震害研究中遥感技术的适用性评价

本文首先分析了震害，震害特征及震害研究的目的，并对遥感技术层次及特征进行了分析和论述，着重探讨了航空遥感在震害研究中的应用效益。     

土体变形破坏与基坑失稳

本文通过工程实例，分析了基坑土体变形破坏与基坑失稳的相互关系，进一步分析了土体变形破坏在分布及大小的不均一性，指出了突破点形成、转移及控制的概念。最后针对桩后裂缝的形成，简要分析了突破点转移在工程中的应用。     

长江中游上段沿岸地区地震反应及抗震条件分析

在综合利用物探，地质，钻探等方法查明工作区内地貌，地层及构造条件的基础上，从地震地质，第四纪地质及土体结构研究入手，对区内分析划出的地震基本烈度Ⅶ度区地震反应及抗震条件进行了分析，评价和区划，并提出了对策和建议。     

丁家寨水源地岩溶地下水系统分析及其问题讨论

本文运用系统论的观点，对瓮安丁家源地岩溶地下水系统微观及宏观结构的组合形式及空间分布规律，地下水流场，动态与均衡进行了系统分析，对岩溶地下水系统进行了条件概化，建立了水文地质概念模型及数值模型，对岩溶地下水系统的转换功能特征进行了分析探讨，在系统分析的基础上，进行了子系统的划分，并对丁家寨－白水河子系统及草塘子系统的Ｆ４边界进行了分析讨论，提出了系统局部分水岭及Ｆ４不确定边界预报处理方法存在某些问     

水布垭坝址鱼洞河滑坡稳定性分析研究

鱼洞河滑坡是水布垭坝址区十分重要的地质灾害隐患，在宏观工程地质条件研究的基础上，对鱼洞河滑坡进行了二维弹塑性有限元变形破坏机理分析，刚体极限平衡ＪＡＮＢＵ法，非垂直条块划分计算，失稳概率及可靠度分析，Ｓａｒｍａ法强度失稳分析，最后进行了若干稳定性影响因素的敏感分析及正交试验分析。     

洞室围岩稳定问题及其支护形式分析

本文总结大量隧洞施工经验，对洞室的破坏机理进行了分析，提出了影响洞室围岩稳定性的主要因素及分析评价方法：通过对各种变形形式的分析，提出了洞室的开挖支护方法及支护时间对围岩稳定性的影响，最后对有关洞室围岩稳定性分析方法的国内发展现状进行了总结。     

岩土力学反分析及其集成智能研究

通过对岩土力学反分析的数学，力学，信息及系统4种描述法的全面介绍，揭示了岩土力学分析的本质，并通过反分析现状的概述及其智能化研究的说明，指出了目前反分析存在的一些问题，还结合人工智能技术，提出了岩土力学反分析研究的集成智能分析法。     

岩体水力学基础（三）：岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的集中参数模型及连续介…

本文在分析了岩体系统的结构性和水力学特征后，提出了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合数学模型的机理分析，混合分析及系统辨识建模方法，运用系统辨识方法建立了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合集中参数模型，并应用于解决实际问题，运用机理分析和混合分析方法建立了岩体渗流场与应力场双场耦合及与温度场三场耦合的连续介质分布参数模型。     

用于岩土工程位移预测的软科学方法研究

位移预测对岩土工程稳定性具有重要的实用意义，近来软科学方法得到了广泛重视及应用。对常用软科学方法---灰色系统、时序分析及神经网络进行了系统分析研究，指出了它们的优缺点及适用范围，并提出了一种新型软科学预测方法---进化神经网络法。最后，通过工程实例验证了理论分析的结果。     

金属卟啉分析的新方法

金属卟啉化合不易挥发，极性大，结构复杂，自１９３４年被发现以来，传统的分离、提纯及分析技术限制了对它的研究及在地质学中的应用。７０年代末以后，国外在金属卟啉的分析技术上有了很大的改进和发展，对促进卟啉作为生物标志物的研究及在地质学特别是石油地质学中的应用起了决定性作用。本文将介绍几种目前国外应用于金属卟啉分离、提纯和分析的新方法。     

扬子地台西南缘传统型铂族矿产地质特征

传统型铂族矿产，系指与镁铁质岩浆成矿作用有关的铂族矿产资源。华力西运动时期，扬子地台西南缘沿超壳深断裂带发生的大陆裂谷作用，为来自上地幔的镁铁质(拉斑玄武岩质)岩浆的上涌和侵位提供了极为有利的前提条件。含铂基性超基性岩的时空分布，受到大陆裂谷作用的主要发生发展时期和裂谷活动带的控制。通过对典型矿床特征及其成矿作用的探讨，论述了扬子地台西南缘主要的铂族矿床类型；并从四维成矿的角度，阐述了对区域成矿规律的一些基本认识。     

