On the stability of a coupled ocean atmosphere system in the presence of wave-CISK

The stability of a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere system similar to the one studied by Hirst with general ocean thermodynamics is investigated in which the atmospheric heating is determined by sea surface temperature anomalies as well as the convergence feedback (low level moisture convergence by the waves themselves). It is shown that the unstable coupled mode found by Hirst (UH mode) is profoundly modified by the convergence feedback. The feedback increases the unstable range of the UH mode and can increase its growth rate several folds. The maximally growing UH mode can become westward propagating for certain strength of convergence feedback. If the convergence feedback strength exceeds a critical value, several new unstable intraseasonal modes are also introduced. These modes are basically ‘advective’ modes. For relatively weak strengths of the convergence feedback the growth rates of these modes are smaller than that of the UH mode. As the atmosphere approaches ‘moist neutral’ state, the growth rates of these modes could become comparable or even larger than that of the UH mode. It is argued that these results explain why the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal is clear in the eastern Pacific but not so in the western Pacific and they may also explain some of the differences between individual ENSO events. Our results also explain the aperiodic behaviour of some coupled numerical models. Importance of this process in explaining the observed aperiodicity of the ENSO phenomenon is indicated.     

The relationship between intraseasonal tropical variability and ENSO and its modulation at seasonal to decadal timescales

The intraseasonal tropical variability (ITV) patterns in the tropical troposphere are documented using double space-time Fourier analysis. Madden and Julian oscillations (MJO) as well as equatorial coupled waves (Kelvin and Rossby) are investigated based on the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data for the 1977–2006 period and the outputs of an intermediate ocean-atmosphere coupled model named LODCA-OTCM. A strong seasonal dependence of the ITV/ENSO relationship is evidenced. The leading relationship for equatorial Rossby waves (with the correlation of the same order than for the MJO) is documented; namely, it is shown that intensification of Rossby waves in the central Pacific during boreal summer precedes by half a year the peak of El Niño. The fact that MJO activity in spring-summer is associated to the strength of subsequent El Niño is confirmed. It is shown that LODCA-QTCM is capable of simulating the convectively coupled equatorial waves in outgoing long wave radiation and zonal wind at 850 hPa fields with skill comparable to other Coupled General Circulation Models. The ITV/ENSO relationship is modulated at low frequency. In particular the periods of low ENSO amplitude are associated with weaker MJO activity and a cancellation of MJO at the ENSO development phase. In opposition, during the decaying phase, MJO signal is strong. The periods of strong ENSO activity are associated with a marked coupling between MJO, Kelvin and equatorially Rossby waves and ENSO; the precursor signal of MJO (Rossby waves) in the western (central) Pacific is obvious. The results provide material for the observed change in ENSO characteristics in recent years and question whether the characteristics of the ITV/ENSO relationship may be sensitive to the observed warming in the central tropical Pacific.     

Adiabatic nonlinear normal mode initialization for a grid point global model

The baroclinic primitive equation model used for short and medium range forecasting admits high frequency as well as desirable Rossby modes. These high frequency oscillations are excited by initial imbalances between the observed mass and wind fields. In this paper we determine and describe the normal modes of the linearized version of the general circulation model of Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Paris. These normal modes are then used to initialize the model through Machenhauer’s nonlinear correction scheme. The adiabatic nonlinear normal mode initialization technique is shown to be superior to dynamic initialization in terms of elimination of high-frequency oscillations in the forecast. Normal modes of a particular model depend on the finite difference scheme chosen to approximate the governing system of model equations. The results presented correspond to enstrophy-conserving finite difference scheme.     

