关于对推行建筑工程设计施工一体化的若干思考

1问题的提出 长期以来,我国建筑工程主要推行的是设计与施工分别承发包的模式。设计单位与施工单位泾渭分明,设计单位负责方案设计、初步设计及施工图设计,施工单位简单按图施工。在这种模式下,设计人员因为设计取费较低、施工配合费不落实、同时承担的设计任务过多、设计周期紧等原因很少到施工现场,造成设计人员对施工现场情形不熟悉、不...     

北京国际设计周:一场设计界的盛宴

一场设计界的盛宴——由教育部、科技部、文化部和北京市人民政府共同主办的2012北京国际设计周于9月28日至10月6日在北京成功举办。本次活动主题为"设计提升城市品质",由开幕式暨颁奖典礼、年度设计奖、主宾城市、北京国际设计品交易会、国际信息设计展、北京设计论坛和设计之旅7个主体活动构成,旨在展示设计对促进城市可持续发展,带动社会经济文化进步,推动设计产业发展,促进设计交易与设计消费,提升公众生活幸福指数的重     

地下水源热泵的水文地质设计

地下水源热泵是一种国内外正在迅速推广的新型节能环保型空调技术,但如果设计和运行管理不合理,会造成水资源的耗损和地质环境的破坏,因此需要加强其水文地质设计。地下水源热泵的水文地质设计包括水力学设计、热力学设计和地质环境保护设计。水力学设计的重点是维持地下水回灌能力,热力学设计的重点是防止回灌井导致的地下水过热和过冷,地质环境保护设计重点是防止水资源浪费和地下水污染。算例分析表明,抽灌井距的确定需要把水力学设计与热力学设计结合起来进行。     

基于设计集成系统海洋平台项目复用及模块化设计的应用

随着采修一体化海洋平台项目的日益增多,各平台从工艺设计到配管布置设计大同小异,如何更好地利用集成系统软件SP3D的复用功能以及配管模块化设计,成为提高设计质量及工作效率的重中之重。本文主要基于设计集成系统对海洋平台项目的复用以及对平台模块化设计应用探索进行阐述,实践证明,复用功能及模块化设计应用很大程度上提高了工作效率,缩短了设计周期,具有良好的实用价值。     

浅论设计企业的内部质量控制

针对当前设计企业在设计前期服务、方案设计、施工图设计、设计后期服务等四个环节出现的质量问题进行了分析总结,提出了设计企业要提高设计质量,就要对这四个环节实施质量控制的措施。     

钉镶首饰的设计与Rhino建模技法

Rhino是一款功能强大的专业三维造型设计软件,广泛地应用于各种行业的设计领域。在珠宝首饰设计方面,国外应用Rhino设计珠宝首饰已较普遍,在我国的应用则处于发展初期。因此,研究和介绍Rhino设计珠宝首饰的技法,对于普及Rhino在我国珠宝首饰设计中的应用具有重要的意义。根据对Rhino在珠宝首饰设计中的应用研究体会,以设计精度要求很高的钉镶首饰为例,介绍了钉镶首饰的结构和设计要求,并结合两种简单典型的钉镶首饰模型实例,详细讲解采用Rhino进行精确的钉镶首饰设计的建模技法,供珠宝首饰设计人员和学习者参考。     

基于ProjectWise的协同应用开发

随着中国勘察设计市场竞争的加剧,设计企业的设计和管理面临着众多严峻的挑战：建设工程的庞大、工期的缩短、变更越来越频繁等等,设计企业进行协同设计已经是整个行业发展的趋势。如何搭建适合设计企业自身的协同设计平台,是每个要进行协同设计的企业都面临的问题。Bentley公司的ProjectWise是个较为成熟的通用工程内容管理平台,本文讨论的是在此平台上定制开发,从而构建真正适合本企业的协同设计平台。     

八面来风

正混合所有制下勘察设计企业发展前景研讨会在渝召开近日,重庆市勘察设计协会组织召开了混合所有制下勘察设计企业发展前景的研讨会,重庆市城乡建设委员会勘察设计处处长董勇、重庆市勘察设计协会秘书长唐晓智等出席会议,全市50余家勘察设计企业负责人参加了会议。     

浅谈设计阶段工程造价的控制

工程设计阶段的造价控制是有效控制工程造价的关键,重施工、轻设计,尤其是重施工图设计轻方案设计的观念必须克服,控制工程造价费用必须从设计抓起,必须从设计方案抓起。在这个阶段,设计单位对设计方案的正确选型显得尤为重要,设计单位应设计若干方案进行比较,其中包括经济比较,在这个过程中,设计人员要发挥主人翁的精神,克服一味听从业主意图的思想。     

