Book Reviews

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Volume VIII Editors L. H. Ahrens, Frank Press, S. K. Runcorn and H. C. Urey
Exploring the Moon through Binoculars Ernest Cherrington and Peter Davies     

Book Review

Book reviewed in this article:
Methods in Computational Physics, Volumes 11 and 12 Volume 11–Seismology: Surface Waves and Earth Oscillations Volume 12-Seismology: Body Waves and Sources, B. A. Bolt (Editor)     

Book Review

Book review in this Article
Applied Geophysics W. M. Telford, L. P. Geldart and R. E. Sheriff
Advances in Solar System Magnetohydrodynamics Eds E. R. Priest and A. W. Hood
Continents in Motion: The New Earth Debate Walter Sullivan, Adam Hilger (IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK) & American Institute of Physics (New York)     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Elastic Waves in the Earth W. Pilant
Geophysical Signal Analysis E. A. Robinson and S. Treitel
Quantitative Seismology (two vols) K. Aki and P. G. Richards
Earthquake Prediction and Seismicity Patterns, Max Wyss (ed.)
The Excitation and Propagation of Elastic Waves, J. A. Hudson     

Reviews

Environmental Management and Change in Plymouth and the South West. By M ark B lacksell , J udith M athews and P eter S ims .
People, Environment, Disease and Death. By M elvyn H owe .
Timing global cities. Edited by S.G.E. G ravesteiin , S. van G riensven and M.C. de S midt
Modern Geographical Thought By R ichard P eet .
The Political Ecology of Bananas: Contract Farming, Peasants, and Agrarian Change in the Eastern Caribbean. By L awrence S. G rossman
The Holocene: an Environmental History. By N eil R oberts
Histoire de la Géographie Franáise de 1870 à nos jours. By P aul C laval
Battling the Elements, Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War. By H rold A. W inters with G erald E. G alloway , W illiam I. R eynolds and D avid W. R hyne
The Military Use of Land, A History of the Defence Estate. By J ohn C hilds
Flood Studies in India. Edited by V ishwas S. K ale
The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster. By R obert B olin with L ois S tanford
The Assessment of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degradation in South and Southeast Asia. By G.W.A. van L ynden and L.R. O ldeman
Asia Pacific: New Geographies of the Pacific Rim. Edited By F.R. W atters and T.G. M cgee     

Book Reviews

Book review in this Article
Astrophysical Quantities C. W. Allen A. H. COOK
Encyclopedia of Physics Ed. S. Flügge
Elsevier's Dictionary of General Physics in Six Languages W. E. Clason
Theoretical Interpretations of Upper Atmosphere Emissions Ed. D. R. Bates
Cosmic Rays T. E. Cranshaw R. J. HYNDS
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Ionosphere V. C. A. FERRARO
A Treatise on Radiative Transfer V. V. Sobolev
IUGG Monograph No. 22 Investigations of the Earth's Crust Ed. M. Bath and     

Book Reviews

Encyclopaedia of Astronomy G. E. Satterthwaite
Cosmology—heories of the Universe J. Charon
Global Geophysics R. H. Tucker, A. H. Cook, H. M. Iyer and F. D. Stacey
Notes on Geomagnetic Observatory and Survey Practice K. A. Wienert
Methoden der Satellitengeodlisie K.Arnold
History of the Earth's Magnetic Field David W. Strangway
Textbook of Lithology Kern C. Jackson
Understanding the Earth Edited by I. G. Gass, P. J. Smith and R. C. L. Wilson     

Recent Publications

Book Reviewed in this article: Geographers Abroad: Essrtys on the Problems and Prospects of Research in Foreign Areas. Marvin W. Mikesell(ed.). General Geography . Man Shapes the Earth: A Topical Geography. Harm J. De Blij. Geography: The Study of Location, Culture, and Environment. John F. Kolars and John D. Nystuen. Physical Geography: Earth Systems. John J. Hidore. Regional Geography . France: A Geographical Study. Pierre George (tr. by I. B. Thompson). History of Geocraphi . Humboldt and the Cosmos. Douglas Botting. Physical Geography . Landforms of the Humid Tropics, Forests, and Savannas. J. Tricart (tr. by Conrad J. Kiewiet de Jonge). Drainage Basin Form and Process: A Geomorphological Approach. K. J. Gregory and D. E. Walling. Environment and Man . Urbanization and Environment: The Physical Geography of the City. Thomas R. Detwyler, Melvin G. Marcus and Contributors. Human Environments and Natural Systems: A Conflict of Dominion. Ned Greenwood and J. M. B. Edwards. Man, Materials, and Environment. Study Pects of National Materials Policy. Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Sflatial Behavior. Roger M. Downs and David Stea (eds.). Mental Maps. Peter Gould and Rodney White. The Geography of Crime and Justice. Keith D. Harries. The Pacific in Transition: Geographical Perspectives on Adaptation and Change. Harold Brookfield (ed.). Urban Geography and Settlement . Urban Growth: An Approach. Brian T. Robson. The Urbart Circulation Noose. James O. Wheeler. The Form of Cities in Central Canada: Selected Papers. L. S. Bourne, R. D. Mackinnon, and J. W. Simmons. (eds.). Close-Up: How to Read the American City. Grady Clay. Hard Living on Clay Street: Portraits of Blue Collar Families. Joseph T. Howell. The Suitcase Farming Frontier: A Study of the Historical Geography of the Central Great Plains. Leslie Hewes. Economic Geography Transport for the Space Economy: A Geographical Study. Alan Hay. A Study of the Transport Geography of Sweden's Foreign Trade. (Transport— geografiska studier i svensk utrikeshandel). Göran Norström. Agricultural Geography. John R. Tarrant.     