岩溶水锶元素水文地球化学特征

通过对桂林地区地下河系统不同类型岩溶水水样Sr2+ 含量和87 Sr /86 Sr 值分析,得到如下结论: ( 1)桂林地区岩溶水中Sr2+ 含量普遍较低,流经不同岩层的地下水Sr2+ 含量不同,岩溶水中Sr2+ 含量随着Ca2+ 含量的增大而增大,随着Mg2+含量的增大而减小;地下河水中的Sr2+ 含量始终介于表层岩溶带水、饱水带裂隙水、地表坡面流和外源水(如果存在外源水补给)的最大、最小值之间。( 2)流经不同岩层地下水的87 Sr /86 Sr值不同,流经砂岩层地下水87 Sr /86 Sr 值较高,其次为流经白云岩层和灰岩层的地下水;地下河水87 Sr /86 Sr 值也是介于表层岩溶带水、饱水带裂隙水、地表坡面流和外源水(如果有外源水补给)的最大、最小值之间。因此Sr2+和87 Sr /86 Sr能反映岩溶水形成的信息,是较理想的天然示踪剂,在岩溶水研究中具有很广阔的应用前景。      

塔深1井寒武系白云岩储层同位素流体地球化学示踪

通过对塔里木盆地沙雅隆起阿克库勒凸起东部塔深1井寒武系白云岩岩石学特征及成岩成因分析,影响塔深1井寒武系地层流体改变主要成岩有准同生期、埋藏期和后期热液改造期等.塔深1井寒武系白云岩及充填孔、洞、缝内方解石的氧、碳、锶同位素地球化学特征表明:准生期白云岩δ~(13)C_(PDB)值(0.9‰～1.8‰)偏正、δ~(18)C_(PDB)值(-10.1‰～-4.2‰)偏负反映准同生期泥微晶白云石成因属于高盐度的海水使得碳酸盐泥发生白云石化;埋藏期白云岩碳、氧随重结晶作用加强,白云岩晶粒由细向粗变化值随埋深增加,由于同位素分馏作用而偏负,δ~(18)C_(PDB)值(-10.02‰～-5.7‰)呈明显的下降,但δ~(13)C_(PDB)值(-1.4‰～0‰)组成变化不大;后期热液白云岩在热液作用下δ~(18)C_(PDB)值普遍低于-10‰(δ~(18)C_(PDB)/‰-13.1～-9.4,δ~(13)C_(PDB)/‰-2～-0.647);基质方解石δ~(18)C_(PDB)值为-10.1‰～-10.13‰,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值为-1.48‰～-1.62‰;充填孔洞缝粗-巨晶方解石δ~(18)C_(PDB)值为-10.89‰～-14.28‰,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值为-2‰～-3.09‰,反映准同生期→埋藏期→后期热液晶粒大小由泥微晶→细晶→中晶→粗晶氧碳同位素值逐渐变小偏负,据~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(0.707 284～0.746 888)值均远高于现今海洋中海水的锶同位素组成(0.708)及围岩的锶同位素(0.707 284),说明鞍形白云石以及方解石结晶时的孔隙流体不是残余在岩石孔隙中的同生期海水,而是外来的富含锶的流体,也就是深部热液流体.渗透回流白云石化、埋藏白云石化和高温热液白云石化等特征表明白云岩形成于超盐度、埋藏和高温热液等3种不同的环境,因此影响储层形成与分布,从而影响对白云岩的勘探.     

