低渗透性多孔介质渗透性能测定评述

本文简要回顾了用于测定低渗透性多孔介质渗透性能的若干方法，着重对影响低渗透性介质渗透性能测定的有关因素进行了分析，指出对于低渗透性介质，目前还未有标准公认的渗透性能测定方法，尚需做大量的实验与理论研究工作。     

岩溶含水介质渗透性空间结构分析的模型及其应用

岩溶含水介质渗透性的空间分布具有随机性与结构性的双重性质,本文探讨了运用区域化变量理论研究岩溶含水介质渗透性空间结构特征的数学模型及多数的物理意义,并阐述了具体的应用方法。为了综合表征岩溶含水介质渗透性的空间变异特点,给出了方向综合变异指标Ｄｖ。      

定量预测岩溶含水介质渗透性空间分布的克立格法

本文结合实例,首次运用克立格法进行岩溶含水介质渗透性空间分布的定量预测;初步探讨了岩溶含水介质渗透性空间变异性分析的方法、原理和步骤;通过与其它传统方法计算结果的对比,分析了克立格法应用于岩溶含水介质渗透性空间分布定量预测的优越性。      

岩溶含水介质渗透性参数空间最优估计的原理与方法

本文着重阐述区域化变量理论和克立格法在岩溶含水介质渗透性分析中的应用，并对岩溶含水介质渗透性参数空间最优估计的方法进行了探讨。     

岩溶含水介质渗透性空间变异规律的地质统计分析

本文首次运用地质统计学的理论与方法定量研究隐伏岩溶含水介质渗透性的空间变异规律，初步探讨了应用地质统计学分析岩溶含水介质渗透性的具体方法、原理和步骤。     

岩溶含水介质渗透性空间变异规律的地质统计分析

本文首次运用地质统计学的理论与方法定量研究隐伏岩溶含水介质渗透性的空间变异规律,初步探讨了应用地质统计学分析岩溶含水介质渗透性的具体方法、原理和步骤。     

硝化和反硝化对湖泊有机质沉积成岩前降解作用的研究

贵州红枫湖10月叶绿素a(chla)和NO3^-含量均比7月明显降低。利用氮同位素等数据对此进行了研究，结果表明，含量的降低是由不同的生物地球化学作用引起的。chla含量的降低主要是水体中有机质降解(硝化)所致，而NO3^- 含量的降低则是缺氧季节湖泊沉积物表层反硝化作用的结果。缺氧季节表层水体仍然能发生较强烈的硝化作用。硝化作用和反硝化作用分别发生在热分层湖泊的上层和沉积物表层。反硝化作用不仅消耗大量的NO3^-，而且还造成了一定量的有机质降解(有机碳作为电子受体)。据估算，在红枫湖后五测点和大坝测点，总有机碳在沉积成岩前分别降解了78％和68％。其中由硝化作用引起的总有机质降解量分别为35．8%和25．9％，而反硝化作用则分别为13．4％和9．2％。     

麦饭石促进异养反硝化去除水中硝酸盐的研究

微生物异养反硝化技术是市政污水处理中广泛应用的技术,但在实际应用中,微生物活性易受冲击负荷、重金属胁迫等环境条件影响,使出水效果不稳定。麦饭石作为一种天然硅酸盐矿物,能有效提高微生物活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,可以将其应用于微生物污染治理领域。通过批实验研究麦饭石的剂量、处理方式对异养反硝化的促进作用并探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。结果表明,麦饭石的投加剂量和处理方式均显著影响了微生物对硝酸盐的去除效果。硝酸盐去除率与麦饭石投加量呈正相关,麦饭石投加量为350 g/L时硝酸盐去除率可达96%,未添加麦饭石的空白组硝酸盐去除率仅为25%;处理方式会影响麦饭石对反硝化过程的强化作用,研磨后过200目筛的麦饭石在投加量<150 g/L时具有优势,投加量继续增大后,未经处理的麦饭石表现出更强的反硝化促进作用。进一步采用未经处理的麦饭石、研磨后过200目筛麦饭石及球磨麦饭石浸出液进行反硝化的促进实验及微生物毒性实验探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。实验结果表明,麦饭石浸出液能够提高微生物的活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,影响麦饭石生物促进作用的主要因素为其溶出微量元素的成分及浓度。本研究为天然矿物麦饭石应用于微生物污染治理提供理论依据和实际应用价值。     

