河南中南部持续性暴雨水汽输送特征分型

通过分析1961~2010年发生在河南中南部持续性暴雨的水汽输送特征,从水汽输送角度对河南省中南部(河南省黄河以南地区)的持续性暴雨进行分型,总结出3种水汽输送类型,即西南气流型、螺旋型和"S"型。对比分析这3种类型代表个例的水汽输送和水汽收支特征后发现,河南中南部的持续性暴雨主要是由西南气流型的水汽输送造成的;"S"型和螺旋型水汽输送也是造成河南中南部持续性暴雨的原因之一。西南气流型和螺旋型的水汽输送是造成淮河上游洪涝的主要水汽输送类型,其对应的天气影响系统分别是:高层低槽(低涡)、中低层切变线和台风低压(台风倒槽)。     

区域西风指数对西北地区水汽输送及收支的指示性

利用1951-1999年NCEP/NCAR(2.5°×2.5°)再分析逐月资料,分析了我国西北地区的水汽输送和收支的平均状况.结果表明: 我国西北地区的水汽输送主要集中在夏季,西风气流是西北地区水汽输送的主要载体,大西洋、北冰洋、黑海和里海是西北地区水汽输送的主要源地;西风气流输入到西北地区的大部分水汽继续向东扩散,最后从东边界输出.选择夏季,根据设计的区域西风指数研究了区域西风指数对西北地区水汽输送以及收支的指示性,经检验,区域西风指数对西北地区的水汽输送和收支有良好的指示性,夏季区域西风指数异常强(弱)年份西风气流输入西北地区的水汽量大(小),同时水汽净收支大(小),有(不)利于降水的形成.     

辽宁省冬季区域暴雪水汽输送特征

利用1949 - 2015年NCEP/NCAR逐日及月平均资料, 对辽宁省冬季区域暴雪水汽输送特征进行研究, 结果表明： 受冬季风影响, 辽宁省冬季降水水汽主要来自西边界中纬度西风气流的输入, 区域暴雪的发生是经向水汽异常输送的结果, 西风带偏西气流与日本海反气旋性环流西南侧偏南气流在辽宁省交汇是辽宁省区域暴雪产生的主要原因。辽宁省区域暴雪水汽源地主要有西太平洋、 日本海、 东海和黄海, 其中东海、 黄海是直接的水汽源地。日本海高压是辽宁省区域暴雪水汽输送的关键系统, 82.4%的区域暴雪过程海平面气压场有日本海高压存在, 根据其位置和强度可分为偏北型、 偏南型和高压脊型, 不同环流型高压水汽输送强度不同, 区域暴雪分布范围不同。东海、 黄海湿度平流作用和风场辐合作用是辽宁省区域暴雪产生的贡献因子, 不同环流型日本海高压湿度平流作用的贡献不同。     

青藏高原雨季降水的水汽条件研究

利用1961—2017年青藏高原109站降水量资料、NCEP全球逐月再分析资料,讨论了雨季期间高原的水汽输送特征.结果表明:高原雨季降水呈显著的年际变化特征,高原雨季降水主模态为南北反向型和全区一致型.气候态高原雨季的水汽输送路径为来自阿拉伯海的偏西风水汽输送,在孟加拉湾附近分为三支水汽输送气流:一支向北输送,自高原南...     

2001-2005年西北中东部水汽及其输送特征

利用西北地区中东部2001-2005年近5 a的40个站点逐日探空资料, 分析了该区域的水汽及其输送特征.结果表明:整层水汽含量分布不均, 季节变化明显, 除冬季外, 沿祁连山存在一条"湿舌". 水汽主要来源于以西风为主的纬向输送和西南气流的径向输送. 高原上的水汽输送, 北部来源于西北气流, 南部为西南气流, 但北部的水汽通量仅有高原东侧西南气流输送的一半左右, 高层水汽输送更加重要. 占主导的西风和西北风的水汽干输送是西北干旱的原因之一, 而特殊的地形作用是该区域降水形成及分布不均的重要因素. 在水汽输送能力最强的夏季, 纬向水汽输送最强的高度出现在600 hPa左右高度上, 而径向强输送集中于600 hPa以下103° E以东的高原东侧.     

