劈裂注浆的工程应用提供理论支撑。     

Application of New Theories and Technology for Grouting of Dams and Foundations on Rock

Permeation grouting is used to improve rock conditions under dams and foundations. During recent decades, there has been a substantial increase of understanding of the mechanism behind grout spread in fractured rock. It is the penetrability of the grout mix and the spread in the joints which will be the governing factors for the quality of the grout curtain. The flow properties and the pressure will give the required time to achieve the quality. The empirical based refusal and completion criteria of today can be replaced by a more engineering based grouting process. An active control method has been developed in order to govern the grout spread during the grouting operation based on the new theory of spreading of grout. The concept is called the ??real time grouting control method??. The concept and the latest finding of the mechanism of spreading of the grout in the fractures of the rock mass are presented in the paper. The application of the method on two dam projects is also presented.     

黏土水泥浆材特性的试验研究

黏土水泥浆材是采空区处治的优选注浆材料,但目前关于优化浆材配比的研究较少。针对毕威高速公路水塘隧道出口段采空区处治工程,提出采用黏土水泥浆液进行注浆处理,并进行室内试验研究,得到了不同配比浆液的凝结时间、结石率、结石密度、结石体抗压强度、渗透系数及冲蚀率等性能指标。试验结果表明,固相比较低的浆液凝结时间较短,抗压强度较高,渗透系数较大;随原浆比重增加,浆液的凝结时间缩短,强度提高且渗透系数降低;偏铝酸钠可有效缩短浆液的凝结时间;最终确定了黏土水泥浆材的配比和原浆比重。本次研究可为高速公路下伏采空区的注浆治理提供设计依据。     

Groutability of cement‐based grout with consideration of viscosity and filtration phenomenon

The groutability depends on the properties of the grout, its injection processes, and on the mechanical properties of the soil formation. During the process of pouring cement‐based grouting into a porous medium, a variation with time occurs in the viscosity of grout suspension. In addition, the particle filtration phenomenon will limit the expansion of the grouted zone because cement particles are progressively stagnant within the soil matrix. In this paper, a closed‐form solution was derived by implementing the mass balance equations and the generalized phenomenological filtration law, which can be used to evaluate the deposition of cement‐based grout in the soil matrix. The closed‐form solution relevant to a particular spherical flow was modified by a step‐wise numerical calculation, considering the variable viscosity caused by a chemical reaction, and the decrease in porosity resulting from grout particle deposition in the soil pores. A series of pilot‐scale chamber injection tests was performed to verify that the developed step‐wise numerical calculation is able to evaluate the injectable volume of grout and the deposition of grout particles. The results of the chamber injection tests concurred well with that of the step‐wise numerical calculation. Based on the filtration phenomenon, a viable approach for estimating the groutability of cement‐based grout in a porous medium was also suggested, which might facilitate a new insight in the design of the grouting process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铁路岩溶路基注浆材料试验研究

探讨了水泥、水玻璃及固化剂对粘土固化浆液性能的影响,提出了粘土固化浆液的最佳配比,通过试验分析了浆液在注浆过程中的扩散规律及防渗堵水效果。     

岩溶突水治理浆材的试验研究

以深部地下工程的加固和高压突水治理为研究对象,对一种新型化学注浆材料的化学反应封堵机制进行了可行性分析,并针对化学浆液的流动性、渗透性、抗冲刷性以及固结体的强度、水质毒理等因素进行了室内试验研究,详细地分析了浆液的物理化学特征,给出了浆液最佳配比值以及相应的性能指标。结合高压突水工程实例,开展现场注浆封堵试验,检验浆材用于突水封堵治理的可行性,并与超细水泥、水泥-水玻璃、尿醛树脂等常见注浆材料的封堵效果进行对比。试验结果表明：该化学浆液具有反应块、强度高、抗冲刷性强、无毒以及良好的渗透性和遇水膨胀功能,在现场应用中表现出良好的可控性和可泵性以及理想的注浆效果,与水泥类和一些常用化学浆材相比,具有运输快捷、配料方便、工艺简单的优点,所得结论对后续研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

富水断裂带优势劈裂注浆机制及注浆控制方法研究

注浆是处治隧道塌方、突水突泥等地质灾害的有效手段,但对于岩体结构多样、结构面发育的富水断裂带,注浆理论及控制技术尚不成熟。基于富水断裂带内部岩体结构,建立了注浆概念模型,提出了优势劈裂注浆概念。基于广义宾汉流体本构方程,建立单一平板优势劈裂注浆扩散模型,推导了考虑浆液流变特征的优势劈裂注浆扩散控制方程。由方程可知,注浆速率、注浆压力及浆液黏度是影响注浆扩散的3个主控因素。深入分析了优势劈裂注浆过程中3个主控因素对注浆扩散的影响规律,基于此提出优势劈裂注浆控制方法,形成了注浆压力差异控制、控制液动态调节及注浆速率梯度控制3项关键技术,促使浆液在优势结构面内控制性扩散。研究成果成功应用于江西省某隧道断裂带塌方处治工程中,取得良好治理效果,对隧道断裂带地质灾害控制理论研究和工程实践具有一定指导意义。     