地下水系统中的抗生素对反硝化的影响研究进展

微生物反硝化过程是地下水中硝酸盐最重要的脱氮形式。再生水利用和养殖业引起的抗生素污染常与硝酸盐共存。因此,需深入研究抗生素及其存在形式对地下水中硝酸盐反硝化过程及抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）产生、富集和传播的影响,以综合解析地下水硝酸盐浓度升高的原因。近年来的研究识别了地下水系统中抗生素的解离/络合形态、吸附形式（层间吸附/表面吸附）、水解与微生物降解产物等存在形式,并从反硝化微生物群落、功能酶的种类与活性、功能基因丰度以及ARGs产生与传播途径阐释了抗生素对反硝化过程的抑制机制。主要结论为：（1）地下水系统中,抗生素以多种形式存在,而不同形式的抗生素对微生物的毒性有显著差异;（2）在每升纳克至微克水平的抗生素存在下,地下水反硝化过程受到抑制,抗生素改变了微生物群落结构,抑制了功能酶活性,增加了ARGs的丰度,在这些作用的协同影响下,硝酸盐降解动力学由零级向一级转变;（3）在抗生素抑制反硝化过程中,还增加了温室气体N2O的释放量,抗生素影响了功能基因nosZ表达,N2O浓度与nosZ丰度呈负指数关系。在综述相关文献的基础上,对未来研究提出了展望：（1）定量识别典型抗生素进入地下水系统后的存在形式;（2）厘清不同存在形式的抗生素对反硝化微生物群落、功能酶种类与活性、功能基因丰度和多样性的影响;（3）探索反硝化功能基因在抗生素不同存在形式和不同输入方式下的变化过程,并建立ARGs产生、富集与传播模式;（4）结合野外观测和室内实验从分子生物学、环境化学和水文地质学多尺度研究复合污染下地下水系统的反硝化过程,可为日益复杂的地下水污染防治和饮用水安全保障提供理论依据。     

多孔介质应力对孔隙压力影响的研究

通过大量的现场测试发现 ,含瓦斯煤岩是一个复杂的系统 ,煤体应力的变化是引起其他一系列变化的主导因素。随煤体应力的变化 ,孔隙压力呈指数形式变化 ;介质的渗透性受孔隙压力梯度的控制。     

Equivalent Permeability and Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media

The problem of calculating equivalent grid block permeability tensors for heterogeneous porous media is addressed. The homogenization method used involves solving Darcy's equation subject to linear boundary conditions with flux conservation in subregions of the reservoir and can be readily applied to unstructured grids. The resulting equivalent permeability tensor is stable as defined relative to G-convergence. It is proposed to use both conforming and mixed finite elements to solve the local problems and compute approximations from above and below of the equivalent permeability, respectively. Comparisons with results obtained using periodic, pressure and no-flux boundary conditions and the renormalization method are presented. A series of numerical examples demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology for two-phase flow in heterogeneous reservoirs.     