北苏鲁仰口地区变辉长岩中锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

北苏鲁仰口地区出露超高压的变辉长岩.锆石阴极发光图像和其内部矿物包体激光拉曼测试的联合研究结果表明,变辉长岩锆石具有弱发光效应的岩浆韵律环带的核和被改造的强发光效应的边.岩浆韵律环带的核部保存大量而复杂的矿物包体,包括普通辉石(Cpx)+斜方辉石(Opx)+斜长石(P1)+石英(Qtz)+黑云母(Bt)+钛铁矿(Ilm)+磷灰石(Ap);边部保存的矿物包体则相对较少,包括普通辉石(Cpx)+斜方辉石(Opx)+斜长石(Pl)+磷灰石(Ap).尽管岩浆韵律环带核部的稀土元素总合量比被改造的锆石边部明显偏高,但二者稀土元素配分模式具有明显的相似性,主要表现为轻稀土相对亏损,而重稀土明显富集,相应的(La/Yb)N=0.00015～0.00039,并具有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.20～0.26)、相对明显的正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=71.5～147.4)和较高的Th/U比值(1.97～2.69).上述特征表明,仰口地区变辉长岩中的锆石均为继承性的岩浆锆石,而没有新生的变质锆石.LA-(MC)-ICP-MS锆石原位U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,两件锆石样品Y1和Y2的年龄数据所构成的不一致线显示了十分接近的上交点和下交点年龄.其上交点年龄分别为785±15Ma(2σ)和784±12Ma(2σ),应代表原岩的形成时代,表明变辉长岩的原岩与Rodinia超大陆裂解的岩浆事件存在密切的成因关系;而下交点年龄分别为226±24Ma(2σ)和228±26Ma(2σ),与苏鲁其它类型超高压岩石中含柯石英锆石微区记录的变质年龄十分吻合,应代表变辉长岩的超高压变质时代.岩浆结晶锆石的核部具有明显偏高的176Lu/177Hf(0.00044～0.00291)和176Yh/177Hf(0.0165～0.1168)比值,而176Hf/177Hf比值变化于0.281956～0.282048之间,相应的εHf(t)=-8.5～-14.0,tDM2=2.03～2.32Ga,表明仰口地区变辉长岩的原岩起源于古元古代时期的富集地幔或发生部分熔融的下地壳残留体.被改造的岩浆结晶锆石的边部则具有明显偏低的176Lu/177Hf(0.00029～0.00060)和176Yh/177Hf(0.0112～0.0200)比值,而176Hf/177Hf(t)比值变化于0.281953～0.282002之间,相应的εHf(t)=-10.2～-11.9,tDM2=2.12～2.21Ga.与岩浆结晶锆石核部相比,被改造的岩浆锆石边部的176Lu/177Hf、176Yb/177Hf、176Hf/177Hf(t)比值和εHf(t)和tDM2值的变化范围更小,表明中-新三叠纪的超高压变质作用使岩浆结晶锆石边部的Lu-Hf同位素体系发生调整,更趋向于均一化.     

西藏冲江铜矿含矿岩体与非含矿岩体区分探讨

冲江铜矿位于世界三大斑岩成矿域的特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿域,其大地构造位置属冈底斯-念青唐古拉构造带的冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧中部。矿区含矿岩体与非含矿岩体的岩性相同,很难通过肉眼或常规分析方法把它们区分开来。热释光测试结果表明,矿区岩石的热释光曲线有单峰和双峰两种,矿化主要发生在具单峰的似斑状二长花岗岩中。岩石矿化程度越强,热释光总积分强度值越小。另外,高岭土化对岩石天然热释光有叠加作用,具高岭土化的岩石明显具有更高的热释光值,且高岭土化与矿化成负相关。因此,热释光值可作为判断矿化的一个岩石标型。石英粒度统计也表明,含矿岩体的石英粒度曲线呈韵律式变化,而不含矿的岩石粒度曲线呈渐进式变化。故岩石中的石英粒度也可作为矿化的一个矿物标型。     

Raman Micro-Spectroscopic Study of Sulfate Ion in the System Na2SO4 – H2O

This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na₂SO₄-H₂O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^₁-4000 cm^-1 spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO₄^2- band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₁,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO₄^2- band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）:I₁=-0.00102+0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water(2800 cm^-1-3800 cm^-1) at 3232 and 3430 cm^-1 into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_Bi(3232 cm^-1) and A_B2(3430 cm^-1),defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_B1(3232 cm^-1) and W_B2(3430 cm^-1).A linear correlation between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₂,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO₄^2-（A_s）(in 981 cm^-1) to(A_B1+A_B2),was also established:I₂=-0.0111+0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO₄^2-（W_s） to W_B1 W_B2 and W_B1+B2(the sum of W_B1 and W_B2),suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na₂SO₄ and NaCI solutions with a constant SO₄^2- concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I\ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I₂ parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na₂SO₄-H₂O,SO₄^2- concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H₂O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.     

