季节冻土地区人工冻土墙的冻结特性研究

季节冻土层中的地温呈非线性分布,改变了冻土墙形成时的初始温度条件以及形成后的结构形式。有季节冻土条件下形成深6 m、厚1.4 m的冻土墙较无季节冻土的情况可减少冻结时间15 d,减少冷能消耗60 %,经济上有极大优势。通过数值模拟,得到了能量消耗与时间关系曲线、冻结管热流密度与深度关系曲线、冻土墙的厚度与时间关系曲线、冻土墙的厚度与深度关系曲线等,可见季节冻土层的存在显著提高了冻土墙的厚度发展速度,减少了冻结时间,降低了冷能消耗。模拟了49种工况,对冻结管直径、冻结管间距、冻结时间、冻土墙平均温度、冻土墙厚度等数据进行了非线性回归分析,得到冻土墙厚度与时间成对数函数关系、平均温度与时间成反比例关系的相关表达式,为人工冻结技术的合理运用和推广提供了理论依据。     

Thermal conductivity measurements of road construction materials in frozen and unfrozen state

A series of thermal conductivity measurements for various materials was performed in a large climate chamber. The size of the chamber allowed the preparation of relatively large samples in a controlled thermal environment. Three types of thermal sensors were used: (1) two needle probes; (2) a grid of temperature sensors, evenly distributed inside the sample; (3) two additional thermal probes, which were simplified versions of an instrument originally developed for measuring thermal properties of the ice/dust mixture expected to exist at the surface of a comet nucleus. They consist of a series of individual temperature sensors integrated into a glass fibre rod. Each of these sensors can be operated in an active (heated) or passive (only temperature sensing) mode. The following sample materials were used: fine-grained reddish sand, coarse-grained moist sand, gravels with various grain size distributions from < 1 cm up to about 6 cm, and for comparison and calibration pure water (with convection suppressed by adding agar-agar), compact ice, and compact granite. Of particular interest are the measurements with composite samples, like stones embedded in an agar-agar matrix. We describe the evaluation methods and present the results of the thermal conductivity measurements.     

Cryogenic texture and strength aspects of artificially frozen soils

This paper elucidates some factors affecting the formation of soil cryogenic textures upon artificial active and passive soil freezing to form a soil-ice wall cofferdam.

Depending upon the soil type, the thermal regimen of the stages of active and passive freezing of the soil-ice wall brings about various kinds of cryogenic textures. The cryogenic textures, in thier turn, affect the strength of the artificially frozen soil-ice wall.

It is shown that upon loading, the variously oriented hexagonally crystallized ice crystals, upon application of externally applied loads, may become subjected to compression or bending or shear stresses, and/or to a combination of such stresses. Also, sustained loads on a frozen soil may bring about time-dependent, long-term deformation of the ice, viz., frozen soil, known as the rheological phenomenon creep.

It is postulated that the strength and performance of the composite frozen soil—the ice wall—is a function of its components, such as the soil cryogenic texture, its thermal regimen and the strength of the ice. It is also pointed out that the performance of the ice wall should be evaluated in terms of its strength and strains.     

Fast-decaying inductive IP in frozen ground

Effects of induced polarization (IP) often appear in TEM data collected in Yakutia and elsewhere in permafrost areas. Inversion of transient responses using the Cole–Cole model of frequency-dependent conductivity shows fast decaying induced polarization in the shallow subsurface (within 100 m). Frozen ground within these depths has the chargeability (m) in the range from 0.2 to 0.85 (mostly 0.2–0.5); the relaxation time constant (τ) varies from 35 to 250 μs being 50–100 μs on average, and the exponent c is little variable, unlike m and τ (from 0.8 to 1).The latter fact (c ≈ 1) is indicative of a narrow range of relaxation times fitting the Debye relaxation model. Conversion of the complex conductivity into relative low-frequency dielectric permittivity results in values of the order of tens of thousands or a few hundred thousand. These exceptionally high permittivities have no other plausible explanations than electrochemical polarization of unfrozen water that remains bound on the surface of mineral grains at subzero temperatures. The effects of electrochemical polarization are described and interpreted in terms of frequency-dependent surface conductivity, which is controlled by surface-to-volume ratio.     

