岩体结构三维可视化模型研究进展

三维可视化研究是当前数学地质、石油物探、化探、水电勘察、地质灾害勘察与治理等研究的前沿和热点，也是快速、及时地再现地质体三维信息及综合分析的有效途径。三维可视化模型技术在相关行业的发展状况和软件开发程度不一，岩土工程领域岩体结构三维软件的开发和利用水平远低于石油地质和石油物探，在国内开发大型岩体结构三维可视化和分析软件系统是必要的。     

用于固体矿产勘探和开发的地质体三维可视化系统设计--基于混合数据模型

地质体的三维可视化建模是科学计算可视化和地质科学相结合的一门交叉学科。用于固体矿产勘探和开发的三维可视化软件是三维可视化建模研究的高级体现,也是目前国内研究界和实业界正在研究的一个重点。总结了一种混合数据模型(即一种线轨迹数据模型、面数据模型及三维栅格模型的综合),并基于该模型进行了用于固体矿产勘探和开发的地质体三维可视化系统设计。     

地质实体模型的三维交互与分析技术研究

地质实体模型的三维可视化涉及到复杂地质体结构构造和相关地质属性数据的视觉表达与分析,利用科学计算可视化技术来充分、完整、交互式地展示与分析三维地质实体模型一直是三维地质建模领域的研究热点。研发的三维地质建模及可视化系统中可实现通用三维交互操作,包括三维模型的几何变换、三维交互定位与空间属性查询、三维模型的剖切、虚拟钻探、基坑开挖、隧道生成与虚拟漫游等。这些操作采用面向软件的技术,通过对现有的二维设备（如鼠标、键盘等）进行三维仿真,为全方位、多角度的认识和理解地质实体模型提供了强有力的支持。     

三维GIS技术在固体矿产勘探和开发中的研究与应用

矿业三维GIS是地质矿业信息化的研究重点和热点,是科学计算可视化在地质上的应用,它涵盖地质体的三维可视化、体空间插值等领域.矿业三维GIS软件一般包括空间数据库的建立、三维体的创建和编辑、地统计学分析和预测、地质测绘、露天和地下开采设计、矿山生产计划调度等功能,在理论上应用于矿床模式分析、成矿预测,完善三维GIS的理论和功能;实践中应用于地质勘查、储量计算、经济评价、采矿设计和矿山的生产管理各阶段.     

三维GIS环境下的地质体可视化和特征分析

地质体的三维可视化建模是三维GIS研究的一个重要方向,具有重要的应用价值.三维GIS环境下的地质体可视化的两个关键方面是地质体的表面模拟和可视化实现,文章介绍了地质体三维可视化的基本框架,以带约束Deluanay剖分法为例阐述了地质体表面模拟的原理和方法,并从取景变换、消隐、光照模型、纹理映射等方面论述了可视化的具体实现方法.最后以西部某铜矿为例,建立了三维可视化地质体模型(一个地层矿体综合模型和一个矿体三维模型),阐述了三维可视化建模的基本过程和方法,并对两个模型进行了地质特征分析.     

基于体素模型的三维显示技术

针对矿产资源勘探数据的特点,研究了适合地质体信息三维可视化的体绘制模型和空间插值算法。基于IDL软件平台,开发了三维数据可视化软件;该软件能够快速、准确地将地质体的物性特征展示出来。最后,以内蒙古某金属矿床钻孔资料为例,对建立的三维可视化方法技术进行了应用检验,取得了较好的应用效果。     

GOCAD在岩体三维可视化模拟中的应用

GOCAD是主要用于地质领域的三维可视化建模软件,具有强大的三维建模、可视化、地质解译和分析功能。基于CAD技术和大量编程经验,借助CAD图形环境平台,进行多源地质资料分析和耦合,建立了贵州安顺坝陵河大桥西岸地质体的三维模型,并将GOCAD模型转化到CAD模型中,使CAD将属性信息附着于图形,进而从图形上获知整个区域的属性分布,并清楚地显现出来。     

计算机在地质体三维可视化中的运用

计算机技术的不断发展进步,使得在计算机上真实的再现三维图形成为现实。地质体的三维可视化技术其主要分析方法是在掌握地质的形态和属性等各方面特征后,采用基于体模型和面模型方法来建立三维模型。本文主要研究了面模型的实现方法。利用己有的勘探资料和三角剖分技术将层位离散化成三角网格,建立三维地质体块。地质体三维可视化技术的计算机实现方法主要意义在于表达和再现地质体与地质环境,进而辅助工程设计、施工与决策。     

内蒙古乌奴格吐山铜-钼矿床三维可视化研究

利用Vulcan软件系统对乌奴格吐山铜一钼矿床地质体进行三维可视化研究，建立了矿体及断层的三维模型，并采用现代地质统计学方法进行了矿体品位和储量估算，为矿山更直观地研究矿体的形态产状特征及生产规划提供了科学依据。     

基于四叉树算法优化检索效率的三维建模技术

三维地质建模是研究如何利用GIS软件将三维空间地质实体真实地再现,实现地质体的三维可视化和相关空间分析,为地质研究和矿产资源勘查提供技术支撑。本文在综合前人研究成果的基础上,对目前常用的基于MapGIS的三维地质建模方法进行了总结,并提出了一种利用四叉树算法优化检索效率的三维建模技术,对于解决城市地质、工程地质、环境地质、三维地质填图中的三维建模问题具有重要意义。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.