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS Modern France: A Social and Economic Geography. IAN B. THOMPSON. West Bengal. A. B. CHATTERJEE, AVIJIT GUPTA, PRADIP K. MUKHOPADHYAY, (eds.) The Transformation of the Chinese Earth. KEITH BUCHANAN. Geografia Cultural e Historica del Suroeste de Guatemala. FELIX WEBSTER McBRYDE. Development in Swaziland. FAIR MURDOCH JONES. Emergimg Southeast Asia: A Study in Growth and Stagnation. DONALD W. FRYER. Venezuela: Search for a Middle Ground. RAYMOND E. CRIST and EDWARD P. LEAHY. The Middle East, A Social Geography. STEPHEN H. LONGRIGG. New Zealand. KENNETH B. CUMBERLAND and JAMES S. WHITELAW. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYPhysical Geography. CLYDE P. PATTON, CHARLES S. ALEXANDER, and FRITZ KRAMER. Climate, Man, and History. ROBERT CLAIBORNE. Elements of Meteorology. RICHMOND W.LONGLEY. The Value of the Weather. W. J. MAUNDER. Climate of the Free Atmosphere. DANIEL F. REX, (ed.) The Earth. Its Origin, History and Physical Constitution. SIR HAROLD JEFFREYS. A Geography of Water. RALPH E. OLSON. Population, Migratiom, and Urbanization in Africa. WILLIAM A. HANCE. Population Geography: A Reader. GEORGE J. DEMKO, HAROLD M. ROSE, and GEORGE A. SCHNELL. Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology. PAUL R. EHRLICH and ANNE H. EHRLICH. A Geography of Population: World Pattern GLENN T. TREWARTHA; Geography of. Poppulation, A Teacher's Guide. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Communist China's Agriculture: Its Development and Future Potential. OWEN L. DAWSON. The Development of Chinese Agriculture, 1950–1959. PETER SCHRAN. Technology and the Economic Development of the Tropical African Frontier. THOMAS R. DEGREGORI. Earth Resources. BRIAN J. SKINNER. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY Acadia: The Geography of Early Nova Scotia to 1760. ANDREW HILL CLARK. Editors' Note: Acadia: The Geografihy of Early Nova Scotia to 1760 URBAN GEOGRAPHY The Metropolis: Its People, Politics, and Economic Life. JOHN C. BOLLENS and HENRY J. SCHMANDT. The New Towns: The Answer to Megalopolis. FREDERIC J. OSBORN and ARNOLD WHITTICK. Emergence and Growth of an Urban Region: The Developing Urban Detroit Area. Vol. 3: A Concept for Future Deuelopment. CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS. Wachstum und Emeuerung britischer Industriegroßstädte. INGEBORG LEISTER.     

Properties of iron at the Earth's core conditions

Summary. The phase diagram of iron up to 330 GPa is solved using the experimental data of static high pressure (up to 11 GPa) and the experimental data of shock wave data (up to 250 GPa). A solution for the highest triple point is found ( P = 280 GPa and T = 5760 K) by imposing the thermodynamic constraints of triple points. This pressure of the triple point is less than the pressure of the inner core–outer core boundary of the Earth. These results indicate that the density of iron at the inner core–outer core boundary pressure is close to 13 g cm⁻³, which lies close to the seismic solutions of the Earth at that pressure. It is thus concluded that the Earth's inner core is very likely to be virtually pure iron in its hexagonal close packed (hcp) phase.
It is shown that four properties of the Earth's inner core determined from seismology are close in value to the corresponding properties of hcp iron at inner core conditions: density, bulk modulus, longitudinal velocity, and Poisson's ratio. The density–pressure profile of hcp iron at inner core conditions matches the density–pressure profile of the inner core as determined by seismic methods, within the spread of values given by recent seismic models.
This indicates that the Earth is slowly cooling, the Earth's inner core is growing by crystallization, and the impurities of the core are concentrated in the outer core. The calculated temperature at the Earth's centre is 6450 K.     