2018年1月中国东部季风区降雪异常的特征及原因

2018年1月中国东部季风区发生异常的降雪分布及局地的雨雪冰冻灾害。在分析东部季风区降雪时空分布特征的基础上,模拟典型站点的气团移动轨迹,并利用OLR数据研究水汽源区变化及输送过程对降雪异常的影响。结果表明:1月降雪主要分布在黄河以南地区,降雪范围内呈现出降雪量由南向北降低的规律,且降雪持续时间减小;西北方向西风带混合输送与南向水汽源区及近源局地水汽循环是降雪区主要的水汽来源,随着水汽移动轨迹的变化,降雪的空间分布也随之改变;水汽源区的变化状况通过对水汽输送通量及路径的改变,进而决定着东部季风区降雪量与时空分布特征,2018年1月水汽源区表现出明显La Nina年特征,并与气团的移动轨迹相吻合,La Nina事件应是导致降雪异常的深层次原因。     

中国上空的涡动水汽输送

利用1983年国内外149个探空站全年资料,系统地研究了中国大陆上空的涡动水汽输送,包括涡动水汽输送的路径、收支量及其时空分布特点。研究表明,我国夏半年是涡动水汽源地,冬半年是汇地;涡动水汽以春、秋的4、10月最强,30°～40°N间最为活跃;涡动水汽净输送量在华北、西北、东北均超过总输送净量的50%;涡动水汽的经向性十分明显,经由长江流域北界输入北方的涡动水汽量占总输送量的91%强,表明它是把湿润地区暖湿水汽输向干旱、半干旱地区的主要机制,这不仅对北方大气湿度的维持,而且对其降水都有着特殊的贡献。     

黑河流域水汽输送及收支的时空结构分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析气候资料和气象站地面观测资料,分析了黑河流域水汽输送及收支的时空结构变化.结果表明:在水汽输送的年变化中,6-9月为高输送时段,中层700～500 hPa为强输送层,大气水汽含量的年变化是主要影响因子;在水汽输送的年际变化中,1960年代中期和1970年代后期有两次较明显的转折,总体呈下降的长期变化趋势,水汽输送仍以中层输送为主,风速的年际变化是主要影响因子,大气水汽含量下降则提供了长期变化趋势背景.水汽输送的空间结构主要受气流分布的影响,多年平均6-9月的状况为:在低层为南北辐合状,中层为西风辐合状,高层为平直北西风辐散状.水汽净收入以低层为主,占整层水汽净收入的85%以上.在黑河主流区2°×5°的范围内,大气水汽输入为2 484×108m3,输出为2 196×108m3,水汽净收入为288×108m3.     

西风带与季风对中国西北地区的水汽输送

利用美国国家环境保护委员会/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析气候资料,分析了西风带与季风对我国西北地区水汽输送的作用。分析表明,大气水汽输送在西北地区的3个分区特征非常明显:高原切变线以南,主要是来自西南季风的水汽输送;高原切变线以北,主要是来自西风带的水汽输送;高原切变线向东北方向的延长部位是一鞍型区,为西风带与西南季风的共同影响区。青藏高原东部的西南季风气流有绕行和向北翻越青藏高原的水汽输送;而在青藏高原中西部地区,主要是由青藏高原周边向主体的水汽输送,没有明显的翻越青藏高原的水汽输送。在青藏高原以北的大部分地区以对流层中层的水汽输送为主;在青藏高原南部以低层水汽输送为主。在青藏高原以北的大部分地区,水汽输送为辐散,即输入的水汽又被扩散出去了;在青藏高原主体和我国西北地区东部为水汽输送的辐合区。西风带的水汽输送为我国西北大部分地区提供了基本的水汽来源,西风变化对其水汽输送通量散度年际变化有直接的作用;南亚夏季风通过西南季风气流水汽输送直接影响我国西北地区南部和东部,并且,其变化通过环流结构调整影响西风带的波动,进而影响西风带对西北地区的水汽输送。     

北京连续降水水汽输送差异的同位素示踪

为了探讨连续降水过程中水汽输送的变化,应用NCEP/NCAR资料、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及降水稳定同位素资料对北京22场连续降水的水汽输送差异进行了研究。结果表明:连续降水的水汽输送可分为西向水汽输送、远洋水汽输送、近海水汽输送、远源大陆水汽输送和局地大陆水汽输送5种类型,并以近海水汽输送和西向水汽输送为主（降水量占比60.8%）。不同水汽输送类型下降水δ18O的差异主要受水汽源区同位素富集程度及水汽输送途中降水过程的影响,降水氘盈余的变化反映出二次蒸发的影响及水汽源区大气相对湿度的差异。14场连续降水的水汽输送类型发生了变化,且降水δ18O值的变化能够较好地指示水汽输送类型的变化。该结果说明降水同位素特征能够为识别水汽输送类型提供有效信息。     

