A Methodological Study on Using Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Model Outputs to Drive a One-Dimensional Cloud Model简

A new method for driving a One-Dimensional Stratiform Cold （1DSC） cloud model with Weather Research and Fore casting （WRF） model outputs was developed by conducting numerical experiments for a typical large-scale stratiform rainfall event that took place on 4-5 July 2004 in Changchun, China. Sensitivity test results suggested that, with hydrometeor pro files extracted from the WRF outputs as the initial input, and with continuous updating of soundings and vertical velocities （including downdraft） derived from the WRF model, the new WRF-driven 1DSC modeling system （WRF-1DSC） was able to successfully reproduce both the generation and dissipation processes of the precipitation event. The simulated rainfall intensity showed a time-lag behind that observed, which could have been caused by simulation errors of soundings, vertical velocities and hydrometeor profiles in the WRF output. Taking into consideration the simulated and observed movement path of the precipitation system, a nearby grid point was found to possess more accurate environmental fields in terms of their similarity to those observed in Changchun Station. Using profiles from this nearby grid point, WRF-1DSC was able to repro duce a realistic precipitation pattern. This study demonstrates that 1D cloud-seeding models do indeed have the potential to predict realistic precipitation patterns when properly driven by accurate atmospheric profiles derived from a regional short range forecasting system, This opens a novel and important approach to developing an ensemble-based rain enhancement prediction and operation system under a probabilistic framework concept.     

A Sensitivity Study of Single Column Model

A single column model (SCM) is constructed by extracting the physical subroutines from the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CCM1).Simulated data are generated by CCM1 and used to validate the SCM and to study the sensitivity of the SCM to errors in its input data.It is found that the SCM temperature predictions are moderately sensitive to errors in the input horizontal temperature flux convergence and moisture flux convergence.Two types of error are concerned in this study,random errors due to insufficient data resolution,and errors due to insufficient data area coverage.While the first type of error can be reduced by filtering and/or increasing the data resolution,it is shown that the second type of error can be reduced by enlarging the data area coverage and using a suitable method to compute the input flux convergence terms.     

黄海海雾WRF数值模拟中垂直分辨率的敏感性研究

基于WRF模式探究不同垂直分辨率下模式对黄海海雾的模拟表现。将3种垂直分层方案（35η、44η与63η）和2种边界层方案（YSU、MYNN）组合,对10次海雾做模拟研究。统计分析了水平雾区与雾顶高度对垂直分辨率的敏感性,并利用1次典型个例剖析了雾顶长波辐射与雾体湍流的作用。统计结果显示,提高垂直分辨率能显著改进水平雾区的模拟效果,改善明显的个例在不同垂直分辨率试验下的雾顶高度差异也较大;YSU方案相比于MYNN方案更敏感,从35η层增至44η层其试验个例的击中率（POD）和公正预兆得分（ETS）的平均改进率分别提高了13.29%和10.22%。典型个例研究结果揭示,模式对雾顶长波辐射和雾体湍流作用的模拟程度强烈依赖垂直分辨率：粗垂直分辨率给出的湍流强度很弱,导致模拟失败;雾顶存在“云水含量增多→长波辐射增强→降温加大→云水含量增多”的正反馈过程,细垂直分辨率比粗垂直分辨率更容易维持与增强此反馈;只有细垂直分辨率才能模拟出雾顶长波辐射冷却产生的贯穿雾体直抵海面、强度不弱于近海面机械湍流的浮力湍流,它导致雾体降温而出现符合观测事实的海温高于气温的现象。     

GRAPES单柱模式的试验研究

根据GCSS WG4(Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study Working Group 4)第3次个例模拟的观测数据,为GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System)设计了一个可用于检验其整套物理参数化过程对夏季中纬度陆地天气过程模拟的单柱模式试验,并利用该试验考察了不同复杂度的两种陆面过程(CoLM和SLAB)对温、湿度和降水模拟的影响。整个观测时段的模拟表明,模拟的降水与观测的量级一致,位温和水汽混合比没有明显偏离观测,这说明本试验的构造是合理的。考虑到模式系统误差对长期积分结果的影响,随后选取了4个降水子时段分别进行积分。结果表明,使用CoLM方案模拟得到的累积降水量均大于使用SLAB方案的,但使用CoLM方案时出现虚假降水的概率较大。由于区域平均的初始热动力廓线比实际降水发生地区偏干,使用两个方案的模拟均对子时段3的第1个降水事件延迟24h左右,这对其在子时段3的相关系数都很小有贡献。时间平均的位温和水汽混合比误差分析表明,使用CoLM模拟的子时段1和2的对流层低层偏冷、偏湿,而其他情况下为偏暖、偏干。对流层低层位温的误差与地表气温的误差一致。此外,还发现使用CoLM模拟得到的感热通量偏小,潜热通量偏大,而使用SLAB模拟得到感热通量偏大,潜热通量偏小。对流层中高层,子时段1和4为偏冷、偏湿,对应降水偏少(使用CoLM的模拟在子时段1的降水偏多归因于虚假降水);子时段2,使用CoLM的模拟为偏暖、偏干,对应降水偏多,使用SLAB的模拟为偏冷、偏干,对应降水偏少;子时段3,使用两个陆面方案的模拟均为偏冷、偏干,对应降水偏多。     