帷幕灌浆扩散半径及数值模拟的研究

从连续性方程出发,考虑浆液压力对土体孔隙率的影响,分析推导了浆液在多孔介质中的渗流规律,并给出了扩散半径的简单近似计算公式;然后将二相流理论应用到注浆研究中,假设孔隙由水和浆液完全充填,且二者不相混溶,建立了浆液驱水的非稳定渗流模型。根据某大坝的实际情况,用FLAC软件中的二相流模块对大坝灌浆过程进行了模拟分析,并与推导公式相比较。由于二相流理论考虑了毛细压力的作用,模拟得到的浆液扩散速率递减得更快。模拟结果表明,浆液和水之间存在着一个过渡带,浆液的饱和度在不同时间和位置上是变化的。随着时间的延长,浆液扩散得越远,但其速率逐渐减小。扩散半径不仅与渗透系数有关,还与孔隙度有关,而且孔隙度较渗透系数对扩散半径有着更大的影响。二相流理论可以更好地模拟帷幕灌浆的浆液扩散情况。     

Grouting Rock Fractures with Cement Grout

The radial flow rate of a cement grout in a rock fracture is obtained from Bingham’s relation and the fact that the power expended by the injection mechanism is the energy dissipated by viscous effects. The energy balance reveals that the advance ratio is of fundamental importance in the grouting process and is inherently related to the rest and advance phases of a cement grout. This allows giving a precise definition of the zero flow path that divides the energy diagram into two distinct domains for advancing and non-advancing grout. The advance ratio and the zero flow path are used to explore the grouting of one or more fractures, analyze the GIN model in the context of the SL dispute, draw a terminal sequence considering the energy interval alternative, and reformulate the refusal criterion of the North American grouting method. Secondary grouting effects are also investigated.     

砾石土层中注浆扩散参数的研究

采用注浆模拟试验与数值分析等研究方法,探讨了砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体抗压强度等参数预测计算模型,并设计试验对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及结石体的抗压强度等参数预测计算模型计算的注浆量、浆液扩散半径与注浆结石体抗压强度的理论值与试验实测值间虽分别有10%、5%、10%左右的差异,但均相差不大,因此,可用来预测砾石土层实际注浆工程中的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体的抗压强度等参数。研究成果不仅可为砾石土层实际注浆工程实践提供理论支撑,还可为砾石土诱发的滑坡、泥石流等灾害的防灾减灾提供技术参考。     

裂隙动水注浆渗流压力与注浆堵水效果的相关分析

采用裂隙动水注浆设备结合正交试验设计进行了裂隙动水注浆模型试验,获得了渗流压力场与注浆效果和注浆工艺之间的相关关系。结果表明,裂隙动水注浆的渗流压力场包括单峰型、平台型、多峰型、阶梯型4种类型;出现平台型和多峰型渗流压力场时的注浆堵水效果好,而出现阶梯型渗流压力场时的注浆堵水效果差;为了获得好的注浆效果且节约浆液,在渗流压力场为单峰型时应该适量增加注浆量;而在渗流压力场为平台型或多峰型时应该适量减小注浆量;渗流压力场为阶梯型时应该调节浆液配比,缩短凝胶时间。研究结果对应用压力监测及时控制施工质量和调整注浆工艺有指导作用。     

陕北采煤沉陷区黄土基注浆材料性能试验及配比优选

注浆法是采煤沉陷区的主要治理方法，浆材对注浆效果和成本影响很大。以陕北地区黄土-水泥-添加剂混合浆液为研究对象，采用单因素及正交试验对黄土浆液的黏度、凝胶时间、结石率及28 d单轴无侧限抗压强度进行试验研究，对各指标的影响因素及变化规律进行分析，同时，建立黄土基浆液的GA-BPNN预测模型，通过GA多目标全局寻优，优选出一定强度下成本最低的浆液配比。试验结果表明:黄土水泥浆液与陕北地区普遍采用的水泥粉煤灰浆液性能相近，成本大幅降低，黄土基注浆材料密度及结石率受水固比影响最为明显，黏度主要受水固比及黄土（水泥）掺量影响，28 d强度主要受黄土（水泥）掺量影响；采用GA-BPNN构建模型预测的黄土基注浆材料性能预测值与期望值相对误差为0.74%~1.83%，预测结果精度高，可满足实际应用需求。移动阅读