The Plio-Pleistocene glaciation of the Barents Sea–Svalbard region: a new model based on revised chronostratigraphy

Based on a revised chronostratigraphy, and compilation of borehole data from the Barents Sea continental margin, a coherent glaciation model is proposed for the Barents Sea ice sheet over the past 3.5 million years (Ma). Three phases of ice growth are suggested: (1) The initial build-up phase, covering mountainous regions and reaching the coastline/shelf edge in the northern Barents Sea during short-term glacial intensification, is concomitant with the onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (3.6–2.4 Ma). (2) A transitional growth phase (2.4–1.0 Ma), during which the ice sheet expanded towards the southern Barents Sea and reached the northwestern Kara Sea. This is inferred from step-wise decrease of Siberian river-supplied smectite-rich sediments, likely caused by ice sheet blockade and possibly reduced sea ice formation in the Kara Sea as well as glacigenic wedge growth along the northwestern Barents Sea margin hampering entrainment and transport of sea ice sediments to the Arctic–Atlantic gateway. (3) Finally, large-scale glaciation in the Barents Sea occurred after 1 Ma with repeated advances to the shelf edge. The timing is inferred from ice grounding on the Yermak Plateau at about 0.95 Ma, and higher frequencies of gravity-driven mass movements along the western Barents Sea margin associated with expansive glacial growth.     

Isotope (δD, δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>О) systematics in waters of the Russian Arctic seas

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analysis was performed to study the processes of distribution of water masses and modification of their salinity in the Russian Arctic seas. A wealth of new isotopic data was obtained for freshwater (river runoff, Novaya Zemlya glaciers) and seawater samples collected along a set of extended 2D profiles in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas. The study presents the first δD values measured for the Northeast Atlantic Deep Water NEADW dominated the water column of the Barents Sea (S = 34.90 ± 0.05, δD = +1.55 ± 0.4‰, δ¹⁸O = +0.26 ± 0.1‰, n = 44). This water mass is present in the Kara Sea and western Laptev Sea. The relationship between δD, δ18О, and salinity data was used to calculate the fractions of waters of different origin, including the fractions of continental runoff in waters of the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas. It was shown that the relationships between the isotopic parameters (δD, δ¹⁸О) and salinity in waters of the Kara and Laptev Seas is controlled by the intensity of continental runoff and sea ice processes. Sea ice formation is the main factor controlling the formation of the water column on the Laptev Sea shelf, whereas the surface waters of the middle Kara Sea are dominated by the contribution of river runoff. A very strong stratification in the Kara Sea is caused by the presence of a relatively fresh surface layer mostly contributed by estuarine water inputs from the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. The contribution of river waters reaches 40–60% in the surface layer in the central part of the sea and decreases to a few percent down 100 m water depth. Stratification in the western part of the Laptev Sea is controlled by the contribution of freshwater input from the Lena River and modification of salinity by sea ice formation.     

Distribution of clay minerals in surface sediments from the eastern Barents and south-western Kara seas

Surface samples from the eastern Barents and south-western Kara seas have been analysed for clay mineralogy. Transport paths, the role of regional sources and local bedrock outcrops and the influence of hydrodynamic and glacigenous processes for clay distribution on the shelves are discussed in relation to central Arctic Ocean deep sea and sea ice sediments. Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya show significantly different clay mineral associations. Although smectite concentrations are fairly high, Franz Josef Land can be excluded as a source for central Arctic sea ice sediments, which are relatively rich in smectite. In the Kara Sea, smectite concentrations in coastal sediments surpass even the Franz Josef Land concentrations. The large cyclonic gyre in the eastern Barents Sea between Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, which serves as a mixing zone between Arctic and North Atlantic water, is apparently reflected within the smectite distribution pattern. With the exception of Franz Josef Land, the area of investigation is typically low in kaolinite. In particular, coastal areas and areas north of Novaya Zemlya, influenced by the inflow of Arctic waters, show the lowest kaolinite concentrations. A high kaolinite occurrence within the Nansen Basin is most probably related to Franz Josef Land and emphasizes the importance of long-range downslope transport of sediments across the continental slope. The surface water circulation pattern in close interaction with local outcrops onshore Novaya Zemlya and locally restricted occurrences within the eastern Barents Sea significantly alter the illite dispersal pattern. Illite concentrations are lowest around Franz Josef Land. Chlorite is generally low in the area of investigation. Submarine outcrops and important chlorite occurrences onshore Novaya Zemlya bias its distribution pattern.     