A comparative study of implicit and explicit initialization for a tropical barotropic model

The explicit nonlinear normal mode initialization (ENMI) scheme is applied to a tropical barotropic limited area shallow water model in spherical coordinates. The model is formulated by considering potential enstrophy conserving finite difference scheme. It is seen from the results of this study that the ENMI scheme is fully capable of filtering out the spurious gravity wave oscillations. The results are compared with those using an implicit nonlinear normal mode initialization (INMI). The latter scheme gives equally satisfactory results, requiring less computational time than the explicit scheme.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000091

The current lithospheric geodynamics and tectonophysics in the Baikal rift are discussed in terms of a nonlinear oscillator with dissipation.The nonlinear oscillator model is applicable to the area because stress change shows up as quasi-periodic inharmonic oscillations at rifting attractor structures （RAS）.The model is consistent with the space-time patterns of regional seismicity in which coupled large earthquakes,proximal in time but distant in space,may be a response to bifurcations in nonlinear resonance hysteresis in a system of three oscillators corresponding to the rifting attractors.The space-time distribution of coupled MLH ＞ 5.5 events has been stable for the period of instrumental seismicity,with the largest events occurring in pairs,one shortly after another,on two ends of the rift system and with couples of smaller events in the central part of the rift.The event couples appear as peaks of earthquake ‘migration＇ rate with an approximately decadal periodicity.Thus the energy accumulated at RAS is released in coupled large events by the mechanism of nonlinear oscillators with dissipation.The new knowledge,with special focus on space-time rifting attractors and bifurcations in a system of nonlinear resonance hysteresis,may be of theoretical and practical value for earthquake prediction issues.Extrapolation of the results into the nearest future indicates the probability of such a bifurcation in the region,i.e.,there is growing risk of a pending M ≈ 7 coupled event to happen within a few years.     

Intra-seasonal variations of kinetic energy of lower tropospheric zonal waves during northern summer monsoon

Space spectral analysis of zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind and time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves at 850 hPa during monsoon 1991 (1st June 1991 to 31st August 1991) for the global belt between equator and 40°N are investigated. Space spectral analysis shows that long waves (wavenumbers 1 and 2) dominate the energetics of Region 1 (equator to 20°N) while over Region 2 (20°N to 40°N) the kinetic energy of short waves (wavenumbers 3 to 10) is more than kinetic energy of long waves. It has been found that kinetic energy of long waves is dominated by zonal component while both (zonal and meridional) the components of wind have almost equal contribution in the kinetic energy of short waves. Temporal variations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 2 over Region 1 and Region 2 are almost identical. The correlation matrix of different time series shows that (i) wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 might have the same energy source and (ii) there is a possibility of an exchange of kinetic energy between wavenumber 1 over Region 1 and short waves over Region 2. Wave to wave interactions indicate that short waves over Region 2 are the common source of kinetic energy to wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 and wavenumber 1 over Region 1. Time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves indicates that wavenumber 1 is dominated by 30–45 day and bi-weekly oscillations while short waves are dominated by weekly and bi-weekly oscillations. The correlation matrix, wave to wave interaction and time spectral analysis together suggest that short period oscillations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 1 might be one of the factors causing dominant weekly (5–9 day) and bi-weekly (10–18 day) oscillations in the kinetic energy of short waves.     

Coupling between internal and surface waves

In a fluid system in which two immiscible layers are separated by a sharp free interface, there can be strong coupling between large amplitude nonlinear waves on the interface and waves in the overlying free surface. We study the regime where long waves propagate in the interfacial mode, which are coupled to a modulational regime for the free-surface mode. This is a system of Boussinesq equations for the internal mode, coupled to the linear Schrödinger equations for wave propagation on the free surface, and respectively a version of the Korteweg-de Vries equation for the internal mode in case of unidirectional motions. The perturbation methods are based on the Hamiltonian formulation for the original system of irrotational Euler’s equations, as described in (Benjamin and Bridges, J Fluid Mech 333:301–325, 1997, Craig et al., Comm Pure Appl Math 58:1587–1641, 2005a, Zakharov, J Appl Mech Tech Phys 9:190–194, 1968), using the perturbation theory for the modulational regime that is given in (Craig et al. to appear). We focus in particular on the situation in which the internal wave gives rise to localized bound states for the Schrödinger equation, which are interpreted as surface wave patterns that give a characteristic signature of the presence of an internal wave soliton. We also comment on the discrepancies between the free interface-free surface cases and the approximation of the upper boundary condition by a rigid lid.     