吸湿性催化剂人工消暖雾大型雾室试验及机理研究

雾给现代交通和人类身体健康造成严重影响,人工消雾对于防灾减灾具有重要价值。但目前关于消雾机理仍存在一定争议,关于催化剂粒径的选择也具有较大不确定性。本研究基于15 000 m³大型雾室,开展了不同粒径催化剂颗粒对暖雾清除效果的研究。结果表明:A催化剂(粒径为75 μm)具有良好的消雾能力,消雾时间约为自然沉降的20％;B催化剂(粒径为100 μm)消雾时间约为自然沉降的40％,消雾效果相比A催化剂偏差。为验证和计算最优催化剂粒径,本研究利用重力连续碰并增长模型,从理论上分析了消雾催化剂的最优粒径。结果表明:催化剂颗粒过小,捕获的雾滴少,碰并耗水少,消雾时间长;催化剂颗粒过大,下降速度快,消雾时间短,但捕获的雾滴少,碰并耗水少。综合来看,最优的催化剂颗粒直径为40～80 μm。本研究结果可为外场消雾试验提供科学参考。     

基于CloudSat观测资料对WRF模式的冷锋降水过程云参数模拟效果检验

基于WRF数值模式,采用Lin微物理方案,对中国南方地区一次冷锋降水过程进行模拟试验,并用CloudSat观测数据对模式模拟的云量、云液态水和云冰水含量的垂直分布特征进行检验。结果表明:模式模拟云量的垂直分布范围小于CloudSat观测到的分布范围,模拟的云量在低空往往出现缺失,模式可以较好地模拟出CloudSat探测到的深对流云的分布,但对零散分布的小尺度云团模拟效果较差;模式模拟的云液态水分布范围也小于CloudSat观测到的分布范围,云液态水含量值略低于CloudSat观测值,对CloudSat观测的云液态水含量值较低的区域,模式往往不能模拟出云液态水的存在;模式模拟的云冰水垂直分布特征与CloudSat观测结果较为一致,特别是对冰水含量大值中心的位置模拟效果较好,但模式模拟的云冰水含量值远低于CloudSat观测值。整体来看,模式对云冰水垂直分布的模拟效果优于对云液态水的模拟,但Lin微物理方案对云液态水和云冰水的模拟还需进一步改进与完善。     

WRF模式对江苏一次强降水过程的模拟分析

利用NCEP最终分析资料,使用WRF模式模拟了2008年7月22—23日出现在江苏的一次强降水天气过程。结果表明：WRF模式能较好地模拟出这次降水的区域,对这种中尺度天气系统具有良好的预报能力。在这次降水过程中,低空风场切变线和冷空气以及与高空急流的合理配置加强了强降水区垂直环流的发展,使降水区对流发展;而高空辐散、低空辐合的流场特征也促进了强降水的产生;这次过程的水汽输送在850hPa上最强,850hPa的强水汽输送是产生强降水必需的水汽条件;从能量方面看,江苏全境都处于K指数高值区,特别是江苏中北部有相当高的能量聚集,为强降水提供了不稳定条件。暴雨区上空螺旋度呈低层正中心、高层负值区的分布,螺旋度的高低层耦合是触发并维持低压暴雨的动力机制。     

Numerical simulations of an advection fog event over Shanghai Pudong International Airport with the WRF model

A series of numerical simulations is conducted to understand the formation, evolution, and dissipation of an advection fog event over Shanghai Pudong International Airport (ZSPD) with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Using the current operational settings at the Meteorological Center of East China Air Traffic Management Bureau, the WRF model successfully predicts the fog event at ZSPD. Additional numerical experiments are performed to examine the physical processes associated with the fog event. The results indicate that prediction of this particular fog event is sensitive to microphysical schemes for the time of fog dissipation but not for the time of fog onset. The simulated timing of the arrival and dissipation of the fog, as well as the cloud distribution, is substantially sensitive to the planetary boundary layer and radiation (both longwave and shortwave) processes. Moreover, varying forecast lead times also produces different simulation results for the fog event regarding its onset and duration, suggesting a trade-off between more accurate initial conditions and a proper forecast lead time that allows model physical processes to spin up adequately during the fog simulation. The overall outcomes from this study imply that the complexity of physical processes and their interactions within the WRF model during fog evolution and dissipation is a key area of future research.     

