超新星爆发与暗晕中重子物质的丢失

讨论了在以冷暗物质为主的宇宙中,超新星爆发对矮星系演化的反馈作用,建立了星系的质量丢失模型,提出了理论模型与观测进行比较的方法。对数值计算结果的理论分析表明,当星系外围存在一个暗物质晕时,由超新星爆发引起的质量丢失虽然受到了极大的限制,却不像人们预期的那么困难。如果假定星系的形成红移为ｚ＝２￣８,那么,在所选取的参数范围内,理论计算和观测结果是相符合的。这种定性上的符合显示出,星系的质量越小,它们     

重子物质对暗物质晕形状和角动量的影响

利用高精度大样本的冷暗物质($\Lambda$ cold dark matter, $\Lambda$CDM)宇宙学数值模拟的数据, 对重子物质如何影响暗物质晕的形状和角动量进行了研究.使用了3种数值模拟数据, 纯暗物质模拟、含辐射冷却、恒星形成和动力学超新星反馈的模拟, 包含活动星系核反馈效应的恒星形成模拟. 对这3种模拟, 还进行了不同红移处的比较. 主要结果如下.重子物理过程会改变暗物质晕的质量分布, 特别是有活动星系核反馈机制的情况下.比如, 活动星系核反馈会减少大质量暗物质晕的形成.随着宇宙的演化, 暗物质晕的空间形态逐渐由扁变圆. 重子物质的存在会加速暗物质晕形状的变化过程, 而且会使暗物质晕形状变得更圆. 但是活动星系核的反馈会对这一加速效应产生抑制.重子物质对暗物质晕的影响与暗物质晕的质量和半径都存在一定的依赖性.暗物质晕的质量越大, 它会呈现更扁的形态. 同时, 重子物质对任意质量的暗物质晕或暗物质晕在任意半径处的变圆均有一定的促进作用,尽管活动星系核反馈会抑制这一促进作用.特别是对于暗物质晕在0.2--0.6倍维里半径处的形状, 重子物质的影响尤为明显.此外, 重子物质的存在会对暗物质晕的角动量产生显著影响, 它会增大暗物质的角动量. 暗物质晕的自旋参数与质量无相关性, 但是与暗物质晕的半径存在一定的相关性.     

河外IRAS暗源大尺度分布的二维分析

本文对ＩＲＡＳ暗源表中４个选区内的ＩＲＡＳ星系的两点角相关函数，关联分维进行了计算。结果表明，所有选区内的星系呈现小角尺度上的成团。在较大角尺度上，分布可以用多级分形很好地表示。在更大角尺度上，用非归一星系对计数可以探测到密度分布中可能存在的典型尺度。当取４个选区的平均值作为ＩＲＡＳ星系在宇宙中分布情况的代表时，所得结果与用全天ＩＲＡＳ点源表和其他巡天资料得到的结果一致。     

观测结果对三成分多分量星系化学演化模型的约束

本文是在银河系化学演化的基础上,利用银河系的三成分(threezone)(即晕、厚盘和薄盘)多相(multi phase)(气体,分子云,大、小质量恒星以及剩余物质)的化学演化的理论模型,讨论了以下观测约束:1、质量面密度、恒星形成率,各分区质量比;2、场星的年龄-金属丰度关系;3、α元素化学演化;4、太阳附近G矮星金属丰度分布;5、三成分金属丰度特征量;6、超新星爆发率;7、内落速率。结果表明,三成分多分量模型能够较好地满足观测约束,比较真实地反映星系演化过程。可以用该模型计算元素的星系化学演化。     

暗晕次结构的演化

在主流的冷暗物质(cold dark matter,CDM)模型中,暗物质由于引力不稳定性塌缩成位力化的结构,形成所谓的暗物质晕(dark matter halo),然后重子气体由于辐射消耗能量而落入这些暗晕的中心,最终形成星系.暗晕一般是通过等级成团的方式形成,即小质量暗晕先塌缩形成,进而通过并合形成更大尺度的暗晕.并合后的小质量暗晕不会立即消失,而形成暗晕(主暗晕,host halo)的次结构(dark matter halo substructure或subhalo).在次结构中形成的星系是在主暗晕中形成的中心星系的伴星系(satellite galaxy,亦称卫星星系).伴星系因为质量小、光度低而成为观测中的矮星系.     