迭代折射静校正技术在鄂北地震资料处理中的应用

在低速层速度(地表直达波)已知的条件下,利用生产炮初至信息,用加权最小平方法和共轭梯度法建立的折射静校正数学模型,迭代求取长波长、短波长静校正量,在解决鄂尔多斯盆地北部的虚假小幅度构造问题及改善剖面质量方面取得了明显的效果。     

Registration of the Simushir and Nevelsk tsunamis in the port of Kholmsk

The November 16, 2006, Simushir and August 2, 2007, Nevelsk tsunami records obtained by bottom pressure gauges in Kholmsk Bay are analyzed. The dominant role of the zero mode of eigen oscillations in the bay during the the wave field formation is shown: in the initial record interval (for the remote tsunami source) and 1.5 h after the first wave (for the nearly tsunami). Numerical modeling showed that the longer waves propagated toward Kholmsk in the case of the Nevelsk earthquake and they did not generate eigen oscillations of the bay. These oscillations were generated 1.5 h later when the shorter waves reflected from the Primorye coast arrived.     

希尔伯特-黄变换在层序地层划分中的应用——以琼东南盆地深水区为例

以琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷黄流组一段和莺歌海组二段为例,分析希尔伯特-黄变换在层序地层划分中的应用效果。通过对自然伽马曲线进行经验模态分解,得到不同频率域的本征模态函数,根据这些本征模态函数的周期性振荡特征与各级层序界面之间建立的对应关系划分各级层序。结果表明:希尔伯特-黄变换适用于长期、中期和短期基准面旋回的划分,该方法为琼东南深水区的层序地层划分提供了一个重要的辅助手段。     

基于钻孔雷达的透明工作面构建方法

煤岩界面的高精度探测是构建智能开采三维地质模型的关键难点。提出利用煤矿井下顺层孔实施单孔反射雷达,联合多孔探测结果构建区域煤岩界面地质模型实现透明工作面的方法。对单孔雷达数据,利用巷道波同相轴斜率计算煤层雷达波速度,采用空间约束偏移成像实现煤层顶/底板反射界面精准归位。形成3种匹配实际开采的透明工作面构建模式:回采前长钻孔模式、回采中短钻孔模式和联合模式。在山西某矿31004工作面对回采中短钻孔模式进行试验性应用,基于钻孔雷达构建的工作面地质模型与原始地质模型相比,局部信息刻画更精细,顶、底界面及煤厚与实际数据误差分别小于0.57、0.54、0.30 m。结果表明:钻孔雷达能高精度探测煤厚与顶、底界面,可实现透明工作面的构建。      

Flare-plasma diagnostics from millisecond pulsations of the solar radio emission

Two solar radio bursts exhibiting narrow-band millisecond pulsations in intensity and polarization are analyzed. There were considerable time delays between the left-and right-circularly polarized components of the radio emission. The observed oscillations of the degree of polarization are due to the different group velocities of the ordinary and extraordinary modes in their propagation from the source to the observer; the frequency dependence of the delay is in excellent agreement with the theoretically calculated group delay in a magnetoactive plasma. It unambiguously follows that the pulsed radio emission is generated near the double upper hybrid frequency by the nonlinear plasma mechanism, since the source emission has a low degree of polarization. In addition to dispersion effects, a Fourier analysis also reveals effects associated with the source inhomogeneity. We detected a frequency drift of pulsations (autodelays) with different signs for different polarization components. This drift suggests that, apart from the dispersion effects, there are also the effects related to inhomogeneity of the radio source. It is shown, in particular, that the upper hybrid modes (generating the radio emission) are unstable in regions with enhanced gradients of the plasma density and/or magnetic field.     

Sensitivity of the tropical nonlinear stationary Kelvin and Rossby waves to the vertical structure of heating