Prediction of sea fog of Guangdong coastland using the variable factors output by GRAPES model

By analyzing the NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis (2004–2008), a number of predictors (factors of variables) are established with the output from the GRAPES model and with reference to the sea fog data from observational stations (2004–2008) and field observations (2006–2008). Based on the criteria and conditions for sea fog appearance at the stations of Zhanjiang, Zhuhai and Shantou, a Model Output Statistics (MOS) scheme for distinguishing and forecasting 24-h sea fog is established and put into use for three repres...     

A numerical study of a TOGA-COARE squall-line using a coupled mesoscale atmosphere-ocean model

1. Introduction Air-sea interaction plays an important role in theglobal seasonal to inter-annual climate variability,most notably, the El Ni?no and Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon (Webster and Lukas, 1992). Be-cause of its widespread impacts on …     

WRF模式对弱强迫系统中雷暴预报个例研究

用WRF2．2版本,针对2006年7月13日洛阳市区,发生在副高边缘偏东南暖湿气流中的雷暴进行了模拟预报,结果表明WRF模式能描述弱强迫天气尺度系统中的中小尺度对流系统,能捕捉到常规天气图上难以分辨出来的雷暴单体。模式输出的中尺度要素场可以确定雷暴发生的地点;模式探空的对流有效位能、抬升指数、沙瓦特指数、K指数随时间演变曲线的拐点,能指示雷暴发生的时间。个例分析表明WRF模式在预报弱强迫天气系统雷暴时具有较好的性能,用WRF模式来作雷暴的分析预报早一条可行的徐径。     

利用毫米波云雷达数据反演层云微物理参数和云内湍流耗散率

利用地基毫米波雷达进行云参数及云内湍流特性的探测和反演。根据云雷达回波的功率谱数据,反演出大气垂直运动速度和云微物理参数,得到云内湍流耗散率ε的大小和分布情况,并进一步研究和分析了云内空气垂直运动与云微物理参数、反射率因子、多普勒速度、速度谱宽变化的关系,更好地了解云的演变情况。对2016年8月8日四川稻城的一次层状云过程的探测和反演表明：1）粒子有效半径随着上升气流的增强而增大,由于碰并聚合的作用,粒子数浓度也呈现相应减小的趋势。2）云内湍流耗散率ε在云底、云顶较大,云内较小,量级在10^-8~10^-2 m²·s^-3,多普勒速度能谱验证了假设雷达探测湍涡的尺度在惯性副区的合理性。3）随着上升气流的增强,云粒子的下沉运动相应减小,速度谱宽相应增大。     

Evaluation of cloud and precipitation parameterization using a single-column model: A TWP-ICE case study

Cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes are evaluated, and their sensitivity to the method and/or parameters used to determine cloud physical processes is examined using a singlecolumn version of the Unified Model (SCUM). In the experiment for TWP-ICE, cloud fraction is overestimated (underestimated) in the upper (lower) troposphere due to the wet (dry) bias. The precipitation rate is well simulated during the active monsoon period, but overestimated during the suppressed monsoon and clear skies periods. In the moist convection scheme, trigger condition and entrainment process affect the lower tropospheric humidity through the impact on convective occurrence frequency and intensity, respectively. Strengthening the trigger condition and using the adaptive entrainment method alleviate the low-level dry bias. In the microphysics scheme, more large-scale precipitation is produced with prognostic rain, due to rain sedimentation considering vertical velocity of rain drop, than with diagnostic rain. Less ice/snow deposition with the prognostic two-ice category results in lower ice water content and upper-level cloud fraction than with the diagnostic splitting method for the twoice category. In the cloud macrophysics scheme, the prognostic cloud fraction and cloud/ice water content scheme produces a larger cloud fraction and more cloud/ice water content than the diagnostic scheme, mainly due to detrainment from moist convection (cloud source) that surpasses the effect of convective heating and drying (cloud sink). This affects temperature by influencing the radiative, convective, and microphysical processes. The experiment with combined modifications in cloud and precipitation schemes shows that interaction between modified moist convection and cloud macrophysics schemes results in more alleviation of the cold bias not only at the lower levels but also at the upper levels.     

