Analysis of dynamic behaviour of piles

The finite element approach has been used to derive element matrices suitable for the analysis of the dynamic behaviour of piles. Using this method, piles with arbitrary cross-section and soil with nonhomogeneous properties can be dealt with.     

层状地基群桩沉降计算的剪切位移解析算法

考虑群桩的“束缚作用”,基于剪切位移法的理论,提出了竖向荷载作用下用于层状地基大规模群桩沉降分析的简捷实用的解析算法。以单桩位移积分方程为基础,导出了桩顶位移与轴力和桩底位移与轴力之间的关系,考虑桩-桩相互作用,得出了计算群桩沉降的柔度矩阵方程。推导过程中,桩被分成任意n段,因此该方法可以用于地基土任意分层的群桩沉降计算。算例分析表明,该方法与边混合法和界元法有较好的一致性。     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

饱和土半解析边界元法及在双排桩被动隔振中的应用

针对均质饱和地基中双排桩远场被动隔振问题,首先,基于饱和多孔介质的边界元法,建立了以薄层法（TLM）基本解作为动力Green函数的饱和土半解析边界元法,该方法可有效地分析饱和半空间的土-结构动力相互作用问题。在此基础上,根据双排桩与周围土体的邻接条件,推导了双排桩对Rayleigh波散射的三维边界元方程;运用上述边界元方程,对双排桩的远场被动隔振问题进行了研究。结果表明：双排桩能够有效地降低屏障后的位移振幅,其隔振效果要优于单排桩;排间净距对隔振效果影响不大,而桩间净距则对双排桩隔振效果起控制作用。     

粉质粘土中的刚性桩在横向载荷作用下失稳的模型试验研究

为解释横向载荷作用下刚性桩的失稳机理,针对桩头自由的刚性桩做了一系列横向加载试验。基础土为粉质粘土,含水量介于9.85 %～13.85 %之间。由载荷-位移全过程曲线发现,刚性桩在横向载荷达到一定值时会失稳;由试验录像及土体剖面发现,由于土体的软化破坏,在桩后土体内会出现贯穿的局部破坏并形成一楔体,同时在土面伴随一不完全的椭圆形鼓包及一条平行于加载方向的拉伸裂缝,而在桩前土中,由于桩的挤压会形成一条侵彻沟。分析认为,对大位移刚性桩桩后土体的破坏是桩失稳的根本原因。     

An experimental,analytical and numerical study on the thermal efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated soils

Energy piles are bi-functional foundation elements used as structural support as well as ground heat exchangers for shallow geothermal energy systems. Because they are relatively short, energy piles may be partially embedded in unsaturated soils. Saturation conditions influence the thermal properties of the ground and therefore the heat exchange rate, which in turn affects the efficiency of energy piles. This paper combines analytical, experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles partially or fully embedded in unsaturated soils. The proposed analytical solution is based on the cylindrical heat source theory that treats the soil as a semi-infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic medium. The solution from this theory is multiplied by a function developed analytically in this paper and the outcome is the heat exchange rate for energy piles in unsaturated soils. The proposed function depends on soil saturation, soil and pile thermal properties, and pile geometry. The analytical solution was compared against a finite element solution; which was in turn validated against results from laboratory experiments. Very satisfactory agreements between the analytical, numerical and experimental outputs were observed. The proposed method can be used for a quick and simple evaluation of the efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical solution can also be a useful tool for the verification of numerical codes developed for the design of energy piles in unsaturated soils.     

基于联合求解法的疏桩地基沉降计算方法研究

疏桩基础作为一种工期短、效果好的软土地基处理方式,在工程中的应用越来越广泛。考虑带桩帽的PTC（预应力混凝薄壁管桩）刚性桩桩侧摩阻力分布规律,将桩侧摩阻力假定为2个三角形拼合的分布形式。联合应用Mindlin-Geddes解答及Boussinesq解答,推导出了疏桩补偿地基中的附加应力的计算公式。结合具体算例,计算复合地基的沉降变形量。研究表明,该联合方法的沉降计算结果比传统方法偏小,与实测数据较为吻合。当桩间距大于8倍桩径时,随着桩间距的增加,疏桩补偿地基的附加应力场基本不变,但沉降量相应增大。对于桩间距较大的疏桩补偿地基,采用长、短桩组合形式较为合理。通过设置深层水泥土搅拌桩来加固软土路堤,能有效控制沉降量。     

路堤下复合地基“三等沉区模型”

路堤下复合地基桩顶沉降小于桩间土沉降,桩体上部为负摩擦力,因此不能采用常规复合地基理论分析受力和变形。试验和数值分析表明,路堤下复合地基的路堤、桩身、下卧层范围内均存在一个等沉区,等沉区内同一水平面上不同点的沉降相同的区域。据此提出了“三等沉区模型”,该模型不但地基与桩体参数对复合地基的影响,而且可以考虑路堤高度、下卧层厚度、强度等参数对复合地基的影响。实测和数值模拟表明该模型是合理可行的。     