Idealized experiments using linear (LM) and nonlinear (NM) multilevel global spectral models have been carried out to investigate and understand the impact of nonlinearities on the stationary wave response in the tropical atmosphere and its sensitivity to the vertical profile of heating. It is found that nonlinearities exert a dominant influence on the low-latitude stationary Kelvin and Rossby waves particularly in the vicinity of the forcing region. Our study shows that nonlinear effects on the upper tropospheric response produce prominent eastward displacement of the anticyclonic vorticity and horizontal shifts of the maximum equilibrium divergence relative to the prescribed heating. These changes due to nonlinear terms are found to be quite sensitive to the vertical structure of diabatic heating. The strongest nonlinear effects are found to occur when the vertical level under consideration is strongly forced from below. Detailed vorticity budget calculations indicate that stronger nonlinear contributions from stretching and horizontal advection of relative vorticity favour the generation of upper tropospheric anticyclonic circulation and its eastward displacement. Larger vertical advection and twisting terms appear to oppose the generation of upper tropospheric anticyclonic vorticity. It is found that the nonlinear terms which affect the vorticity generation in the upper levels are crucially controlled by the vertical profile of heating. The mid-tropospheric response due to deep convective heating in the NM is characterized by anomalous equatorial westerlies in the low-latitude Rossby regime and exhibits prominent ageostrophic motions. Such nonlinear effects appear probably because of a vertical shift of the low level circulation anomalies in the NM. In the case of shallow convective heating the occurrence of anomalous zonal flows and ageostrophic motions in the low latitude regions of the NM takes place near the level of the maximum heating. Our study shows that large heating amplitudes and small vertical gradient of heating at a given vertical level together favour generation of anomalous zonal flows and ageostrophic motions in the near equatorial regions. These anomalous basic flows in the low-latitudes have implications on the propagation of transients from the tropics to midlatitudes. Non-linear effects on the lower tropospheric stationary waves are prominently seen in the case of strong low level heating which produces a large strengthening of the lower tropospheric cyclonic anomalies that exhibit distinct eastward shifts in the NM relative to the LM.     

瞬时应变型岩爆模拟试验中花岗岩主频特征演化规律分析

利用深部岩爆模拟试验系统对花岗岩进行室内瞬时岩爆模拟试验,同时利用声发射系统采集试验过程中声发射信号,得到试验全过程应力和声发射波形信息时域图。结合声发射累计能量曲线特征,找到5个关键拐点,即花岗岩初始加载能量激增后产生的第一个拐点A、岩爆发生前两次明显的上升台阶处拐点B和C、岩爆发生时的能量突跃点D、最终峰值点E。将关键点处波形信号从全时域波形中提取出来并进行快速傅里叶变换,得到各关键点二维功率谱图,结果表明：花岗岩声发射主频值在加载初期时为106 kHz,随着荷载的增加,频率由低频向高频过渡,频带变宽且由单峰向多峰转化,频率成分复杂预示多种破裂模式的发生。岩爆前和最终岩爆时刻频带又变窄并恢复单峰,主频值降低至与初始加载时一致,约为106 kHz,预示着岩爆时刻花岗岩岩石高能量的释放。     

Modeling the frequency dependence of the durations of solar radio spikes

The dependence of the durations of millisecond narrow-band solar radio spikes τ on the frequency f at which they are emitted is studied. A regression analysis of available experimental data at 0.3–3 GHz yields the relationship τ ∝ f ^?1.29±0.08, refining the known Güdel-Benz law. This relationship differs at a statistically significant level from the intuitive expectation τ ∝ f ^?1; this requires a physical interpretation. The frequency dependences of the pulse durations for various modes of cyclotron maser emission near the first, second, and third harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency have been modeled. The model relationships for different cyclotron maser emission modes are different; only the results of the model for the second harmonic of the extraordinary wave are consistent with the observed behavior. Thus, this wave is a probable candidate for the dominant mode in spike bursts.     

PCC桩低应变反射波法检测时速度波形成机制探讨

现浇混凝土大直径管桩（PCC桩）低应变检测时,桩头附近存在着明显的三维效应,表现在与激振点夹角不同的测点的速度响应存在着明显的差别。基于所建立的解析公式,研究了桩顶各振动模式的动力响应特征,分析了桩顶总体速度响应沿环向和径向的变化规律。研究结果表明：90º点的总体速度响应主要来源于轴对称模式,45º点、135º点和180º点的桩底反射峰大小和到达时间与轴对称模式接近,但入射波峰大小和到达时间与轴对称模式差别较大;桩顶速度响应主要来源于径向第1阶的模式,第2阶以上的模式贡献较小;各点速度响应主要是前几阶模式的叠加结果,环向第10阶以上的振动模式对总体速度响应的贡献较小;各模式对入射波峰的形成都有较大贡献,但反射波峰主要来自轴对称模式的贡献;高频干扰峰主要来自第1阶非轴对称模式,各点干扰波峰值、相位不一,90º点干扰波峰值最小,0º～90º点与90º～180º点相位相反;环向各点的速度响应差别较大,但沿径向的变化却不很明显。     