Tully-Fisher关系与重子Tully-Fisher关系的研究进展

Tully-Fisher关系和重子Tully-Fisher关系(简称TFR和BTFR)反映盘星系光度(重子物质质量)与气体旋转速度之间的关系。TFR和BTFR不仅是宇宙中重要测距工具,还是检验宇宙学模拟正确性的重要标尺。早期人们用各种波段的光度研究TFR,其中I与R波段弥散最小;后来的工作也采用星系恒星质量与旋转速度的关系。相比于TFR,BTFR具有弥散更小、适用范围更广的优点。星系旋转速度研究上,干涉阵望远镜相对于单天线的主要优势包括能得到更高的空间分辨率和速度场,再借助倾斜环模型能将中性氢运动特征参数化;而像FAST这样的大口径单天线望远镜,由于灵敏度高,在探测超弥散星系(UDG)等暗弱源候选体方面有优势。除综述研究进展以外,还初步研究了大质量星系BTFR受气体含量的影响。     

暗物质晕次结构的演化研究进展

一般认为暗晕是通过等级成团方式形成的:小质量暗晕先形成,进而通过并合形成较大质量的暗晕。并合后的小质量暗晕形成所谓的次结构,目前关于次结构的演化过程和分布特点尚无明确结论。介绍了利用数值模拟、半解析模型和观测来研究次结构分布和演化的进展,并特别讨论了次结构的并合时标、质量函数和空间分布等特性。     

H_2的中红外波段研究进展

近年来红外望远镜的发展使得研究人员可以利用红外光谱数据探测到H_2的旋转谱线。这些谱线来源于"温"的分子气体。首先介绍关于H_2辐射的研究现状以及目前的研究热点,然后着重讨论在中红外波段观测到的H_2辐射与恒星形成以及与总分子气体质量之间的关系。对使用不同方法和不同数据的工作进行数据和方法的交叉检验后发现:在恒星形成星系中,H_2在中红外波段的辐射与恒星形成相关,而在活动星系核中是由激波激发,与恒星形成无关;另外,星系中的总分子气体质量可由H_2在中红外波段的辐射通过建模推出。从不同类型的星系推出的总分子气体质量与H_2辐射的相关性不明显,但总分子气体表面密度与H_2辐射有一定的相关性。从几个方面对这一结果进行解释。最后,对全文进行了总结并对未来的研究做出展望。     

超新星背后的恒星

2017年,天文学家幸运地观测到了一次邻近的IC型超新星爆发事件。它的编号为SN 2017eln,位于旋涡星系NGC 3938,距离我们大约6500万光年。为了更好地了解恒星演化、大质量恒星分布及超新星爆发,两个研究小组的科学家仔细研究了哈勃空间望远镜的观测数据,期望从2007年拍摄的图像中发现这颗爆发恒星死亡前的讯息。     

星系中心超大质量黑洞的自转

自转作为描述黑洞天体物理性质的两个基本参数之一,其研究正方兴未艾.本文以星系中心超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的自转为研究主题,阐述自转的确定、宇宙学演化及其对黑洞吸积历史的限制.SMBH附近的加速机制使粒子产生甚高能量的辐射,对这些辐射的观测可以给出中心黑洞的信息.基于此,我们提出了利用TeV光变限制黑洞自转参数的方法.基本原理是:TeV光变给出了辐射区域最大尺度的限制,吸积盘辐射场通过对TeV光子的吸收光深给出了辐射区域最小尺度的限制.由于吸积盘辐射场与黑洞自转直接相关,从而结合TeV光变可以限制黑洞自转.对于给定的光度,快     

