27.3-day and 13.6-day atmospheric tide

An analysis of time variations in the earth's length of day (LOD) for 25 years (1973-1998) versus at- mospheric circulation changes and lunar phase is presented. It is found that, on the average, there is a 27.3-day and 13.6-day period oscillation in global zonal wind speed, atmospheric geopotential height, and LOD following alternating changes in lunar phase. Every 5-9 days (6.8 days on average), the fields of global atmospheric zonal wind and geopotential height and LOD undergo a sudden change in rela- tion to a change in lunar declination. The observed atmospheric oscillation with this time period may be viewed as a type of atmospheric tide. Ten atmospheric tidal cases have been analyzed by comparing changes in LOD, global zonal wind speed and atmospheric geopotential height versus change in lunar declination. Taken together these cases reveal prominent 27.3-day and 13.6-day tides. The lunar forcing on the earth's atmosphere is great and obvious changes occur in global fields of zonal wind speed and atmospheric geopotential height over the equatorial and low latitude areas. The driving force for the 27.3-day and 13.6-day atmospheric tides is the periodic change in lunar forcing during the moon's revolution around the earth. When the moon is located on the celestial equator the lunar declination equals zero and the lunar tidal forcing on the atmosphere reaches its maximum, at this time the global zonal wind speed increases and the earth's rotation rate decreases and LOD increases. Conversely, when the moon reaches its most northern or southern positions the lunar declination is maximized, lunar tidal forcing decreases, global zonal wind speed decreases, earth's rotation rate increases and LOD decreases. 27.3-day and 13.6-day period atmospheric tides deserve deeper study. Lunar tidal forcing should be considered in models of atmospheric circulation and in short and medium range weather forecasting.     

面向大气热力潮汐结构分析的Hough函数计算

作为一种刻画行星尺度大气波动基本结构的函数,Hough函数为开展有关大气潮汐全球结构的分析提供了具有物理基础的手段,它们也被作为一种数值工具应用于大气模式中以提高数值积分的效率.本文介绍了我们以拉普拉斯潮汐方程为基础,在发展求取Hough函数方面取得的进展,包括对有关计算方案和详细步骤的说明.针对39种分别具有三种主要频率,即周日、半日和1/3日,与此同时纬向波数落在[6,6]区间的潮汐成份,通过计算得到了与每一种成份对应的本征值、本征函数（Hough函数）集合.作为计算结果的示例,本文给出了针对迁移性周日潮和迁移性半日潮开展计算取得结果.这些结果说明这些函数具有正确的空间结构,与此同时还说明相关的本征值计算结果都达到了相当准确的水平.所有这些结果显示当前计算结果已经可以满足普通的应用.     

The lunar barometric tide in New Zealand

The lunar barometric tide has been determined with reasonable accuracy, on an annual and seasonal basis, at five stations on the mainland of New Zealand and at three of the outlying islands. The determinations show that in the New Zealand region the lunar tide has a larger amplitude and smaller phase than might have been expected from previously available southern-hemisphere results. In general, the seasonal variation of phase in the New Zealand region conforms to the currently recognised global pattern, with the J-season phase greater than that of the D-season. Similarly, the amplitude variation tends to support the suggestion that, south of latitude 30°S, the D-season amplitude is greater than that of the J-season. Approximate tests are introduced and used to assess the statistical significance of some of the apparent differences in amplitude and phase made evident by the analysis. These assessments indicate that although many of the apparent differences may be attributed to sampling fluctuations, the main regional anomalies in amplitude and phase are likely to be real. It is suggested that these anomalies may indicate a significant regional input of tidal energy to the atmosphere (at the lower boundary) from the Pacific oceanic tide.     

涉县地震台伸缩仪长短基线观测资料的对比分析

对涉县地震台伸缩仪NS向（短基线）和EW向（长基线）的伸缩仪数字化改造前后的观测资料,从记录资料的内在精度、潮汐因子和误差、年漂移量、格值重复精度等多方面进行了同分向和不同分向长短基线的对比分析,结果发现,SS-Y型伸缩仪的基线长度在10～15m时能基本满足洞体应变观测要求,且在某些方面还优于长基线,因此对于山洞不长的台站,也可以考虑安装该型伸缩仪.     

月球表面主要矿物反射光谱特性研究

分析了矿物在可见光及近红外区光谱生成的机理,介绍了月球表面最为主要的四种矿物——辉石、斜长石、橄榄石、钛铁矿,并分析了它们各自光谱特征及生成原因,讨论了造成同种矿物光谱差异的原因,给出了它们各自的标志性特征。     

武汉和阿德莱德大气太阴N2潮及M2潮的对比分析

利用阿德莱德（35°S,138°E）和武汉（30.6°N,114.5°E）的流星雷达观测数据首次给出了80~100 km高度上周期为12.66太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（N₂潮）的季节、高度、年度变化及其与周期为12.42太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（M₂潮）的对比分析.分析结果表明：武汉和阿德莱德的N₂潮和M₂潮均有明显的季节、高度和年度变化.N₂潮与M₂潮的幅度比值大于其引力势之比0.191,在某些年份的不同季节和高度上,N₂潮的幅度甚至大于M₂潮的幅度.大多幅度之比接近或超过N₂潮和M₂潮引力势之比的2倍.中低热层的大气太阴N₂潮汐值得关注.     