上海人工冻结黏土单轴无侧限抗压强度试验研究

对3种不同含水率的上海冻结黏土进行了单轴无侧限抗压强度试验。通过对试验数据的分析可知,单轴抗压强度受温度、加载速率、含水率及干密度等因素影响;温度越低、加载速率越大,冻土强度越高。得到了抗压强度与温度的指数函数模型参数和抗压强度与加载速率的幂函数模型参数,建立了以温度、加载速率、含水率（干密度）为变量的强度模型方程。通过正交试验分析得出,各因素对冻土抗压强度的影响程度由大到小依次为温度、加载速率、含水率。     

Engineering quality assurance for construction ground freezing

Controlled ground freezing for mining and construction applications has been in use for over a century. Despite the great technological evolution which has occurred during this period, it still remains more of an art than a science. Both the ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure are, as a practical matter, indeterminate from the standpoint of accurate engineering computations. Because of this, the successful execution of a ground freezing project depends to a large extent on the personal experience of the individuals involved in its design and execution. The purpose of this paper is to present information on proven methods for accomplishing and verifying some of the most important construction operations used during installation and maintenance of a ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure. The data on which this paper is based are derived from records of numerous completed projects for which ground freezing was employed to provide temporary ground suppport groundwater control, and/or structural underpinning. Applications included shafts, tunnels, deep open excavations, underpinning, and emergency or remedial repair of other types of construction used in the same applications.

Based on the data studied, the paper concludes with some fundamental recommendations for applied research topics.     

Seismic studies of frozen ground in Arctic areas

Seismiv surveys have been applied to investigate the structure of frozen ground, to identify and contour natural and man-caused unfrozen layers in permafrost (taliks), to constrain the position of the permafrost table in the Arctic inner shelf, and to study the related coastal stability. They are the classic methods common in shallow seismic exploration and new techniques specially designed at the Institute of Earth’s Cryosphere (Tyumen’) for different wave components. The joint use of compressional and shear waves provides a higher-quality interpretation of seismic data in permafrost applications. In the case of a single wave component, shear waves are advantageous over P waves.     

考虑流变性状的软土地基固结有限元分析

对具有流变性状的软土地基固结特性进行了研究,编制了相应的有限元程序。利用该程序对某高速公路软土地基固结问题进行了计算和分析。通过计算结果与实测结果的对比可得到以下结论：在软土地基的固结变形计算中,考虑流变性状的影响是必要的,其计算值与实测值比较吻合。     

PVD and DCM columns combined ground improvement for embankment construction

Acta Geotechnica - Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and deep cement mixing (DCM) columns combined ground improvement with a vacuum pressure for embankment construction on soft clay deposits has...     

我国季节性冻土区公路路基冻害及其防治研究进展

近年来,季节性冻土区公路路基冻害研究已取得了长足的进步,但是,因受气候、环境、冻融循环等不同因素的影响,季节性冻土区公路路基冻害问题依然突出.随着国家公路规划网的逐步实施,将有更多的公路工程向季节性冻土区推进,为了将已有的研究成果更好地应用于工程实践,需对其进行综合评述.基于前期的研究基础,总结我国季节性冻土区公路路基冻害的主要破坏形式及分布区域,讨论影响路基冻害的几个主要因素,分析和总结已有公路路基冻害防治措施的研究现状,提出季节性冻土区公路工程面临的问题和研究建议,为深化季节性冻土区公路路基冻害及其防治研究提供新思路.     

盾构隧道施工引起地面最大沉降探索

基于弹性半空间的Boussinesq解,建立在半径为a的圆平面上作用一锥形扰动荷载的简化模型,推导出盾构隧道施工阶段引起的地面沉降最大值 的简化公式,并对式中两个重要参数进行探讨。结合实例,比较了Peck法,实测值与文中公式三者的结果,认为在不考虑土体蠕变时其解析解与实测值较为接近。     

