ZnAl_2O_4晶体的生长基元与结晶形态

从负离子配位多面体生长基元模型出发 ,建立了ZnAl2 O4 晶体生长基元的数学模型 ,并通过对ZnAl2 O4 晶体生长基元稳定能的计算 ,讨论了ZnAl2 O4 晶体生长基元的结构 ,从而认为正八面体是其有利生长基元。     

ZnAl2O4晶体的生长基元与结晶形态

从负离子配位多面体生长基元模型出发，建立了ZnAl2O4晶体生长基元的数学模型，并通过对ZnAl2O4晶体生长基元稳定能的计算，讨论了ZnAl2O4晶体生长基元的结构，从而认为正八面体是其有利生长基元。     

晶体生长基元的稳定能与闪锌矿的结晶形态

本文从负离子配位多面体生长基元模型出发，建立了闪锌矿晶体生长基元的数学模型，通过对闪锌矿晶体生长基元稳定能的计算，讨论了闪锌矿的结晶形态和生长机理     

影纹石英的成因

影纹晶（faden crystals)是那些有乳白色带状区结穿其中的晶体。这些晶体均有着特殊的成因，它们的形成方式对认识晶体生长的复杂情况是很有意义的。     

几种岛状硅酸盐矿物的形貌学研究

测量研究了锆石、黄石、石榴石、羟硅铍石和符山石的形态和微形貌，并分别列出了这些晶体的化学成分和其它鉴定参数，观察到的生长和溶蚀螺纹证实螺旋生长机制在硅酸盐矿物晶体生长中具有重要意义。     

尖晶石晶体生长机理的科学计算研究

建立尖晶石晶体生长基元的数学模型，讨论了尖晶石晶体的生长机理。     

真实自回避行走中晶体生长界面结构的分形行为

晶体生长过程实际上就是生长基元从周围环境中不断地通过界面而进入晶格座位的过程。一般认为,研究生长基元以何种方式以及如何通过界面进入晶格座位是晶体生长界面结构研究中的关键。在生长基元以分子或者原子的微粒子形式在生长环境中进行无规游走的前提下,本文运用真实自回避行走(TSAW)模型,通过重整化群思想来研究晶体生长界面结构的分形行为。研究发现:晶体生长界面结构的分形行为与生长基元的游走路径形态密切相关,并且在理想状况下真实自回避行走与标准Koch曲线的分形维极为接近。     

掺Nd3+∶YAG晶体的晶胞参数及紫外可见光吸收光谱分析

Nd3+∶YAG晶体的研究始于1951年,13 a后由美国贝尔实验室首先用它研制成了激光器.自20世纪60年代发展以来,提拉法晶体生长研究取得了很大进展,主要经历两个阶段:70年代初,完成了对晶体生长条件的探索,基于固液界面有关研究成果,确立了(111)方向凸界面生长的基本模式,使钇铝石榴石(YAG)从实验室走向生产;80年代初期,大尺寸的钇铝石榴石晶体生长技术研究成功,提高了晶体质量和产量,降低了成本.近年来,采用提拉法生长Nd∶YAG晶体的工艺技术日趋成熟.     

FeS2晶须的微观形貌学研究及其生长动力学意义

众多的研究已经表明,矿物的形貌是其成分、结构和生长环境的综合反映,对其进行研究可以获得晶体生长的地质条件等有关信息.矿物晶面的表面微形貌,对于晶体内部缺陷和生长环境的变迁反映非常敏感,它记录了晶体生长过程中更有价值的信息--界面的特性.     

氯化钠和硫酸钾晶体生长动力学研究

研究了不同添加剂对晶体生长的影响,对NaCl和K2SO4晶体在流化床中的动态生长行为及单个晶体在溶液中的静态生长行为进行了研究.实验中还考虑了晶体表面的完整程度对晶体生长的影响,并对上述晶体的生长机理进行了分析.此外,对存在添加剂及纯溶液中NaCl和K2SO4晶体的溶解过程进行了研究.结果表明,本实验所选用的添加剂在低浓度下即能有效抑制NaCl和K2SO4晶体生长.     

Quantitative petrological evidence for the origin of K-feldspar megacrysts in dacites from Taapaca volcano,Chile

K-feldspar megacrysts are common in granitoids, but relatively rare in chemically equivalent volcanic rocks. Dacites from Taapaca volcano have euhedral sanidine megacrysts up to 5 cm long. Small crystals, where present, are rounded. Growth of the megacrysts engulfed plagioclase and amphibole crystals. Crystal size distributions (CSD) of sanidine megacrysts are hump shaped. All these data show that megacrysts developed from the host magma by coarsening: this was enabled by the cycling of magma temperature around the sanidine liquidus temperature in response to injections of more mafic magma and subsequent magmatic overturns. Plagioclase crystals enclosed in the megacrysts are small and have short, steep, straight CSDs, which contrasts with the CSDs of plagioclase in the groundmass which are shallower and extend to larger sizes. This shows that plagioclase was also coarsened approximately synchronously with sanidine, in response to the same temperature conditions.     

