粉土中吸力桶沉贯阻力与土塞失稳机理研究

针对粉土中吸力桶在吸力沉贯中的两个关键性问题——沉贯阻力和内部土体稳定性,在自行研制的试验平台上进行了一系列吸力桶沉贯模型试验。试验结果表明,粉土中吸力沉贯时,Andersen所提供的基于CPT锥尖强度的阻力计算公式能较好预测阻力发展趋势,但计算结果偏小;而修正的承载力公式预测结果在沉贯前期与实测值较吻合,沉贯后期预测偏大。吸力沉贯前期,贯入阻力随深度稳步增长,直到贯入深度达到某个临界值后,阻力增长缓慢甚至保持不变。桶内粉土在吸力作用下的失稳机理与黏土或砂土不同,在渗透力作用下表现为从土层表面开始的自上而下管涌或渗流侵蚀。沉贯后期,端部土体在较高水头差下发生失稳并向桶内流动,造成了桶内土体密度降低,端阻力与内壁摩阻力降低,总贯入阻力主要由外壁摩阻力提供。并结合有限元模拟对上述实验现象的内在机理进行了解释。     

离散元法模拟吸力锚施工中生成的土塞研究

吸力锚是近年来在海洋工程中出现并得以迅速发展的一种新型基础形式。然而吸力锚施工中产生的土塞现象对顺利施工和安全使用构成了严重的威胁。文章采用了离散单元法来研究吸力锚施工中的土塞现象,并得到了一些结论。圆形刚性颗粒模型是文章中所采用的基本模型,同时动态松弛法成为基本的求解方法。     

海上风电吸力基础在分层土中的沉贯特性研究综述

吸力基础与海洋工程大直径钢桩相比,具有成本低、安装周期短、对环境影响小、不受海况影响及可回收再利用等优点,近年来在海上风电工程中得到推广应用。吸力基础沉贯至海床预定位置,是其发挥承载力和确保服役稳定性的前提。海床地基土体常以分层土形式分布,且各层土体强度、压缩性和渗透性等存在显著差别,导致吸力基础吸力沉贯机理非常复杂。明确吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性,有助于指导吸力基础在海上风电工程中的推广应用。对目前吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性研究进行综述和总结,归纳了其沉贯机理研究进展,并对影响吸力基础在分层土中沉贯因素进行了分析;提出了分层土中吸力基础沉贯的研究方向和改进的沉贯方法。     

混合土层吸力筒沉贯阻力算法研究及应用

为补充DNVGL-RP-C212规范关于混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力计算参数的不确定描述,基于长乐外海风电场多个吸力筒基础的沉贯负压监测成果,对黏土—砂混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力算法进行研究。提出了基于黏粒含量确定侧阻力修正系数kf的算法,引入桩基工程中基于静力触探试验（CPT）的fs计算桩侧剪切强度的经验算法,并对其进行修正,用于计算吸力筒的沉贯侧阻力。对两种算法的准确性进行了验证,对其可靠性进行比较,提出了以前者计算结果为准,后者计算结果作为校核依据的建议。     

筒型基础沉贯阻力估算方法

系统地总结国外有代表性工程实践对筒型基础沉贯阻力的研究 ,并将各种方法综合起来 ,提出了加权综合估算法 ,供今后的研究和工程实践参考     

离岸裙式吸力基础在砂土地基中沉贯性研究

吸力基础是海洋工程中新型的一种基础型式,广泛应用于海洋平台、海洋浮动式结构等,近年来,也被作为浅海离岸风力发电工程的基础。吸力基础易遭受较大的水平动力荷载和弯矩,从而可能产生较大水平位移和转角;同时,由于海床冲刷,会降低其承载能力。为克服这些不足,提出了一种新型吸力基础———裙式吸力基础,把分析传统吸力基础砂土中的沉贯方法,拓广到裙式吸力基础中,研究该基础型式在砂土中的可沉贯性以及所需的吸力;并与同情况下的传统吸力基础进行了比较,证明了所提出的裙式吸力基础具有较好的沉贯性能,具有工程实践推广价值。     

板翼动力锚沉贯深度模型试验研究

板翼动力锚是依靠自重完成安装并靠自重和海床土的抗力来锚固的新型动力锚。板翼动力锚高速(15~25 m/s)贯入地基过程中涉及到高应变率、流固耦合、土体软化和大变形等难题,模型试验可避免上述计算困难,能直接得出不同的贯入速度所对应的沉贯深度。本文首先推导了模型相似关系,然后在常规重力条件下,进行了两组26个工况的板翼动力锚在均质黏土中动力安装过程的模型试验,根据试验结果确定了率效应参数的取值范围,并研究了每一项受力对沉贯深度的影响。最后提出了在均质黏土中预测板翼动力锚沉贯深度的经验公式。     