刚性桩加固软土路基失稳破坏数值模拟

为控制路堤的整体稳定性,刚性桩现已常用于软土路基的加固。本文引入了桩体的断开机制,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对刚性桩加固软土路基的失稳破坏模式进行分析,相较于传统的数值模拟方法,体现了路堤荷载作用下,刚性桩的渐次失稳破坏过程。在此基础上,考虑桩体可能优先发生的弯曲破坏,提出将临界比例n作为判断桩体优先发生剪切破坏或弯曲破坏的临界值,并将其作为本文桩体断开机制的终止判别条件,合理地规避了数值模拟软件定量计算存在的较大误差。最后,将本文数值模拟与传统的数值模拟、等效砂桩法的数值模拟进行对比,结果反应出本文数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性,工程上可通过增大前排桩的抗弯强度或限制桩体的水平位移,提高路堤的整体稳定性。     

施工期间人工挖孔桩桩间土稳定性分析

为预防人工挖孔桩窜孔,探讨了桩间土失稳机制,分析了桩间土失稳时的位移特征,建立了桩间土稳定性分析的力学模型,推导了桩间土稳定系数及安全桩净距的计算公式,提出了窜孔防治措施建议。结果表明,桩间土失稳时,滑动土体位移平行于桩心连线,其宽度等于两桩桩径较小值;桩间土稳定系数与滑动土体宽度及埋深成反比,与桩净距成正比,随滑动层的抗剪强度及残余抗剪强度增大而增大,而滑动层厚度则存在一个最不利值,可通过试算确定;控制桩孔间的混凝土面高差、增大桩孔开挖净距、加强护壁,减少桩间土的扰动等是防治窜孔的有效措施。工程实例表明,桩间土稳定性评价方法合理、实用,可为黏性土场地的人工挖孔桩施工提供参考。     

Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground

A series of centrifuge shaking table model tests are conducted on 4?×?4 pile groups in liquefiable ground in this study, achieving horizontal–vertical bidirectional shaking in centrifuge tests on piles for the first time. The dynamic distribution of forces on piles within the pile groups is analysed, showing the internal piles to be subjected to greater bending moment compared with external piles, the mechanism of which is discussed. The roles of superstructure–pile inertial interaction and soil–pile kinematic interaction in the seismic response of the piles within the pile groups are investigated through cross-correlation analysis between pile bending moment, soil displacement, and structure acceleration time histories and by comparing the test results on pile groups with and without superstructures. Soil–pile kinematic interaction is shown to have a dominant effect on the seismic response of pile groups in liquefiable ground. Comparison of the pile response in two tests with and without vertical input ground motion shows that the vertical ground motion does not significantly influence the pile bending moment in liquefiable ground, as the dynamic vertical total stress increment is mainly carried by the excess pore water pressure. The influence of previous liquefaction history during a sequence of seismic events is also analysed, suggesting that liquefaction history could in certain cases lead to an increase in liquefaction susceptibility of sand and also an increase in dynamic forces on the piles.     

Finite element simulations of the behavior of piled‐raft foundations using a multiphase model

Finite element simulations of the behavior of a piled raft foundation have been carried out using a multiphase model conceived as an improved homogenization approach. According to this model, the ground reinforced by a group of piles is treated as a homogeneous continuous medium. In this approach, no specific interface elements are necessary to account for the mechanical interaction between the piles and the ground: this interaction is described by means of two scalar parameters, one stiffness parameter and one which can easily be derived from the maximum ground‐pile friction. The implementation of the model into a finite element code provides an efficient tool for the analysis of the influence of the pile number or length on the settlement and bearing capacity of a square piled raft foundation and of the way the total applied load is shared between the raft and the piles. Results are compared with a standard 3D finite element analysis. The comparison highlights the fact that the proposed approach remains to be improved to account for tip resistance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合地基桩间土承载力折减系数的分析与取值

在多项工程的单桩和复合地基静载荷试验对比资料基础上,经过理论分析计算,针对不同地基土质条件,提出邯郸市区粉喷桩复合地基桩间土承载力折减系数的取值标准,可为复合地基设计提供参考。     

An investigation of landslide problems in spoil piles in a strip coal mining area, West Virginia (U.S.A.)

Spoil piles in coal mine areas in north-central West Virginia suffer from numerous landslide problems. An investigation to determine the causes of these slides showed that the stratigraphic composition, the nature of the foundation soils, the seasonal high water table and the mining technique contributed to the instability. The presence of red shales is identified as a key problem.

Several models of failure were investigated based on inclinometer data. These data suggest that multiple failure surfaces may develop in spoil piles. In such cases, the initial failure surface is better defined than other movement surfaces, which either represent subsequent failures that occur in response to placement of additional spoil materials, or are shear zones of readjustment following initial failure. Results show that failures are most likely initiated along the spoil-natural ground interface and propagate slowly into the spoil mass.     