WRF模式中同化地基微波辐射计对降水的影响

地基微波辐射计观测已经用于数值预报中,并对预报效果产生不同的影响。目前,中国约有上百台地基微波辐射计,但是观测数据用到数值预报系统的很有限。本文尝试将两台地基微波辐射计数据同化到WRF数值预报模式,并针对北京一次暴雨过程,进行同化试验,结合地面雨量计测量结果进行比对。试验结果比较表明:同化地基微波辐射计能较明显影响降水初期的降水强度和分布,与雨量计分布更为接近;随着暴雨系统发展,同化两台地基微波辐射计对大面积强降水系统的影响甚微。     

黄海近岸海雾的初始场择优集合预报试验:个例研究

选取2014年4月发生的一次黄海近岸海雾个例,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式开展了集合预报试验研究。依据每个集合成员初始场中海平面气压、2 m温度、2 m水汽混合比与2 m相对湿度(relative humidity, RH)4个变量的均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)与RMSE集合平均值的相对大小,以剔除高于者而保留低于者的原则,设计了4种不同的初始场集合体择优方案,实施了一系列数值预报试验,比较了不同择优方案的集合预报效果。研究结果表明:(1)蒙特卡罗方法所生成的集合体中存在不少海雾预报效果较差的成员,这会降低集合预报效果,因此初始场择优十分必要;(2)以RH作为择优变量的择优方案(记为RH-RMSE方案),集合预报效果明显优于其他3种方案;(3)对比不择优集合预报,采用RH-RMSE方案的择优集合预报效果不仅节省了50%左右的计算时间,并且公正预兆评分(equitable threat score,ETS)改进率高达36%左右。本研究提出的RH-RMSE方案具有业务化应用前景。     

Sub-grid scale precipitation in ALCMs: re-assessing the land surface sensitivity using a single column model

The sensitivity of a land surface scheme to the distribution of precipitation within a general circulation model's grid element is investigated. Earlier experiments which showed considerable sensitivity of the runoff and evaporation simulation to the distribution of precipitation are repeated in the light of other results which show no sensitivity of evaporation to the distribution of precipitation. Results show that while the earlier results over-estimated the sensitivity of the surface hydrology to the precipitation distribution, the general conclusion that the system is sensitive is supported. It is found that changing the distribution of precipitation from falling over 100% of the grid square to falling over 10% leads to a reduction in evaporation from 1578 mm y^–1 to 1195 mm y ^–1 while runoff increases from 278 mm y^–1 to 602 mm y^–1. The sensitivity is explained in terms of evaporation being dominated by available energy when precipitation falls over nearly the entire grid square, but by moisture availability (mainly intercepted water) when it falls over little of the grid square. These results also indicate that earlier work using stand-alone forcing to drive land surface schemes off-line, and to investigate the sensitivity of land surface codes to various parameters, leads to results which are non-repeatable in single column simulations.     

毫米波雷达测云个例研究

云参数是影响降水和大气辐射过程的重要因子,但对云参数的遥感探测存在许多困难。利用35GHz的毫米波雷达进行云探测,并进行云参数反演研究,反演了云水含量、冰水含量和云滴有效直径的垂直廓线,得到了6类云况的垂直分布。结果表明：1）不同类型的云具有不同的云参数分布;2）在低于-15dBz的非降水云情况下,反演的云水含量及云滴有效直径较可靠;3）雷达探测的线性退偏振比因子,可以用于判别云中的过冷却水和冰晶,有助于更好了解云的宏微观特征。     

WRF模式与Topmodel模型在洪水预报中的耦合预报试验研究

基于空间分辨率90 m×90 m的湖北荆门漳河水库数字高程模型（DEM）地形数据,并从2012-2015年选取了20场洪水过程（其中16场用于模拟,4场用于检验）,将华中区域数值天气预报业务模式WRF提供的三重嵌套空间分辨率3 km×3 km、9 km×9 km和27 km×27 km预报降雨与集总式新安江模型以及半分布式水文模型Topmodel耦合进行洪水预报试验。通过对比试验得到以下结论：当流域降雨的时、空分布比较均匀时,集总式新安江模型可以较准确地预报出洪峰流量和峰现时间,而当降雨时、空分布差异较大时,预报误差也会随之增大。基于DEM数据建立的Topmodel模型可以反映不同降雨时、空分布下洪水预报结果的差异,试验结果表明,3 km×3 km和9 km×9 km洪水预报的输出结果比较接近,且在确定性系数和洪峰相对误差上要优于27 km×27 km的洪水预报结果,而在峰现时差的预报上,则是27 km×27 km的洪水预报结果与实测较吻合。通过研究还发现,虽然当流域降雨的时、空分布存在一定差异时,3种空间分辨率的WRF预报降雨均无法预报出与实测一致的降雨分布,但是在某些情况下,当降雨的时间分布误差和空间分布误差相抵消时,仍然可以得到较为准确的洪水预报结果。因此,高时、空分辨率的模式预报降雨并不一定就能对洪水预报结果产生正贡献,需要通过反复尝试寻找水文模型和数值模式耦合的最佳时、空分辨率。