Seismic body waves in anisotropic media: synthetic seismograms

Summary. Synthetic seismograms and particle motion diagrams are computed for simple, layered Earth models containing an anisotropic layer. The presence of anisotropy couples the P, SV and SH wave motion so that P waves incident on the anisotropic layer from below produce P, SV and small-amplitude SH waves at the surface both the P velocity and the amplitudes of the converted phases vary with azimuth. Significant SH amplitudes may be generated even when the wavelength of the P wave is much greater than the thickness of the anisotropic layer. Incident SV or SH waves may each generate large amplitudes of both SV and SH motion. This strong coupling is largely independent of the degree of velocity anisotropy of the medium. The arrivals from short-period S waves exhibit S-wave splitting, but arrivals from longer period S waves superpose into a modified waveform. This strong coupling does not allow the arrival of separate phases with pure SV and SH polarization except along directions of symmetry where the motion decouples.     

Current Material for the Geography Teacher: Substitution of Other Materials for Wood Increasing

Abstract

Geography And Man's Environment. By Arthur N. Strahler and Alan H. Strahler. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1977. Pp. xi + 525.

Order Upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country. By Hildegard Binder Johnson. The Andrew H. Clark Series in the Historical Geography of North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. 268, $9.00 and $5.00.

The Earth in Profile: A Physical Geography. By David Greenland and Harm J. de Blij. New York: Canfield Press, Harper &; Row, 1977. Pp. xi + 468.

Global Perspectives on Ecology. Edited by Thomas C. Emmel. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. viii + 522, $6.95.

Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. By Yi-Fu Tuan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977. Pp. vi + 235, $12.95.

African Survey. By Alan C. G. Best and Harm J. de Blij. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1977. Pp. xi + 626, $17.95.     

Hydrostatic figure and related properties of the Earth

Summary. The second-order internal theory of hydrostatic equilibrium initially developed by Kopal is extended to form equations equivalent to those of de Sitter. This new development is used together with the density distribution of Dziewonski, Hales & Lapwood to compute flattening, precessional constant and moments of inertia of the hydrostatic earth. These values are compared with those of the real Earth.     

Book Reviews

Books Reviewed in this Article:
Physical Geology G. Gorshkov and A. Yakushova (Translated by A. Gurevich) (Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1967. 586 pp., 30s., Central Books)
Solar-Terrestrial Physics Edited by J. W. King and W. S. Newman (Academic Press, New York, 390 pp. 90s, $16.50)
Methods in Palaeomagnetism     

Book Reviews

Solar Plasma, Geomagnetism and Aurora Sydney Chapman
Lunar Geology Gilbert Fielder
Seismic Waves: Radiation, Transmission, Attenuation J. E. White
Structural Geology (International Series in the Earth Sciences) L. U. de Sitter
Soviet Antarctic Expedition: Information Bulletin     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Gravity Field, Seismicity and Tectonics of the Indian Peninsula and the Hmalayas , R. K. Verma
Collision Tectonics , M. P. Coward and A. C. Ries (eds)
The Nordic Seas , Burton G. Hurdle (ed.)
Recent Earth movements: an introduction to Neotectonics , C. Vita-Finzi     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Latin America: Case Studies . Richard G. Boehm and Sent Visser Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions . Tony Bradley And Philip Lowe The City and the Grassroots . Manuel Castells Geopolitics and Conflict in South America. Quarrels among Neighbors . Jack Child Post-Industrial America: A Geographical Perspective . David Clark Coastal Research: UK Perspectives . Malcolm W. Clark A Rural Policy for the EEC? Hugh Clout Peasant Agriculture in Assam: A Structural Analysis . M. M. Das . Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology . I. Douglas and T. Spencer Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Application to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Colombia, South America . Robert C. Eidt Measuring Culture . Jonathan L. Gross and Steve Rayner North America: A Human Geography . Paul Guinness and Michael Bradshaw A Geographical Bibliography for American Libraries . Chauncy D. Harris et al. Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications, Vol. VI . D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston Changes in Global Climate: A Study of the Effect of Radiation and Other Factors During the Present Century . K. Ya . Kondrat'ev . Rural Development and the State: Contradictions and Dilemmas in Developing Countries . David A. M. Lea and D. P. Chaudhri The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace . Roger W. Lotchin The Climate of the Earth . Paul E. Lydolph . Weather and Climate . Paul E. Lydolph . Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production . Doreen Massey . Panorama of the Soviet Union . N. Mikhailov . Soviet Armenia . K. S. Demirchian . USSR: Geography of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period . K. Spidchenko . Planung und Verwirklichung der Wiener Ringstrassenzone (Planning and Materialization of the Ringstrasse-Zone of Vienna). Kurt Mollik , Hermann Reining , Rudolf Wurzer . The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War Gerald D. Nash . An Overview of the Survey of Income and Program Participation . Dawn Nelson , David Mc Millen, and Daniel Kasprzyk . Phenomenology, Science and Geography: Spatiality and the Human Sciences . John Pickles . Biological Diversification in the Tropics . Ghillean T. Prance Die Wanderviehwirtschaft im gebirgigen Westen der U.S.A. und ihre Auswirkungen im Naturraum . Gisbert Rinschede . Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Considerations for Institutional Management . World-Wide Weather . K. Takahashi Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Settlement System in Rural India: A Case Study of the Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab . Ram Chandra Tiwari . Computer Programming for Geographers . David J. Unwin and John A. Dawson . Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union . A. A. Velichko, ed . H. E. Wright , Jr. and C. W. Barnosky Ethics in Planning . Martin Wachs     