Late Weichselian Glaciation of the Russian High Arctic

A numerical ice-sheet model was used to reconstruct the Late Weichselian glaciation of the Eurasian High Arctic, between Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. An ice sheet was developed over the entire Eurasian High Arctic so that ice flow from the central Barents and Kara seas toward the northern Russian Arctic could be accounted for. An inverse approach to modeling was utilized, where ice-sheet results were forced to be compatible with geological information indicating ice-free conditions over the Taymyr Peninsula during the Late Weichselian. The model indicates complete glaciation of the Barents and Kara seas and predicts a “maximum-sized” ice sheet for the Late Weichselian Russian High Arctic. In this scenario, full-glacial conditions are characterized by a 1500-m-thick ice mass over the Barents Sea, from which ice flowed to the north and west within several bathymetric troughs as large ice streams. In contrast to this reconstruction, a “minimum” model of glaciation involves restricted glaciation in the Kara Sea, where the ice thickness is only 300 m in the south and which is free of ice in the north across Severnaya Zemlya. Our maximum reconstruction is compatible with geological information that indicates complete glaciation of the Barents Sea. However, geological data from Severnaya Zemlya suggest our minimum model is more relevant further east. This, in turn, implies a strong paleoclimatic gradient to colder and drier conditions eastward across the Eurasian Arctic during the Late Weichselian.     

Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian

Based on field investigations in northern Russia and interpretation of offshore seismic data, we have made a preliminary reconstruction of the maximum ice-sheet extent in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Early/Middle Weichselian and the Late Weichselian. Our investigations indicate that the Barents and Kara ice sheets attained their maximum Weichselian positions in northern Russia prior to 50 000 yr BP, whereas the northeastern flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced to a maximum position shortly after 17 000 calendar years ago. During the Late Weichselian (25 000-10 000 yr BP), much of the Russian Arctic remained ice-free. According to our reconstruction, the extent of the ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Late Weichselian glacial maximum was less than half that of the maximum model which, up to now, has been widely used as a boundary condition for testing and refining General Circulation Models (GCMs). Preliminary numerical-modelling experiments predict Late Weichselian ice sheets which are larger than the ice extent implied for the Kara Sea region from dated geological evidence, suggesting very low precipitation.     

西北地区空中水汽时空分布及变化趋势分析

使用NCEP/NCAR1958%D2000年再分析格点资料,分析了西北地区空中水汽和水汽输送的时空分布特征和变化趋势.结果表明:1)西北地区空中水汽地域分布主要集中在西北地区东部和西部的天山北部以及塔里木河流域盆地,而西北地区中部水汽含量较少,尤以青海的西部和北部为最;2)西北地区空中水汽主要来自印度洋孟加拉湾、南海以及阿拉伯海的水汽输送,北面还有一支来自西伯利亚和蒙古方向的水汽输送;3)西北地区空中水汽含量自50年代末至80年代中期呈明显下降趋势,而从80年代后期开始水汽又呈波动上升趋势.水汽增加地区主要在新疆北部沿河西走廊至甘肃中部祁连山区中段以及南疆盆地西部,而其它地区近年来水汽明显减少,其中减少幅度最大的地方位于西北中部的甘肃、青海、新疆交界处以及东部的陕西省;4)从空中水汽年代际变化趋势看,60～70年代西北大部分地区呈现减少趋势,而80～90年代全区普遍呈现增多趋势,以西北地区西部水汽增多趋势最为明显.最后讨论了影响西北地区水汽分布及输送的气候动力因子.     

Modelling the influence of glacial isostasy on Late Weichselian ice‐sheet growth in the Barents Sea