协同设计在建筑设计中的应用研究

针对建筑设计领域采用协同设计出现的问题,进行了深入分析,将设计实践与协同设计理论紧密结合,提出了建筑设计领域正确使用协同设计概念的方法。     

Nouvelle interprétation tectonique de la montagne Sainte-Victoire (Provence,France)

The explanation normally given for the tectonics of Sainte-Victoire Mountain, a dozen kilometres east of Aix-en-Provence, to the north of the limestone Provence, is incorrect. To the east, the morphology of the Sainte-Victoire is subdued, whereas to the west, before the mountain breaks savagely, the morphology is that of a young mountain as appears in Alpine landscapes. This unusual aspect in the region and the large subvertical faults with vertically striated surfaces that mark the massif to the south and to the west, induce the idea of strong vertical uplifts and caste doubt on the tectonic interpretation given in 1962 by Corroy et al. According to those authors, the Sainte-Victoire is a unit of Jurassic and Cretaceous formations overthrusting 1800 m to the south conglomerates of the Late Cretaceous or Palaeocene. New observations about the conglomerate transgression over the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds, and about the faults around and on the massif do not give evidence of an overthrusting but, on the contrary, induce the idea of a uplift, perhaps still active, in the form of a ‘piano key’ inclined to the northeast. To cite this article: J. Ricour et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Viscous effects on penetrating shafts in clays

The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field.     

北极海冰对黄河上游汛期水量丰枯的影响分析

从北半球的冷源出发,以半球尺度来考虑北极海冰对黄河上游水量丰枯的影响,通过对北极海冰与黄河上游汛期水量的统计分析揭示其相关关系,并探讨北极海冰通过影响大气环流进而影响黄河上游水量的物理机制.     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

Répartition des minéraux argileux et contrôle tectono-eustatique dans les bassins de la marge tunisienne

We have studied the clay assemblages found in the different palaeogeographic domains located at the several Tunisian margin basins, ranging in age from Palaeozoic to Neogene. This study has allowed us to characterize and highlight the relationship between the clay distribution in time and space and the geodynamic and eustatic events. Marine regressions, with the intensification of erosion, seem to be responsible for illite increases, whereas transgressions, in concordance with a warm and dry climate, coincide with the smectite dominance. The minimum marine level coincides with the abundance of palygorskite. Mineralogic changes in the clay assemblages as well as in the proportion of the different clay minerals will tentatively be related to erosive tectonic events and/or to subsiding and rifting events, marked by the inheritance or the neoformation of the several clays.     

Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) stratigraphy and structure of the Walterstown-Kentstown area,Co. Meath,Ireland

Stratigraphic units are defined and described for the Lower Carboniferous succession in the Walterstown-Kentstown area of Co. Meath, Ireland. A complete (unexposed) Courceyan succession from the terrestrial red bed facies of the Baronstown Formation to the Moathill Formation of the Navan Group has been penetrated in several boreholes. Although the lower part of the sequence is comparable with the Courceyan succession at Navan and Slane, the middle part of the sequence differs markedly in the Walterstown-Kentstown area and two new members, the Proudstown and Walterstown Members, are defined in the upper part of the Meath Formation. Syndepositional faulting was initiated during the Courceyan, probably in latest Pseudopolygnathus multistriatus or early Polygnathus mehli latus time. Movement on the ENE trending St. Patrick's Well Fault influenced the deposition of the Walterstown Member and the overlying Moathill Formation and was probably associated with the development of the East Midlands depocentre to the south of the area. A second episode of tectonism in the latest Courceyan or early Chadian resulted in uplift and erosion and the development of ‘block and basin’ sedimentation. Subsequent transgression of the uplifted block led to the establishment of the Kentstown Platform, bounded to the north, west and south by rocks of basinal facies. The Milverton Group (Chadian-Asbian), confined to this platform, unconformably overlies Courceyan or Lower Palaeozoic strata and is subdivided into three formations: Crufty Formation (late Chadian), Holmpatrick Formation (late Chadian-Arundian) and Mullaghfin Formation (late Arundian-Asbian). The Walterstown Fault controlled the western margin of the Kentstown Platform at this time. Contemporaneous basinal sediments of the Fingal Group (Lucan and Naul Formations) accumulated to the west of the Walterstown Fault and are much thicker than age-equivalent platform facies. Platform sedimentation ceased in latest Asbian to early Brigantian time with tectonically induced collapse and drowning of the platform; platform carbonates of the Mullaghfin Formation are onlapped northwards by coarse proximal basinal facies of the Loughshinny Formation. A distinct gravity anomaly in the Kentstown area suggests the presence of a granitoid body within the basement. The Kentstown Platform is therefore considered to have formed on a buoyant, granite-cored, footwall high analogous to the Askrigg and Alston Blocks of northern England.     

Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere

The evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and the Alpine orogen is discussed on the base of a set of palaeotectonic maps and two retro-deformed lithospheric transects which extend across the Western and Central Alps and the Massif Central and the Rhenish Massif, respectively.During the Paleocene, compressional stresses exerted on continental Europe by the evolving Alps and Pyrenees caused lithospheric buckling and basin inversion up to 1700 km to the north of the Alpine and Pyrenean deformation fronts. This deformation was accompanied by the injection of melilite dykes, reflecting a plume-related increase in the temperature of the asthenosphere beneath the European foreland. At the Paleocene–Eocene transition, compressional stresses relaxed in the Alpine foreland, whereas collisional interaction of the Pyrenees with their foreland persisted. In the Alps, major Eocene north-directed lithospheric shortening was followed by mid-Eocene slab- and thrust-loaded subsidence of the Dauphinois and Helvetic shelves. During the late Eocene, north-directed compressional intraplate stresses originating in the Alpine and Pyrenean collision zones built up and activated ECRIS.At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the subducted Central Alpine slab was detached, whereas the West-Alpine slab remained attached to the lithosphere. Subsequently, the Alpine orogenic wedge converged northwestward with its foreland. The Oligocene main rifting phase of ECRIS was controlled by north-directed compressional stresses originating in the Pyrenean and Alpine collision zones.Following early Miocene termination of crustal shortening in the Pyrenees and opening of the oceanic Provençal Basin, the evolution of ECRIS was exclusively controlled by west- and northwest-directed compressional stresses emanating from the Alps during imbrication of their external massifs. Whereas the grabens of the Massif Central and the Rhône Valley became inactive during the early Miocene, the Rhine Rift System remained active until the present. Lithospheric folding controlled mid-Miocene and Pliocene uplift of the Vosges-Black Forest Arch. Progressive uplift of the Rhenish Massif and Massif Central is mainly attributed to plume-related thermal thinning of the mantle-lithosphere.ECRIS evolved by passive rifting in response to the build-up of Pyrenean and Alpine collision-related compressional intraplate stresses. Mantle-plume-type upwelling of the asthenosphere caused thermal weakening of the foreland lithosphere, rendering it prone to deformation.     

Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

曹妃甸老龙沟潮汐通道拦门沙演变机制

渤海湾曹妃甸老龙沟海区属于泻湖型潮汐通道体系,口门附近发育有大规模拦门沙浅滩。由于沿岸泥沙供给不足,近几十年来东坑坨等沙坝外侧海区整体呈侵蚀冲刷态势,等深线向陆蚀退。老龙沟西支深槽也以侵蚀作用为主,而拦门沙地区滩槽冲淤变化则与东坑坨演变密切相关。其中东槽冲刷发展主要是东坑坨西南尾端淤长压迫老龙沟口门,引起岬角效应增大、潮流动力增强所致,而西槽的摆动现象则主要与东槽发展所产生的挤压作用有关。由于泥沙供给不足,近年来东槽发展和西槽摆动的速度都有明显减缓。     

Recharging of contaminated aquifer with reclaimed sewage water

About 40% of the water supply of Cairo, Egypt, is drawn from a groundwater reservoir located southeast of the Nile Delta. Several thousand shallow wells supply drinking water to the farmers from the same groundwater reservoir, which is recharged by seepage from Ismailia canal, the irrigation canal network, and other wastewater lagoons in the same areas. Sewage water lagoons were located at the high ground of the area, recharging contaminated water into the aquifer. Since the groundwater in this area is used for drinking purposes, it was decided to treat the sewage water recharging the aquifer for health reasons. In this paper a solution to the problem is presented using an injection well recharging good quality water into the aquifer. A pumping well located at a distance downstream is used to pump the contaminated water out of the aquifer. A three-dimensional solute transport model was developed to study the concentration distribution with remediation time in the contaminated zone.