砂土中吸力式导管架基础沉贯试验研究

吸力式导管架基础具备高承载力、高施工效率、高环境友好度、低造价等特点,使用其作为海上风电底部支撑结构有利于产业的规模化发展,实现上述愿景的前提在于使筒型基础顺利安装以满足设计要求。基于此,在不同初始施加泵压下,对吸力式导管架的沉贯效率特征值、基础内外围渗流变化、筒裙端部土压力特点进行探究。通过抱桩器使吸力式导管架在吸力安装过程中仅具备竖向自由度,从而进行纯沉贯试验。结果表明：初始泵压2 kPa时沉贯效率特征值最高;沉贯过程中基础外围渗流水压小于基础内围渗流水压;筒裙外侧所受土压要大于筒壁内侧所受土压力。     

粘土中张紧式吸力锚破坏模式与承载特性有限元分析

对利用有限元计算分析张紧式吸力锚承载力的方法进行了研究,结果表明:锚土之间接触特性的描述取决于锚的破坏模式;当锚为竖向破坏时,采用临界剪应力摩擦模型描述锚土间接触是恰当的;当锚为水平破坏时,采用库伦摩擦模型描述锚土间接触是恰当的。计算中若采用基于Mises屈服准则的理想弹塑性本构关系描述软土的不排水应力应变特性,且按位移标准确定极限承载力,则弹性模量的取值对确定软土中吸力锚承载力有影响且取决于锚的破坏模式;当锚发生竖向破坏时,弹性模量按约150倍的不排水强度取值是恰当的;当锚发生水平破坏时,弹性模量按约75倍的不排水强度取值是恰当的。探讨了依据软粘土循环强度利用拟静力弹塑性有限元计算,估算平均荷载与循环荷载共同作用下吸力锚平均位移变化趋势的可行性,计算与模型试验结果比较说明,计算得出的拟静力荷载位移曲线能够对锚实际平均位移的变化趋势给出一个恰当的估计。     

海上平台桶基负压沉贯阻力与土体稳定数值计算研究

用有限元分析方法对桶形基础负压沉贯过程中流场进行动态模拟,提出桶形基础沉贯阻力计算方法和土体稳定有限计算方法,提出桶内土体稳定性判断准则,计算结果表明所提方法是合理的,并具有工程实用性。     

Analytical and experimental studies on installation of a suction caisson with tampered tip in clay

Concrete suction caissons have been successfully used as breakwaters or seawalls in recent years. The relative large wall thickness-to-diameter ratio of a concrete caisson can lead to the formation of a full soil heave plug that may cause difficulties in the installation of concrete caisson in clay. One way to overcome this limitation is to use a tampered tip for the caisson wall. An analytical method is proposed in this article to calculate the minimum suction pressure required to penetrate a caisson and the maximum allowable suction pressure that can be applied to avoid too much soil heave plug during the installation of the suction caisson. Four model tests were conducted in normally consolidated clay to study the installation process of a concrete suction caisson with tampered tip and to verify the proposed analytical method. The height of the soil heave plug in the caisson with a tampered tip is observed to be about half of that in the caisson with a flat tip.     

Large deformation finite element analysis of the installation of suction caisson in clay

The suction caisson (or called suction anchor) which is considered as a relatively new type of foundation of offshore structures, has been extensively studied and applied for offshore wind turbines and oil platforms. The installation of the suction caisson is of great importance in the design and construction because it can bring about several issues and further influence the performance of holding capacity in safety service. In this paper, large deformation finite element (FE) analyses are performed to model the installation of suction caisson (SC) by suction and jacking in normally consolidated clay. The penetration of the suction caisson is modeled using an axisymmetric FE approach with the help of the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation which can satisfactorily solve the large deformation problem. The undrained shear strength of the clay and elastic modulus are varied with depth of soil through the subroutine VUFIELD. The numerical results allow quantification of the penetration resistance and its dependence on the installation method. The centrifuge test and theoretical solution are used for the FE model validation. After the validation, the penetration resistance, the soil plug heave, and the caisson wall friction have been examined through the FE model. Based on the numerical results, it is shown that the ALE technique can simulate the entire suction caisson penetration without mesh distortion problem. The installation method can play an important role on the penetration resistance, namely, the suction installation reduces the penetration resistance significantly compared to the purely jacked installation. With a further study on the suction case, it is found that as the final applied suction pressure increases, the soil plug heave increases, while the penetration resistance reduces with increase of the final suction pressure. The effect of the friction of internal caisson walls has been also investigated and a conclusion is drawn that internal wall friction has a significant contribution to the penetration resistance and it can be implicitly represented by varying coefficient of internal wall friction. As for the penetration resistance, both jacked and suction installation have great dependency on the internal wall friction.     