A fully integrated ice‐sheet and glacio‐isostatic numerical model was run in order to investigate the crustal response to ice loading during the Late Weichselian glaciation of the Barents Sea. The model was used to examine the hypothesis that relative reductions in water depth, caused by glacio‐isostatic uplift, may have aided ice growth from Scandinavia and High Arctic island archipelagos into the Barents Sea during the last glacial. Two experiments were designed in which the bedrock response to ice loading was examined: (i) complete and rapid glaciation of the Barents Sea when iceberg calving is curtailed except at the continental margin, and (ii) staged growth of ice in which ice sheets are allowed to ground at different water depths. Model results predict that glacially generated isostatic uplift, caused by an isostatic forebulge from loads on Scandinavia, Svalbard and other island archipelagos, affected the central Barents Sea during the early phase of glaciation. Isostatic uplift, combined with global sea‐level fall, is predicted to have reduced sea level in parts of the central Barents Sea by up to 200 m. This reduction would have been sufficient to raise the sea floor of the Central Bank into a subaerial position. Such sea‐floor emergence is conducive to the initiation of grounded ice growth in the central Barents Sea. The model indicates that, prior to its glaciation, the depth of the Central Deep would have been reduced from around 400 m to 200 m. Such uplift aided the migration of grounded ice from the central Barents Sea and Scandinavia into the Central Deep. We conclude that ice loading over Scandinavia and Arctic island archipelagos during the first stages of the Late Weichselian may have caused uplift within the central Barents Sea and aided the growth of ice across the entire Barents Shelf. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermosteresis and Transportation of Atlantic Water Along Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean

It is summarized based on previous studies that warm and salty Atlantic Water (AW) brings huge amount of heat into Arctic Ocean and influences oceanic heat distribution and climate. Both heat transportation and heat release of AW are key factors affecting the thermal process in Eurasian Basin. The Arctic circumpolar boundary current is the carrier of AW, whose flow velocity varies to influence the efficiency of the warm advection. Because the depth of AW in Eurasian Basin is much shallower than that in Canadian Basin, the upward heat release of AW is an important heat source to supply sea ice melting. Turbulent mixing, winter convention and double-diffusion convention constitute the main physical mechanism for AW upward heat release, which results in the decrease of the Atlantic water core temperature during its spreading along the boundary current. St. Anna Trough, a relatively narrow and long trough in northern continental shelf of Kara Sea, plays a key role in remodeling temperature and salinity characteristics of AW, in which the AW from Fram Strait enters the trough and mixes with the AW from Barents Sea. Since the 21^st Century, AW in the Arctic Ocean has experienced obvious warming and had the influence on the physical processes in downstream Canada Basin, which is attributed to the anomalous warming events of AW inflowing from the Fram Strait. It is inferred that the warming AW is dominated by a long-term warming trend superimposed on low frequency oscillation occurring in the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean. As the Arctic Ocean is experiencing sea ice decline and Arctic amplification, the role of AW heat release in response to the rapid change needs further investigation.     

阿尔泰山蒙赫海尔汗冰川不同水体稳定同位素空间分布特征及水汽来源

通过对2010年6月下旬于阿尔泰山蒙赫海尔汗冰川北支采集的新降雪、再冻结冰、冰雪融水、河水及雪坑样品中δ¹⁸O和δD的测定以及过量氘的计算, 利用HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型, 对研究区降水中稳定同位素的空间分布特征及水汽来源进行了初步研究. 结果表明: 新雪、再冻结冰以及河水样品中δ¹⁸O的空间分布均呈现出显著的“反高度效应”特征, 这是降雪过程中不同海拔高度水汽来源的差异造成的; 不同水体样品中均有较高的过量氘, 说明内陆再循环水汽长期对研究区的降水产生显著影响. 进一步分析表明, 影响研究区降水的内陆再循环水汽主要来自于西西伯利亚平原湿地和沼泽的蒸散发.     

Clay-mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and continental margin as indicator for source areas and transport pathways — a synthesis

Clay-mineral distributions in the Arctic Ocean and the adjacent Eurasian shelf areas are discussed to identify source areas and transport pathways of terrigenous material in the Arctic Ocean. The main clay minerals in Eurasian Arctic Ocean sediments are illite and chlorite. Smectite and kaolinite occur in minor amounts in these sediments, but show strong variations in the shelf areas. These two minerals are therefore reliable in reconstructions of source areas of sediments from the Eurasian Arctic. The Kara Sea and the western part of the Laptev Sea are enriched in smectite, with highest values of up to 70% in the deltas of the Ob and Yenisey rivers. Illite is the dominant clay mineral in all the investigated sediments except for parts of the Kara Sea. The highest concentrations with more than 70% illite occur in the East Siberian Sea and around Svalbard. Chlorite represents the clay mineral with lowest concentration changes in the Eastern Arctic, ranging between 10 and 25%. The main source areas for kaolinite in the Eurasian Arctic are Mesozoic sedimentary rocks on Franz-Josef Land islands. Based on clay-mineral data, transport of the clay fraction via sea ice is of minor importance for the modern sedimentary budget in the Arctic basins.