冻结黏土卸载状态下双屈服面流变本构关系研究

卸载状态下冻土三轴蠕变试验结果表明,冻土具有明显的剪胀性,且体积应变不能忽略。为了全面反映冻土在卸载状态下的蠕变变形规律,以简单的黏弹塑模型为基本流变元件,提出了冻土服从椭圆-DP双屈服面流变本构力学模型。通过有限元程序的二次开发,将该模型嵌入到ADINA有限元程序中。对冻土三轴蠕变试验过程进行了数值模拟表明,椭圆-DP型双屈服面本构力学模型能够较好地反映冻土的剪胀性和体积应变等变形性质,数值模拟和试验结果吻合良好,可为冻土工程数值计算提供参考。     

巴丹吉林沙漠季节冻土特征

通过巴丹吉林沙漠腹地连续的地温观测和2014年1月的专题考察,发现巴丹吉林沙漠属于季节冻土区,年冻结时间长达4个月.沙漠内部的局地地形和湖泊分布是影响季节冻土分布差异的重要因素.迎风坡和背风坡冻土冻结深度显著大于丘间地冻结深度,湖泊的存在使湖泊周边地区最大冻结深度显著变浅.通过沙漠及其周边地区地温、气温、地气温差的分析,结合我们在巴丹吉林沙漠外围发现的末次冰期砂楔群,表明我国北方沙漠在末次冰期属于不连续的多年冻土区.     

软基路堤施工稳定性控制标准研究

软基上快速填筑路堤时的稳定控制十分重要。现行规范中采用了位移与位移速率作为控制标准,而实践证明,采用现行标准仍出现一些失稳事例,说明这些标准存在一定局限性,需加以改进。提出了临界状态线的概念,该临界状态线系基于多个工程观测的成果与离心模型试验所得数据,分别以道中沉降速率与坡脚水平位移速率作为坐标轴所得到的一条分界线。临界状态线将路堤的状态划分为稳定区域和非稳定区域,因而是个合适的控制指标。综合采用常用的道中沉降速率、坡脚水平位移速率2个指标以及附加的临界状态线指标,提出了改进的施工稳定控制标准,它比只考虑道中沉降和坡脚水平位移速率,更加符合路堤失稳机制。     

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。     

Thermal and rheological structures of the Xisha Trough, South China Sea

The Xisha Trough, located in the northwest of the South China Sea (SCS) mainly rifted 30 Ma ago, has been a failed rift since the cessation of the seafloor spreading of the NW subbasin. Based on the velocity–depth model along Profile OBH-4 across the Xisha Trough, a seven-layer density–depth model is used to estimate density structure for the profile. The relationship between seismic velocity and radiogenic heat production is used to estimate the vertical distribution of heat sources in the lower crust. The 2-D temperature field is calculated by applying a 2-D numerical solution of the heat conduction equation and the thermal lithosphere thickness is obtained from the basalt dry solidus (BDS). The rheology of the profile is estimated on the basis of frictional failure in the brittle regime and power-law steady-state creep in the ductile regime. Rheological model is constructed for a three-layer model involving a granitic upper crust, a quartz diorite lower crust and an olivine upper mantle. Gravity modeling supports basically the velocity–depth model. The Moho along Profile OBH-4 is of relatively high heat flow ranging from 46 to 60 mW/m² and the Moho heat flow is higher in the trough than on the flanks. The depth of the “thermal” lithospheric lower boundary is about 54 km in the center, deepens toward two sides, and is about 75 km at the northern slope area and about 70 km at the southern Xisha–Zhongsha Block. Rheological calculation indicates that the two thinnest ductile layers in the crust and the thickest brittle layer in the uppermost mantle lie in the central region, showing that the Xisha Trough has been rheologically strengthened, which are mainly due to later thermal relaxation. In addition, the strengthening in rheology during rifting was not the main factor in hampering the breakup of the Xisha Trough.     

软土地基工后沉降预测模型的研究

预测工后沉降是高速公路所要解决的主要问题之一。指数曲线法和双曲线法是以往常用的分析方法。但实践表明,前者推算的结果常常偏小,而后者推算的结果又常常偏大。文中提出了一种反映沉降速率与沉降半立方非线性关系的双曲型曲线预测模型。理论分析和实例预测结果表明,该模型的预测值更接近实测值,预测结果的可靠度更高。