滑坡预报研究方法综述

目前常用的各种滑坡预报的理论和方法很多,其中斋藤迪孝模型、灰色预模型（１．１）、Ｐｅａｒｌ生物生长模型和非线性相关分析模型又是预报理论更为充分、研究较为深入、预报效果更有效的方法;对各种方法的原理、适用条件和优缺点进行了剖析。同时,还对其它一些预报方法做了介绍。     

青海省大通矿区侏罗纪煤系地层中砂岩型高岭土矿床

矿区高岭土严格受岩性和地层层位控制。矿石含矿率高。质量好，矿物组成主要为高岭石和石英，其次有伊利石，高岭石为自形的假六方片状晶体，有序度高，晶体粒度细，伊利石多属边界圆滑的等度片状晶体。矿床的形成经历了原始的沉积阶段和成岩改造阶段，为“沉积改造”成因。     

A garnet population in Yellowknife schist, Canada

Abstract Data are presented on a garnet population in a specimen of garnet-biotite-plagioclase-quartz schist from the cordierite zone of an Archaean thermal dome in the Southern Slave Province of the Canadian Shield. Garnet crystals are bounded by planar dodecahedral faces and by trapezohedral faces which on the 10-μm scale are corrugated. Crystal distribution, as revealed by dissection of a small cubic volume of rock, is random. The size distribution is normal, with a mean diameter of 0.81 mm and a standard deviation of 0.32 mm. In the largest crystal of the population (mean radius 0.83 mm), [Mn] = 100 Mn/(Fe + Mg + Mn + Ca) decreases from 14.5 at the centre to 7.5 and then increases in the outer margin to 8.5; [Fe] increases continuously from 67 at the centre to 77 at the surface; [Mg] increases from 12.5 to 13.5 and then falls sharply to 11; [Ca] remains unchanged at 4.0 and then drops to 3.3. Progressively smaller crystals have progressively lower [Mn] and higher [Fe] concentrations at their centres, while all crystals have the same margin composition. Growth vectors extending from given concentration contours to crystal surfaces are of equal length regardless of the size of the crystal in which the vector is located. A garnet-forming model is presented in which reaction was initiated by a rise in temperature. Nucleation sites were randomly selected. The nucleation rate increased with time and then declined. Crystal faces advanced at a constant linear rate, which implies an increase in volume proportional to surface area. Initially, the composition of garnet deposited on crystal surfaces was determined by van Laar equations of equilibrium, which demanded the withdrawal of Mn and Fe from within chlorite crystals. This transfer reaction was then accompanied by an ion exchange reaction which moved Mn and Fe to garnet surfaces from biotite, in exchange for Mg. The exchange reaction provides an explanation for the high overall concentration of Mn and Fe in garnet and for the observed Mn and Mg reversals in the margins of crystals. The increase of garnet volume in the garnet population is found to be parabolic, i.e. Vαα⁵.     

The significance of intergranular diffusion to the mechanisms and kinetics of porphyroblast crystallization

The spatial disposition, compositional zoning profiles, and size distributions of garnet crystals in 11 specimens of pelitic schist from the Picuris Range of New Mexico (USA) demonstrate that the kinetics of intergranular diffusion controlled the nucleation and growth mechanisms of porphyroblasts in these rocks. An ordered disposition of garnet centers and a significant correlation between crystal radius and near-neighbor distances manifest suppressed nucleation of new crystals in diffusionally depleted zones surrounding pre-existing crystals. Compositional zoning profiles require diffusionally controlled growth, the rate of which increases exponentially as temperature increases with time; an acceleration factor for growth rate can be estimated from a comparison of compositional profiles for crystals of different sizes in each specimen. Crystal size distributions are interpreted as the result of nucleation rates that accelerate exponentially with increasing temperature early in the crystallization process, but decline in the later stages because of suppression effects in the vicinity of earlier-formed nuclei. Simulations of porphyroblast crystallization, based upon thermally accelerated diffusionally influenced nucleation kinetics and diffusionally controlled growth kinetics, quantitatively replicate textural relations in the rocks. The simulations employ only two variable parameters, which are evaluated by fitting of crystal size distributions. Both have physical significance. The first is an acceleration factor for nucleation, with a magnitude reflecting the prograde increase during the nucleation interval of the chemical affinity for the reaction in undepleted regions of the rock. The second is a measure of the relative sizes of the porphyroblast and the diffusionally depleted zone surrounding it. Crystal size distributions for the Picuris Range garnets correspond very closely to those in the literature from a variety of other localities for garnet and other minerals. The same kinetic model accounts quantitatively for crystal size distributions of porphyroblastic garnet, phlogopite, sphene, and pyroxene in rocks from both regional and contact metamorphic occurrences. These commonalities indicate that intergranular diffusion may be the dominant kinetic factor in the crystallization of porphyroblasts in a wide variety of metamorphic environments.     