Modeling Hysteresis in Porous Media Flow via Relaxation

Two-phase flow in a porous medium can be modeled, using Darcy's law, in terms of the relative permeability functions of the two fluids (say, oil and water). The relative permeabilities generally depend not only on the fluid saturations but also on the direction in which the saturations are changing. During water injection, for example, the relative oil permeability k _ro falls gradually until a threshold is reached, at which stage the k _ro begins to decrease sharply. The latter stage is termed imbibition. If oil is subsequently injected, then k _ro does not recover along the imbibition path, but rather increases only gradually until another threshold is reached, whereupon it rises sharply. This second stage is called drainage, and the type of flow that occurs between the imbibition and drainage stages is called scanning flow. Changes in permeability during scanning flow are approximately reversible, whereas changes during drainage and imbibition are irreversible. Thus there is hysteresis, or memory, exhibited by the two-phase flow in the porous medium. In this work, we describe two models of permeability hysteresis. Common to both models is that the scanning flow regime is modeled with a family of curves along which the flow is reversible. In the Scanning Hysteresis Model (SHM), the scanning curves are bounded by two curves, the drainage and imbibition curves, where the flow can only occur in a specific direction. The SHM is a heuristic model consistent with experiments, but it does not have a nice mathematical specification. For instance, the algorithm for constructing solutions of Riemann problems involves several ad hoc assumptions. The Scanning Hysteresis Model with Relaxation (SHMR) augments the SHM by (a) allowing the scanning flow to extend beyond the drainage and imbibition curves and (b) treating these two curves merely as attractors of states outside the scanning region. The attraction, or relaxation, occurs on a time scale that corresponds to the redistribution of phases within the pores of the medium driven by capillary forces. By means of a formal Chapman–Enskog expansion, we show that the SHM with additional viscosity arises from the SHMR in the limit of vanishing relaxation time, provided that the diffusion associated with capillarity exceeds that induced by relaxation. Moreover, through a rigorous study of traveling waves in the SHMR, we show that the shock waves used to solve Riemann problems in the SHM are precisely those that have diffusive profiles. Thus the analysis of the SHMR justifies the SHM model. Simulations based on a simple numerical method for the simulation of flow with hysteresis confirm our analysis.     

多孔介质中水合物的热物理参数测量

利用时域反射技术和非稳态热线法测量热物理特性技术,设计制作了一套用于高压状态下测量含水合物沉积层热物理参数的系统。选择粒级(?)0.18～0.25 mm的细砂作为多孔介质,加入0.3g/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液作为多孔介质中的孔隙水和甲烷气体(纯度为99.9%),模拟沉积物中水合物的生成过程。采用交叉热线法和平行热线法两种方法测量了含水合物沉积层中的导热率,交叉热线法导热率的测量结果为(1.112±0.080)W/(m·K),平行热线法导热率的测量结果为(1.078±0.057)W/(m·K)。     

低渗储层多孔介质渗吸系数的分形分析

水自发渗吸驱油是低渗裂缝性油藏的重要采油机理,分析渗吸影响因素,研究油藏渗吸潜力,有效地利用渗吸效应,对提高石油采收率具有重要意义.系统分析了油藏渗吸及渗吸系数的研究现状,进而基于储层岩石孔隙结构的分形特征,推导了平均实际流速与平均直线流速的关系,考虑原始水饱和度的影响,建立了低渗油藏多孔介质渗吸系数的分形模型.结果表...     

Generalized Coarse Graining Procedures for Flow in Porous Media

This paper focuses on heterogeneous soil conductivities and on the impact their resolution has on a solution of the piezometric head equation: owing to spatial variations of the conductivity, the flow properties at larger scales differ from those found for experiments performed at smaller scales. The method of coarse graining is proposed in order to upscale the piezometric head equation on arbitrary intermediate scales. At intermediate scales large scale fluctuations of the conductivities are resolved, whereas small scale fluctuations are smoothed by a partialy spatial filtering procedure. The filtering procedure is performed in Fourier space with the aid of a low-frequency cut-off function. We derive the partially upscaled head equations. In these equations, the impact of the small scale variability is modeled by scale dependent effective conductivities which are determined by additional differential equations. Explicit results for the scale dependent conductivity values are presented in lowest order perturbation theory. The perturbation theory contributions are summed up with using a renormalisation group analysis yielding explicit results for the effective conductivity in isotropic media. Therefore, the results are also valid for highly heterogeneous media. The results are compared with numerical simulations performed by Dykaar and Kitanidis (1992). The method of coarse graining combined by a renormalisation group analysis offers a tool to derive exact and explicit expressions for resolution dependent conductivity values. It is, e.g., relevant for the interpretation of measurement data on different scales and for reduction of grid-block resolution in numerical modeling. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多孔介质渗流力学理论研究现状及发展趋势