Environmental dependence of dark matter halo growth – I. Halo merger rates

In an earlier paper, we quantified the mean merger rate of dark matter haloes as a function of redshift z , descendant halo mass M ₀, and progenitor halo mass ratio ξ using the Millennium simulation of the Λ cold dark matter cosmology. Here, we broaden that study and investigate the dependence of the merger rate of haloes on their surrounding environment. A number of local mass overdensity variables, both including and excluding the halo mass itself, are tested as measures of a halo's environment. The simple functional dependence on   z , M ₀  , and ξ of the merger rate found in our earlier work, is largely preserved in different environments, but we find that the overall amplitude of the merger rate has a strong positive correlation with the environmental densities. For galaxy-mass haloes, we find mergers to occur ∼2.5 times more frequently in the densest regions than in voids at both   z = 0  and higher redshifts. Higher mass haloes show similar trends. We present a fitting form for this environmental dependence that is a function of both mass and local density and valid out to   z = 2  . The amplitude of the progenitor (or conditional) mass function shows a similar correlation with local overdensity, suggesting that the extended Press–Schechter model for halo growth needs to be modified to incorporate environmental effects.     

Pairwise Velocity Statistics of Dark Halos

We have accurately evaluated the halo pairwise velocity dispersion and the halo mean streaming velocity in the LCDM model (the fiat ω0 = 0.3 model) using a set of high-resolution N-body simulations. Based on the simulation results, we have developed a model for the pairwise velocity dispersion of halos. Our model agrees with the simulation results over all scales we studied. We have also tested the model of Sheth et al. for the mean streaming motion of halos derived from the pair-conservation equation. We found that their model reproduces the simulation data very well on large scale, but under-predicts the streaming motion on scales r < 10 h-1 Mpc. We have introduced an empirical relation to improve their model. These improved models are useful for predicting the redshift correlation functions and the redshift power spectrum of galaxies if the halo occupation number model, e.g. the cluster weighted     

Mass-Temperature Relation of X-ray Clusters in Triaxial Halo

We investigate the mass-temperature relation of clusters for both the spherical NFW halo model and a concentric triaxial halo model. We study the temperature and density distributions of both an isothermal and a polytropic intra-cluster gas in hydrostatic equilibrium. We find that both the uncertainties in the concentration parameter and in the eccentricities (in case of the triaxial halo) lead to a greater scatter in the emission-weighted temperature at a given halo mass for less massive clusters. This may be helpful when determining the intrinsic statistical error of the σ8 normalization of the linear power spectrum from cluster abundance.     

Dark matter halo response to the disc growth

We consider the sensitivity of the circular-orbit adiabatic contraction approximation to the baryon condensation rate and the orbital structure of dark matter haloes in the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) paradigm. Using one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations including the dark matter halo mass accretion history and gas cooling, we demonstrate that the adiabatic approximation is approximately valid even though haloes and discs may assemble simultaneously. We further demonstrate the validity of the simple approximation for ΛCDM haloes with isotropic velocity distributions using three-dimensional N -body simulations. This result is easily understood: an isotropic velocity distribution in a cuspy halo requires more circular orbits than radial orbits. Conversely, the approximation is poor in the extreme case of a radial orbit halo. It overestimates the response of a core dark matter halo, where radial orbit fraction is larger. Because no astronomically relevant models are dominated by low angular momentum orbits in the vicinity of the disc and the growth time-scale is never shorter than a dynamical time, we conclude that the adiabatic contraction approximation is useful in modelling the response of dark matter haloes to the growth of a disc.     