Synchronization of late-glacial vegetation changes at Crystal Lake, Illinois, USA with the North Atlantic Event Stratigraphy

Late-glacial (17–11 cal ka BP) pollen records from midwestern North America show similar vegetation trends; however, poor dating resolution, wide-interval pollen counts, and variable sedimentation rates have prevented the direct correlation with the North Atlantic Event Stratigraphy as represented in the Greenland ice-core records, thus preventing the understanding of the teleconnections and mechanisms of late-Quaternary events in the Northern Hemisphere. The widespread occurrence of late-glacial vegetation and climates with no modern analogs also hinders late-glacial climate reconstructions. A high-resolution pollen record with a well-controlled age model from Crystal Lake in northeastern Illinois reveals vegetation and climate conditions during the late-glacial and early Holocene intervals. Late-glacial Crystal Lake pollen assemblages, dominated by Picea mariana and Fraxinus nigra with lesser amounts of Abies and Larix, suggest relatively wet climate despite fluctuations between colder and warmer temperatures. Vegetation changes at Crystal Lake are coeval with millennial-scale trends in the NGRIP ice-core record, but major shifts in vegetation at Crystal Lake lag the NGRIP record by 300–400 yr. This lag may be due to the proximity of the Laurentide ice sheet, the ice sheet's inherent slowness in response to rapid climate changes, and its effect on frontal boundary conditions and lake-effect temperatures.     

海洋粘土矿物与颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi共培养的实验研究

颗石藻是海洋中广泛分布的超微型浮游藻,经生物矿化作用形成的碳酸钙质颗石,在古海洋学研究中具有重要意义。海洋粘土矿物与有机质的有机-无机相互作用在全球碳循环中扮演着重要角色。本文选取广泛分布于海洋的赫氏颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi与海洋粘土矿物中具有代表性的伊利石和蒙脱石共培养。通过对颗石藻生长曲线和Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca元素比值、颗石藻与粘土矿物样品的紫外可见光吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和矿物物相等分析,研究海洋粘土矿物与颗石藻的相互作用规律。通过研究表明伊利石对颗石藻的影响较小,蒙脱石因对营养元素的吸附和颗石藻的絮凝作用对颗石藻的生长和Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca元素比值影响较大。颗石藻代谢分泌的生物分子未能通过层间插层作用进入伊利石层间,颗石藻分泌的生物分子可通过插层作用进入并储存于蒙脱石层间,海洋粘土矿物中的蒙脱石与海洋微生物的相互作用值得地球微生物家关注,可能有助于对古海洋环境的认识。     

The impact of over 100 years of wildfires on mercury levels and accumulation rates in two lakes in southern California,USA

In southern California, USA, wildfires may be an important source of mercury (Hg) to local watersheds. Hg levels and Hg accumulation rates were investigated in dated sediment cores from two southern California lakes, Big Bear Lake and Crystal Lake, located approximately 40-km apart. Between 1895 and 2006, fires were routinely minimized or suppressed around Big Bear Lake, while fires regularly subsumed the forest surrounding Crystal Lake. Mean Hg concentrations and mean Hg accumulation rates were significantly higher in Crystal Lake sediments compared to Big Bear Lake sediments (Hg levels: Crystal Lake 220 ± 93 ng g⁻¹, Big Bear Lake 92 ± 26 ng g⁻¹; Hg accumulation: Crystal Lake 790 ± 1,200 μg m⁻² year⁻¹, Big Bear 240 ± 54 μg m⁻² year⁻¹). In Crystal Lake, the ratio between post-1965 and pre-1865 Hg concentrations was 1.1, and several spikes in Hg levels occurred between 1910 and 1985. Given the remote location of the lake, the proximity of fires, and the lack of point sources within the region, these results suggested wildfires (rather than industrial sources) were a continuous source of Hg to Crystal Lake over the last 150 years.     

金矿含氰废水中氰化物的降解方法

含氰废水的排放造成严重的环境污染,处理废水中的氰化物具有重要的实际意义,特别是对采用氰化法提金的黄金矿山尤为重要。本文系统介绍了国内外处理含氰废水中氰化物的几种应用效果较好的方法,阐述其原理、工艺流程等,并对其处理效果作了具体比较。