多孔介质广泛存在于地下岩土结构、工程材料、生物体中,由于多孔介质微结构的复杂性,多孔介质渗流问题受到广泛关注。总结介绍了多孔介质渗流理论在国内外的研究现状,对多孔介质的描述、渗流问题的研究方法以及多孔介质中溶质运移、热量运移以及数值模型等方面的研究进展作了评述,并就多孔介质渗流理论在环境、农业、生态等领域的应用与发展方向提出看法。     

双重介质中核素迁移模型的解析解及其应用

给出了具有单裂隙的双重介质中，裂隙一端有分时注入源情形下的迁移模型的解析解及一些简化条件下的解析解，并利用解析解研究了核素在双重介质中的迁移问题。     

Effect of Clay Minerals on Transport of Surfactants Dispersed Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Porous Media

Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transport of surfactants dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in well-defined quartz sand and mixtures of quartz sand and clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) with varying ionic strengths was studied. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and octyl-phenol-ethoxylate (TX100) MWCNT suspensions can migrate through quartz sand easily, but the presence of less than 2% w/w clay minerals in quartz sand can significantly hinder the transport of MWCNT suspensions, especially at high ion strength (0.6 mM CaCl2). The inhibition mechanism of clay minerals for surfactant-dispersed MWCNTs in porous media is the interception of MWCNTs. Kaolinite has stronger inhibition effect for MWCNTs transport than montmorillonite because more kaolinite can be retained in the quartz sand. Adsorption of surfactants by clay minerals does not affect the transport of MWCNTs significantly. This finding is important for the environmental assessment of MWCNT transport risks in soils and aquifers.     

层状非均质多孔介质中LNAPLs污染物运移与分布的锋面扩展模型

通过建立二维物理模型,研究非饱和层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体LNAPLs(Light Non-a-queous Phase Liquids)的入渗机制与变化特征,建立LNAPLs运移与分布的锋面扩展模型,探讨入渗阶段油流锋面扩展速率的变化规律。结果发现:模型中砂土的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数对LNAPLs运移的锋面扩展速率影响较大,而油的饱和度与压头变化对其影响较小。当LNAPLs由中砂进入细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体时,砂的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数减小,这种介质结构面的突变改变了LNAPLs锋面扩展速率,其在中砂中锋面扩展速率快而在细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体中锋面扩展速率慢。此外,当LNAPLs进入干湿界面后,由于毛细作用的增强与含水量的加大,其横向比垂向运移的平均锋面扩展速率大。     

Mortar Upscaling for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

In mortar space upscaling methods, a reservoir is decomposed into a series of subdomains (blocks) in which independently constructed numerical grids and possibly different physical models and discretization techniques can be employed in each block. Physically meaningful matching conditions are imposed on block interfaces in a numerically stable and accurate way using mortar finite element spaces. Coarse mortar grids and fine subdomain grids provide two-scale approximations. In the resulting effective solution flow is computed in subdomains on the fine scale while fluxes are matched on the coarse scale. In addition the flexibility to vary adaptively the number of interface degrees of freedom leads to more accurate multiscale approximations. This methodology has been implemented in the Center for Subsurface Modeling's multiphysics multiblock simulator IPARS (Integrated Parallel Accurate reservoir Simulator). Computational experiments demonstrate that this approach is scalable in parallel and it can be applied to non-matching grids across the interface, multinumerics and multiphysics models, and mortar adaptivity. Moreover unlike most upscaling approaches the underlying systems can be treated fully implicitly.