The constraints on dark matter distribution in the isolated spiral NGC 4414

The purpose of our work is to strongly constrain the mass to light ratio in the disk of the flocculent isolated Sc type spiral NGC 4414 using a combined high resolution interferometric CO(1-0) and HI rotation curve, and deep HST B-V-I images of the galaxy. To identify the mass contributions of the visible – stellar and gaseous – components, we observed the rotation curve with high resolution in the optical disk. The M/L ratios we derive are low, about 1.5 in I band and 0.5 in K' band. The B and V band M/L ratios vary greatly due to absorption by dust, reaching 4 in the molecular ring and decreasing to about 1.6 –1.8 at larger radii. This unequivocally shows that models, like most maximum disk models, assuming constant M/L ratios in an optical waveband, simply are not appropriate. We illustrate this by making mock maximum disk models with a constant V band M/L ratio. The key is having the central light distribution unobscured such that it can be used to trace the mass. The K' band M/L ratio is virtually constant over the disk, suggesting that the intrinsic (unobscured) stellar M/L ratio is roughly constant. We use our knowledge of the visible mass distribution to test disk and halo dark matter models. Fitting an NFW (Navarro et al., 1996) halo to the rotation curve suggests that NGC 4414 is in a low mass concentrated halo typical of small galaxies and early halo formation times. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dark matter halo structure in CDM hydrodynamical simulations

We have carried out a comparative analysis of the properties of dark matter haloes in N -body and hydrodynamical simulations. We analyse their density profiles, shapes and kinematical properties with the aim of assessing the effects that hydrodynamical processes might produce on the evolution of the dark matter component. The simulations performed allow us to reproduce dark matter haloes with high resolution, although the range of circular velocities is limited. We find that for haloes with circular velocities of [150–200] km s⁻¹ at the virial radius, the presence of baryons affects the evolution of the dark matter component in the central region, modifying the density profiles, shapes and velocity dispersions. We also analyse the rotation velocity curves of disc-like structures and compare them with observational results.     

Supernova remnants and the spiral structure of the Galaxy

A set of unit clouds of 10⁴ M randomly distributed between 3 and 7 kpc radii, move under the general gravitation of the galactic disk and their mutual gravitation. When the clouds collide they form loose aggregates or giant molecular clouds (GMC). Star formation rate is assumed to be proportional to the mass of the GMC. The more massive stars formed soon turn into supernovae, which in turn break up the GMC back into the unit clouds. After some 350 Myr a steady state is reached, in which the GMCs have a mass spectrum of gradient −1.6, and has the mass-radius relation M ∞ R², both in agreement with the observations. From our simulation we find there should be 775 ± 12 supernova remnants in our galaxy. The existence of spiral arms does not increase the production rate of supernova remnants, but it does make the GMCs to concentrate around them.     

Dark halo mergers and the formation of a universal profile

We argue that a universal density profile for dark matter haloes arises as a natural consequence of hierarchical structure formation: it is a fixed point in the process of repeated mergers. We present analytic and numerical arguments for the emergence of a particular form of the central cusp profile. At small radii, the density should vary as r ^−α, with α determined by the way in which the characteristic density of haloes scales with their mass. If small haloes are dense, then α is large. The mass–density relation can be related to the power spectrum of initial fluctuations, P ( k ), through 'formation time' arguments. Early structure formation leads to steep cusps. For P ( k ) ∼  k ⁿ we find α ≃ 3(3 +  n )/(5 +  n ). The universal profile is generated by tidal stripping of small haloes as they merge with larger objects.     

Mechanism of Mass Loss of Stellar Wind for Medium-mass Stars

Along with the considerations of the effect of constraint of gravitation on the matter loss of stellar wind and the disturbances of the radiation pressure and turbulent pressure on it, by introducing the mechanism of compressible flow, the effect of promotion of the convective region in stellar outer shell on the matter loss of stellar wind is investigated. Hence a new formula of matter loss of stellar wind is established. After this and via the computation of the rate of mass loss of stellar wind in the theoretical model of 3∼5M? stars, the following is revealed. From the main sequence up to the stage of termination of central helium-core burning, the rate of mass loss of stellar wind calculated with the new formula agrees almost completely with that given by the classical formula. But in the TP-AGB stage the stellar model calculated with the new formula of mass loss of stellar wind is not affected by luminosity and gives rise to the persistent and large matter loss of stellar wind. This rather well agrees with the results of actual observations.