Free oscillations of parameters of the Earth's motion in the Earth-Moon system

When the coupled Earth-Moon system is considered rather than a closed terrestrial system (the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, inner and outer cores, and mantle), an eigenfrequency of free oscillations of the Earth is transformed into an eigenfrequency of the Earth-Moon system, making it possible to understand the increase in the Chandler period in a natural way. The eigenmodes of the coupled Earth-Moon system are determined by solving a linear, homogeneous set of equations with two degrees of freedom.     

Transmission of Elastic P-waves across Single Fractures with a Nonlinear Normal Deformational Behavior

Summary This paper presents a theoretical study on normally incident elastic P-wave transmission across single dry fractures with a nonlinear normal deformational behavior. The effects of nonlinear fracture normal behavior on P-wave transmission are examined without the mixture of fracture shear behavior. The linear displacement discontinuity model for wave propagation across fractures is extended to a nonlinear model – the hyperbolic elastic model (BB model). Numeric solutions of magnitudes of transmission (|T _non|) and reflection (|R _non|) coefficients, for normally incident P-wave transmission across the nonlinear deformable fractures, are obtained and related to the closure behavior of fractures. Parametric studies are conducted to acquire an insight into the effects of the nonlinear fracture normal deformation on P-wave transmission, in terms of initial normal stiffness and the ratio of current maximum closure to maximum allowable closure of the fractures, as well as the incident wave amplitude and frequency. Comparisons between the linear and nonlinear models are presented. It is shown that, |T _lin| and |R _lin| for the linear model are special solutions of |T _non| and |R _non| for the nonlinear model, when the incident wave amplitude is so low that the current maximum closure of fracture incurred during the wave transmission is much smaller, relative to the maximum allowable closure. In addition, the nonlinear fracture behavior gives rise to a phenomenon of higher harmonics during the wave transmission across the fracture. The higher harmonics contribute to the increase of |T _non| from |T _lin|.     

关于频率电磁测深几个问题的探讨(五)——频率电磁测深中电磁场波型及意义

引出水平分层大地面上水平电偶极源及垂直磁偶极源的电磁场分量表达式,对式中核函数进行了变换,分析所含的波型及其与场区的关系,指出了TE型场、TM型场和TEM型场穿透地层的能力。根据波型与地层作用特点,优化电磁场分量,以提高频率电磁测深的探测效果。      

Micro-Tremor Induced Gravity and Seismic Noise Spectra in the Garhwal Himalaya and the Adjoining Regions

The characteristic site response spectra of soft sedimentary rocks in the Garhwal Himalaya and a few localities in the adjoining Ganga plain and Himachal Himalaya have been studied through short period passive seismic source experiment using ambient noise data. Along with this, stand-alone temporal gravity data in the Doon valley was also acquired. It has been observed that there exist two extreme frequency bands in the gravity and seismic response spectra of alluvial soft sediments in the Doon valley and the adjoining regions, when it subjected to micro-seismic and gravity-tidal oscillation. The concept of damped harmonic oscillator was used to study the fundamental long period modes in the density driven diffusive fluid flow in the valley alluvial pore spaces, and observed that the flow was continued from minutes to a few days. In this case, apart from the diurnal component, the observed fundamental modes are in the bands from 0.42 to 1.83 days. The characteristic frequencies of seismic response spectra for the fundamental modes of thick soft sediments were also studied using the spectral ratio (HVSR) method of Nakamura. In the Ganga basin, a moderate resonant frequency of 3 Hz is sufficient for thick soft sediment to cause relatively large vertical amplitude, which suggest possibility for sub-surface secondary seismic effects like liquefaction. However, the hard rock terrains in the lesser Himalaya, where only a veneer of soft sediment is present, show relatively high frequency values of 15 to 18 Hz even to produce an H/V amplitude ratio of 1 and 1.7 and hence could be considered as relatively stable.