Possible refugia for reefs in times of environmental stress

This paper investigates the refuge potential of (1) upwelling areas, (2) coral areas at medium depth, and (3) offshore bank and island reefs in a scenario of increased global warming, and thus increased sea surface temperature (SST) and increased solar UV radiation. (1) Observations on coral health and water temperature in the subtropical Atlantic (Eleuthera and Cat Island, Bahamas) and Indian Ocean (Sodwana Bay, South Africa) suggest a link between cool water delivered by upwelling and coral health. After the 1998 bleaching event, caused by strong SST anomalies, coral health and recovery from the previous year's bleaching was significantly better on the narrow southern Cat Island shelf (70% of corals healthy) where the presence of cold water was observed, which was attributed to small-scale upwelling, than on the wide northern Eleuthera shelf (44% of corals healthy), where downwelling of hot bank waters was believed to have damaged corals. In South Africa, regular, short-term upwelling events in five summers reduced SST to well below bleaching level. (2) In the northern Red Sea (Safaga Bay) and in South Africa (Sodwana Bay), wide areas with either coral frameworks or non-framework communities exist. Calculations show that if the top 10 m (20 m) of the ocean became inhospitable to corals, still 50.4% (17.5%) of the coral area would remain intact in the Red Sea and 99% (40%) in South Africa. (3) Offshore bank and island reefs investigated in the Turks, Caicos, and Mouchoir Banks and Grand and Little Cayman showed high rates of mortality and coral diseases. The most remote sites (Mouchoir Bank) were not the healthiest. Refuge areas appear to exist in (1) and (2), but in (3) only if vigorous water-circulation is encountered.     

Application of integrated methods in mapping waste disposal areas

An integrated suite of environmental methods was used to characterize the hydrogeological, geological and tectonic regime of the largest waste disposal landfill of Crete Island, the Fodele municipal solid waste site (MSW), to determine the geometry of the landfill (depth and spatial extent of electrically conductive anomalies), to define the anisotropy caused by bedrock fabric fractures and to locate potential zones of electrically conductive contamination. A combination of geophysical methods and chemical analysis was implemented for the characterization and management of the landfill. Five different types of geophysical surveys were performed: (1) 2D electrical resistance tomography (ERT), (2) electromagnetic measurements using very low frequencies (VLF), (3) electromagnetic conductivity (EM31), (4) seismic refraction measurements (SR), and (5) ambient noise measurements (HVSR). The above geophysical methods were used with the aim of studying the subsurface properties of the landfill and to define the exact geometrical characteristics of the site under investigation.     

Identification of Archaean plate tectonic processes from multidimensional discrimination diagrams and probability calculations

We applied our group's previously published multidimensional diagrams in 2006–2012 and corresponding probability estimates in 2011–2012 to geochemical data for Archaean rocks compiled from cratons in Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and India. Tectonic processes similar to present-day plate tectonics evidently were active at least since the Palaeoarchaean (?3570 Ma). This seems to be true in spite of a presumably hotter Earth at that time. For the eastern part of the Pilbara craton (Australia), a Palaeoarchaean (3570–3450 Ma) and Mesoarchaean (2900 Ma) continental arc setting apparently evolved to a collision (Col) setting during the Neoarchaean (2600 Ma). We infer an island arc (IA) environment for Kambalda (Australia) during the Neoarchaean (2700 Ma). For the Barberton belt (South Africa), a transition from a mid-ocean ridge regime during the older part of the Palaeoarchaean (3470 Ma) to an IA setting during the younger part (3300–3260 Ma) is likely. We inferred an arc environment for the São Francisco craton (Brazil) and the Rio Maria terrane (Brazil) during the Mesoarchaean (3085–2983 Ma and 2870 Ma, respectively), whereas a within-plate setting is clearly indicated for the Carajás metallogenic province (Brazil) during the Neoarchaean (2740–2700 Ma). We also recognize an IA regime for the Mesoarchaean (3000 Ma) North Caribou and Neoarchaean (2700 Ma) Abitibi greenstone belts (Canada), and for the Gadwal greenstone belt (India) during the Neoarchaean (2700–2500 Ma). A Col setting was inferred for the Archaean sanukitoid suite (Canada) and the Kolar suture zone (India) during the Neoarchaean (2700–2660 Ma and 2630–2520 Ma, respectively).     

西藏狮泉河蛇绿混杂岩带——一个新的多岛弧盆系统的厘定及意义

狮泉河蛇绿混杂岩带的结构、性质、形成时间及与班-怒带的时空演化关系是青藏高原大地构造划分中亟待解决的问题。通过系统的地质调查工作，证实狮泉河带内存在完整的蛇绿岩带，并首次将其划分为4个蛇绿岩亚带，相互之间由3个呈平行分布的岛弧链分隔，从而构成一个早白垩世的多岛弧盆系统。狮泉河带闭合过程为岛弧造山过程，俯冲极向主要向北，构成冈底斯-腾冲陆块和喀喇昆仑-南羌塘-左贡陆块之间的晚燕山期结合带；它与班-怒带在时间上具有继承性，空间上由北向南迁移，并部分重叠，反映了由班-怒带向狮泉河带的转化是一种接力式的。上述发现对青藏高原大地构造单元划分、新特提斯洋构造演化的研究具有重要意义。