A note on the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy

The winter simulations of the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy. It is found that the kinetic energy is generated in the lower latitudes south of the maximum westerlies, transported northward and then, destroyed in the midlatitudes north of the maximum westerlies. Therefore, the atmospheric kinetic energy is maintained by the counterbalance between the divergence (convergence) of kinetic energy flux and generation (destruction) of kinetic energy in lower (middle) latitudes.     

Effect of earth tide on deep well water level

On the basis of the partial differential equations of the water level in a deep well that is affected by the bulk strain tide, the boundary conditions of permeating each other between aquifer and well are considered. The solutions of the equations have been obtained by the superposition principle, inpulse theorem and separation of the variations. Some suitable values are given to the parameters of well aquifer in the solutions. By means of the numerical calculation the relations among the well tide coefficients and phase lag phenomenon of response of the well level to earth tides is well interpreted. The parametric studies and the obtained graphs show that the more the radius of casing in a well, the porosity of an aquifer and the bulk compressibility for solid matrix of an aquifer, the less the transmissibility of an aquifer, then the less the tidal coefficient of well level, while the more the phase lag for well level to respond to the tide is. The response of the well level to the tide of longer period is better than the shorter period events. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 66–75, 1991.     

对月球重力场特征的理解

依据克莱门汀号和月球勘探者号月球探测器所获得的数据所建立最新的地球重力模型和地形模型,为人类深入了解月球内部性质及其演化特征,提供新的平台.M.T. Zuber (1994) 和 M. A. Wieczorek (1998) 所建立的月壳全球模型,为利用最新月球着力资料研究月球内部构造和演化,揭示月球上独特的“物质瘤”之成因等科学问题,开凿了先河.本文通过对现有的月球重力和地形数进行分析和计算,提出作者对月球内部物质分布特征的理解和一些认识.从宏观角度看,月球布格重力异常与月球地形起伏是相关的,统计结果表明它们呈弱负相关,从均衡角度来说,在月球停止大规模内部物质运动之前,月球壳幔可能已基本达到均衡;从Mascon深度估算结果来看,一些大型的Mascon基本属于玄武岩浆“充填”型的,少数Mascon可能与月幔柱有关,如东方海Mascon.     

海潮对海南观测井水位记录的影响

掌握低纬度沿海地区海潮、理论固体潮、观测井水位观测曲线的日变特征及表现形式,使用快速傅里叶变换分离各谐波,提取优势频率,分析海潮对海南地区观测井水位观测数据的影响,发现距海岸线较近的向荣村井受海潮影响较大,水位观测曲线与海潮均表现为单峰单谷的日变特征。     

海潮对海南观测井水位记录的影响

掌握低纬度沿海地区海潮、理论固体潮、观测井水位观测曲线的日变特征及表现形式,使用快速傅里叶变换分离各谐波,提取优势频率,分析海潮对海南地区观测井水位观测数据的影响,发现距海岸线较近的向荣村井受海潮影响较大,水位观测曲线与海潮均表现为单峰单谷的日变特征。     

基于集合经验模态分解法的重力极潮提取与研究

重力极潮,即极移引起的重力变化,是地球由于惯性离心力变化导致地球形变的综合反映,其观测和研究有助于了解地球在长周期频段的响应,约束地球形变、地球内部构造和物理参数.区别于以往研究,本文采用了集合经验模态分解方法（Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD）从全球5个超导重力仪台站连续重力观测资料中提取重力极潮、消除仪器漂移及极潮频段以外的大部分噪声信号,该方法所用的基函数是基于自身信号获得的;在此基础上,利用最小二乘匹配法分离极潮中的周年项和Chandler项,估算Chandler周期的极潮潮汐因子.结果表明,基于EEMD得到的极潮潮汐因子与前人基于其他消除仪器漂移方法（数学模型或小波分析）得到的结果相符合,精度相当,但由于这种方法是自适应的,因此本文结果更能反映实际物理过程.