冲填软土地基深层加固的优化方案分析

冲填软土地基需要经过地基处理后才能投入工程使用,处理方案一般为浅层地基处理如真空预压处理,但对于大面积大荷载堆载场地,浅层地基处理不足以保证地基稳定性,需进一步做深层地基加固。本文针对广州某造船基地大面积堆载场地,对经真空预压处理后的该类深厚冲填软土地基提出了搅拌桩地基、微型桩地基以及搅拌桩微型桩交错布设地基加固方案,并基于Biot固结理论和有效应力原理,采用有限元分析软件PLAXIS进行数值模拟,对土体选取基于修正剑桥模型的软土模型和Mohr-Coulomb模型,对搅拌桩和微型桩依次选取线弹性模型和弹性模型,计算得到不同加固方案的基础沉降量。基于不同桩型加固机理对计算结果进行进一步分析得出,对此类深厚冲填软土地基,相同桩长的搅拌桩地基加固效果较微型桩效果更明显; 另通过对不同桩长搅拌桩地基加固效果的模拟计算,发现桩长为10m到15m的搅拌桩均能有效加固地基,但随着桩长的增加,加固效果未能显著提高。本研究为冲填软土地基深层加固的设计提供了一定的依据。     

高压旋喷桩复合地基在高层住宅楼中的应用

以郑州市某高层住宅楼工程为例,介绍了高压旋喷桩复合地基的设计计算和施工方法,经静荷载试验和建筑物沉降观测,复合地基的承载力可以满足设计要求,说明高压旋喷桩复合地基可以成功地用于高层住宅楼的建筑中.     

液化地基侧向流动引起的桩基础破坏分析

20世纪60年代以来,流动地基中的桩基础的震害现象和抗震设计受到了工程师和研究者的广泛关注。对侧向流动地基中桩基础的一些典型震害现象和其可能震害原因的归纳和分析,显示目前研究仍不能完全解释侧向流动地基中桩基础的震害现象。选取新泻地震中昭和大桥桩基础破坏案例采用p-y方法进行计算,分析地基侧向流动引起的桩基础破坏的影响因素。计算结果显示,合理地描述液化砂土的p-y曲线模型在侧向流动地基桩基础分析中起到关键作用。对于侧向流动地基中桩基础的震害机制的进一步理解和抗震设计,有赖于更为合理和有效地液化砂土中的p-y模型的发展。     

不同场地条件下长桩的承载性状研究

根据软土地基、非软土地基中长钻孔灌注桩静载荷试验和桩身轴力的测试结果,分析探讨了竖向荷载下长桩的受力性能及沉降特征的一些规律。桩侧土模量较高的非软土地区的长桩静力试桩所测得的结果表明,荷载传递和桩身压缩与软土地区超长桩性状相似,长桩的桩身压缩量相当可观,计算中应予以考虑。极限侧阻力与端阻力不同步发挥,不同深度处的不同土层处基桩的侧阻也不能同步发挥;同时指出相关规范中极限承载力计算公式的不严密之处,并且探讨说明了竖向荷载下的长群桩基础变形性状及沉降计算有待进一步的研究。本项研究对今后超长桩的理论研究和工程设计应用具有一定的借鉴作用。     

钻孔挤密桩处理强湿陷性黄土地基试验研究

挤密桩法用于处理湿陷性黄土地基,可有效地消除土的湿陷性和提高地基承载力。某拟建电厂工程针对强湿陷性黄土地基,采用钻孔挤密桩（DDC工法）复合地基的处理方法开展现场试验研究。通过采用载荷试验、标准贯入试验等原位测试方法,对桩间土、桩体及复合地基的承载性能、变形参数进行了评价和分析,重点进行了自然工况和浸水工况下的对比研究,对地基处理效果进行了综合评价     

素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤变形破坏模式

为了分析素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降变形特征和失稳破坏机制,建立了3组不同桩间距的素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤离心试验模型及其数值模型。结果表明：在路堤填土自重、轨道和车辆荷载作用下,改变桩间距对素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降变形、桩体应变、加筋垫层和桩体破坏模式具有显著的影响;当桩间距不大于4倍桩径时,加筋垫层整体基本保持完好,路堤下素混凝土桩复合地基沉降能逐渐趋于稳定,而桩间距达到6倍桩径后,桩顶刺穿加筋垫层,加筋垫层对桩土变形协调和传递荷载作用失效,素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降持续增大;当桩间距达到4倍桩径时,素混凝土桩最大应变值发生随上部荷载的增大反而减小的突变现象,最靠近坡脚的素混凝土桩最先产生弯曲破坏而不是剪切破坏,当桩间距增大至6倍桩径时,桩体弯曲破坏逐渐往路堤中心方向发展。