Centrifuge tests on installation of suction anchors in soft clay

Three centrifuge model tests were performed in normally consolidated Speswhite Kaolin to study the penetration of suction anchors in soft clay. The suction anchors could be penetrated by means of underpressure to a depth of about 12.4 to a little more than 14.5 times the diameter. When the anchors were penetrated by underpressure, all clay displaced by the skirt moved into the anchor. At a penetration depth of about half the maximum penetration depth, the volume of the soil heave inside the anchor actually increased more than the volume of the displaced clay. When a material coefficient of 1.5 against plug failure was mobilized, more than the clay displaced by the skirts had accumulated inside the anchor. The penetration resistance increased by 42 and 26% during rest periods of 4.5 and 0.8 days prototype time, respectively. Some uncertainty in the shear strength of the clay beds gave some uncertainty with respect to the interpretation, but the observed behaviour generally confirmed the theoretical analyses.     

软黏土中桶形基础竖向循环加载超重力离心模型试验研究

桶形基础越来越广泛应用于海洋油气平台、海上风机、输电塔、防波堤等构筑物,研究其循环承载特性对以上构筑物服役安全性具有重要意义。通过在软黏土中开展单桶循环上拔以及小间距群桶循环上拔和循环下压超重力离心模型试验,发现循环上拔地基破坏模式为整体破坏,裂隙均呈现圆弧形,循环下压呈现渐进式整体破坏模式,下压过程的挤压作用可明显减小桶周泥面高度,导致其承载力降低。模拟双向受荷工况的循环上拔试验在5次加载后荷载弱化系数开始趋于稳定,远早于单向受荷工况;单向和双向受荷工况循环上拔荷载弱化系数残余稳定值分别为0.31和0.32,循环下压荷载弱化系数最小值为0.35,表明不同加载方式竖向循环荷载作用下,此三者大小均可用软黏土地基灵敏度倒数预估。     

Large-scale experimental investigation of the installation of suction caissons in silt sand

Offshore wind power is a rapidly growing area of electricity in China. In the present paper, interaction mechanisms between the caisson for wind turbines and saturated silt sand are investigated with laboratory tests based on two different installation methods, jacking installation and suction installation. For the jacking installation process, the results indicate that the soil pressures inner and outer the skirt of the caisson vary with a similar feature and the magnitudes of the two are nearly balanced. The tip resistance plays a key role in the total jacking installation resistance. This paper examines the predictive performance of q_c method and API approach for jacking installation resistance. It is demonstrated that the q_c method provides better predictions. The resistance coefficients are recommended. For the case of suction installation, however, the changes of soil pressures inner and outer the skirt are contrasting. Specifically, the inner pressure and tip resistance fall dramatically, but the outer pressure increases when suction is applied. Seepage effect is found to be an important mechanism for the installation of suction caisson. The reduction ratios of the inner friction and tip resistance follow a power-function with the normalized suction. Based on the test results, a prediction method for the required suction has been developed and evaluated.     

Experimental investigation of jetting effect on spudcan extraction from soft clay

The jack-up unit may suffer difficult extraction from soft clay attributed to the large embedment and suction. To ease spudcan extraction, the jetting technique is extensively adopted. The jetting effect on spudcan extraction is investigated with a series of model tests. Firstly, the effectiveness of top jetting is investigated, and it is found that the top jetting is not effective in reducing extraction resistance. Secondly, the efficiency of different jetting procedures are studied. It is revealed that jetting prior to extraction reduces the suction by increasing the excess pore pressure at spudcan base. And the jetting after extraction begins reduces the suction by filling the gap formed under the spudcan with jetting water and eliminating cavitation. Finally, tests with different jetting times, jetting rates, jetting pressures, and jetting nozzle locations and numbers are conducted. It is found that the effect of jetting time converges as it increases. The flow rate of jetting prior to extraction has little effect on jetting efficiency, whereas the flow rate of jetting after the extraction begins has significant influences on the jetting efficiency. Jetting pressure also has great effect on jetting efficiency, and converges as it increases. The closer the nozzles are located to the spudcan edge, the sooner the post-peak extraction resistance decreases. And the jetting efficiency increases with the nozzle number. The findings from the experimental studies can serve as a reference for future studies on the operation and optimization design of a jack-up jetting system.     

复杂土层中自升式平台桩靴安装穿刺预测

由于复杂海洋工程地质条件的普遍性,自升式平台在安装过程中穿刺事故频发,近年来涌现出大量针对自升式平台桩靴基础在复杂土层中穿刺预测方法的研究。为了方便工程设计人员的理解和使用,首先简单介绍这些研究中所采用的技术手段,总结现行规范ISO 19905-1建议的桩靴在复杂土层中贯入阻力的预测方法以及最新文献中提出的新的设计方法,并对规范方法和新方法的优缺点进行了评价。所总结的设计方法针对国内外常见的含穿刺风险的海洋地基形式,包括双层"砂—黏"、三层"硬—软—硬"黏性土、三层"软—硬—软"黏性土、三层"黏—砂—黏"地层以及四层"黏—砂—黏—硬层土"地层。通过对离心机模型试验的预测,对规范方法和新方法的预测精度进行了比较,对比结果显示新方法对桩靴穿刺破坏的预测更为合理精确。