     

Seasonal variation of river and tide energy in the Yangtze estuary,China

In many large estuaries there are significant variations in flow conditions due to the interaction between tide (with spring–neap changes) and river discharge (with wet–dry seasons), which is key to understanding the evolution of the morphology and the resultant equilibrium state. To explore whether there exists an equilibrium state, and what might control such a state in such a dynamic environment, both numerical and analytical methods have been used to investigate the relative importance of tide and river contributions to the work done locally and globally over a wide range of discharge conditions in the Yangtze estuary. In particular, we have quantified the contributions from the tidal flow, the river flow and the tide–river interaction in terms of energy and its dissipation under different river discharge conditions. Model results suggest that there is a state of minimum tidal work for the case representing the wet season, when river and tide are doing uniform work locally and minimum work globally, within the bi‐directional tidal reach for tide and along the whole estuary for river. We also observe that the system is not optimized for other conditions (peak discharge and low flows during the dry season), but the system would tend to do the minimum work possible given the constraints on the system (e.g. imposed forcing conditions and available sediment supply). Results, therefore, are consistent with the use of these two energetic optimization principles, and the proposed method could be applicable to other alluvial estuaries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在嫦娥一号探月工程中求定月球重力场

月球重力场制约着近月外空间物体的运动,同时环月飞行器的运动也反映了月球重力场的作用. 本文结合我国嫦娥一号探月工程,探讨了利用月球卫星的地面跟踪资料,求定月球重力场的基本理论和方法,分析了环月卫星的轨道高度、地面跟踪采样时间间隔和跟踪精度等对求定月球重力场的影响. 若单独利用我国嫦娥一号探月工程的地面跟踪数据,恢复30阶次左右的月球重力场模型是一个比较实际的目标. 地面跟踪最好能以75s的时间间隔进行采样,数据连续提供时间应不少于30个昼夜,月球卫星星下点的月面轨迹间距不大于110km.     

浅谈多角度偏振遥感技术及其在探测月球资源中的应用

在反射、散射和透射电磁辐射的过程中,地表或大气中的目标地物将产生与它们自身性质相关的偏振特性.多角度偏振探测技术就是利用物质的这种偏振特性,对目标地物进行全方位、多角度的观测,是当前遥感识别目标地物的一种新手段,目前在我国还处于基础性试验研究阶段.本文从多角度偏振技术的物理机理出发,阐述了该种技术在当前“月球探测热”中的应用设想,表明在当前“重返月球”计划中多角度偏振探测技术应用的可行性.最后讨论了今后多角度偏振技术的应用与发展.     

Assessing the relative contributions of the flood tide and the ebb tide to tidal channel network dynamics

Flood and ebb currents provide different contributions to the initiation and evolution of tidal channel networks, generating diverse network structures and channel cross-sections. In order to separate the effects of these contributions, a physical model of a sloping tidal-flat basin was set up in the laboratory. Depending on the degree of tidal asymmetry imposed offshore, either flood or ebb currents can be enhanced. The experimental results show that the ebb current has a higher capability to initiate and shape tidal networks than the flood current. Headward erosion is mainly induced by the ebb flow. The slightly inclined flat surface tends to reduce the energy of the flood current and to enhance the ebb current, thus prolonging the duration of morphodynamic activity as well as sediment motion. Overall, flood-dominated tides favour the formation of small-scale channel branches in the upper basin zone, while long lasting ebb-dominated tides result in more complex, wider and deeper tidal networks. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

The role of earth tide in crustal movement

The earth tide is usually ignored in orogenesis (geosynclinal activity) and magmatic activity. We believe that the role of earth tide in crustal movement should not be ignored. The elemental dynamic analysis of origin of magma chamber under dissipative tidal heating model and orogenic process driven by alternating earth tidal force is depicted. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 508–513, 1993. Xue-Min AI and Liang CHI also worked for this project. This work was supported by the Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy, Academia Sinica. Translated from Chinese into English by Liang CHI.     

武汉超导重力仪观测最新结果和海潮模型研究

利用武汉台站GWR_C032超导重力仪观测资料,在对原始数据进行有效预处理的基础上作调和分析,获得反映地球内部介质特征的重力潮汐参数.基于卫星测高技术和有限元方法同时考虑验潮站数据作约束条件获得的多个全球海潮模型,利用负荷理论和数值褶积积分技术计算了重力负荷,对周日和半日频段内的重力潮汐参数实施负荷改正,提出了“负荷改正有效性”概念,研究了全球海潮模型适应性.数值结果说明,海潮改正的有效性高达91%（O1,NAO99）和92%（M2,ORI96）.基于11个海潮模型对主波（O1,K1,M2和S2）的负荷改正说明平均有效性为（86%,70%,73%和84%）,振幅因子与理论模型间的差异分别从（212%,155%,116%和080%）降到（031%,039%,034%和008%）,同时还说明利用NAO99和ORI96全球海潮模型能获得比其他模型更佳的负荷改正效果.文章还利用国际地球动力学计划网络其他7个台站的超导重力仪观测研究了全球海潮模型的适定性问题,结果说明不同模型中不同潮波具有明显的区域特点,早期构制的SCW80全球海潮模型仍可作为大地测量研究中的重要参考模型.