毛乌素沙地臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中养分与能量的变化

应用埋袋法对毛乌素沙地天然分布的优势种臭柏、油蒿细根分解进行研究。对两年的实验数据进行分析,结果显示,臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中C、P、K、Mg均表现为释放,释放率油蒿＞臭柏,元素重量损失率K＞P＞C＞Mg;N在臭柏分解中表现为积累,在油蒿分解中表现为释放;Ca在臭柏、油蒿细根分解中都表现为积累的趋势,积累率为油蒿＞臭柏;能量在臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中表现为释放。该研究为沙区土壤库中的能量转化和流动过程提供了理论依据。     

LATE PLEISTOCENE ICE FLUCTUATIONS AND GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE ARCHIPIÉLAGO DE CHILOÉ, SOUTHERN CHILE

Most of the last glacial maximum (LGM) glacier record west of the southern Andes (40–55° S) is today submerged under the Pacific Ocean and therefore the Archipiélago de Chiloé (42–43° S) provides an unusual opportunity to study local sediment and landform associations to help understand paleoglacial features of the former Patagonian ice sheet (PIS). In this context, this work presents the first comprehensive glacial geomorphologic mapping of the central region of the Archipiélago de Chiloé, which is located in a transitional geomorphic region between the Chilean Lake District (CLD, 39–41° S, 73° W) and northwest Patagonia (～43–48° S, 74° W). The Chilotan glacial geomorphology and sediment associations resulted from a warm‐based glacier that characterizes a typical active glacial temperate landsystem, which in central Chiloé combines deposits and landform units originated in subglacial and subaerial environments. Paleoglacial features that occur in central Chiloé are characteristic of an ice‐sheet style of glaciation, which differentiates it from a typical Alpine glacial style defined previously for the CLD. Therefore, the Archipiélago de Chiloé represents a geographical break point where the PIS became the large ice mass that occupied the Patagonian Andes during the last glacial period (Llanquihue Glaciation). A double ice‐contact slope on the east face of the Cordillera de La Costa provides evidence for the most extensive Early Llanquihue glacial advance on Isla Grande de Chiloé. The most prominent LGM advance in the area occurred at 26 000 cal yr BP, coincident with regional stadial conditions, and is defined by a big moraine along the east coast of the island.     

TRAVEL STUDY AND GEOGHAPHY FIELD TRIPS IN EUROPE

The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System. George Howard Darwin. W. H.

Norway North of 65. Ornulv Vorren(ed.).

Razvitie Gazouoy Promyshlennosti Ukrainy. V. F. Kopytov, (ed.)

Borderland: A Historical and Geographical Study of Burgenland, Austria. Andrew F. Burghardt.

Notions Essentielles de Geographie Ecolzomique: Tome I. Jean Marigot and Roland Fromont.

Enuironment and Economic Life: An Economic and Social Geography. Howard F. Gregor. D.

Africa. H. R. Jarrett.

Africa in Maps. Geoffrey J. Martin.

The Earth and You: A Geographic Picture of the World We Live in. Norman J. G. Pounds.

Geology and Earth Sciences Source-book. Robert L. Heller, (ed.)

Kobuk River People. J. L. Giddings.

Geography in World Society: A Conceptual Approach. Alfred H. Meyer and John H. Strietelmeier.

Principles of Cartography. Erwin Raisz.

The Prentice-Hall World Atlas. Joseph E. Williams. (ed.)

Point Hope: An Eskimo Village in Transition. JAMES W. VANSTONE.

Standard Encyclopedia of the World's Oceans and Islands and Standard Encyclopedia 0f the World's Mountains. Anthony Huxley (ed.)

Rural Land Tenure in the United States. A Socio-economic Approach to Problems, Programs and Trends. Alvin L. Bertrand and Floyd L. Corty

The Restless Atmosphere. F. K. Hare.

State Park System In Illinois. John E. Trotter.

Animal Geography. Wilma George.