Cycles of alkaline magmatism

Geochronological data (～1800 dates) have been analyzed by the probabilistic statistical analysis of samplings of different subalkaline and alkaline rocks through the whole of geological time. The distribution of five groups of subalkaline and alkaline rocks within the Late Archean-Phanerozoic are strictly controlled by mantle cycles, which were distinguished from data on the upper mantle magmatic rocks. Since high alkali rocks are plume related, their universal participation in each of the revealed mantle cycles emphasizes the importance of this magmatism in the evolution of the crustal-mantle system. The initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios are subdivided into two groups: with mantle and crustal signatures. Mantle isotope ratios are typically observed throughout the entire geological interval of dated rocks, while the role of crustal isotope signatures increases from the Archean to Phanerozoic, reflecting the increasing the role of fluids and crustal rocks in the magmatic processes during the generation of mantle magmas and their consolidation in the crust. Since alkaline magmatic sources are formed during mantle metasomatism, which enriched the magma generation zones in incompatible elements, the repeated occurrence of this process in separate mantle zones may have lead to the anomalous accumulation of these elements, which should be reflected in the alkaline magmas.     

碱交代成矿作用的地球化学共性和归类

迄今为止,在国内和国外广大地区已发现了极其众多的下列元素的各种类型矿床,例如: 1.产于钠长石化花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩体中的铌、钽、锂、铷、铯、铍、钨、锡等矿床(或称岩体浸染型、变花岗岩型、自变质型、云英岩型等等)和钾长石化花岗岩中的稀土矿床。     

Rb-Sr and U-Th-Pb systematics of alkaline rocks: the alkaline rocks from Italy

The isotopic composition of Pb and Sr and the abundances of Rb, Sr, U, Th, and Pb were determined for whole rock samples from all major volcanic centres of the Cenozoic alkaline volcanism of Central and South Italy, together with some samples from the contemporaneous anatectic Tuscan volcanism. The Sr and Pb isotopic compositions of the alkaline rocks show a negative correlation combined with a regional trend: the ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios decrease from 0.711 in the north-west to 0.704 in the south-east, while the ${}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{204}\text{Pb}$ ratios increase from 18.7 to 20.0. Variations in both isotopic compositions are generally small throughout erupted rock sequences for any volcanic centre.The Pb and Sr isotopic abundance variations are interpreted on the basis of two alternative models, which correspond to two groups of geological processes: variations can result (i) from a time dependent development in subsystems with different $\text{Rb}\text{Sr}$ or $\text{U(Th)}\text{Pb}$ ratios or, (ii) from mixing of Sr or Pb with different isotopic compositions. Combining both Pb and Sr isotope abundance measurements it is shown that the source of each volcanic centre is formed by various degrees of mixing between two components. One component and the most southern Tuscan anatectic rocks most likely have a common source, whereas the other component of the mixing process is suggested to be a liquid fraction derived from a small degree of partial fusion of a hydrous mantle. Thus at least a two-stage evolution of the Italian alkaline rocks is indicated: first a mixing process leading to the formation of the parental material followed by differentiation processes leading to the formation of the erupted rock sequences.The geodynamic model which explains the data best is that of a lateral inhomogeneous mantle. The lateral inhomogeneities in the mantle would be the result of mixing between originally mantle and crustal derived material. The mixing process itself would not have any primary connection with the Quarternary volcanic activity.     

碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土性能影响的研究进展

基于前人有关膨润土在碱性环境下的室内试验和数值模拟的研究结果 ,重点阐述了碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土矿物成分、微观结构、膨胀性和渗透性等方面的影响,讨论了温度、pH值与溶液浓度等对上述过程的影响。碱金属离子及碱性溶液不仅可交换膨润土中蒙脱石层间阳离子,而且可溶解膨润土中的蒙脱石,生成非膨胀性矿物,并随着温度和pH值升高,蒙脱石被溶解程度增加,从而导致了膨润土膨胀力减小,且随着温度、溶液浓度及pH值的增加,膨胀力削弱程度加强;同时,膨润土与碱金属离子及碱溶液接触时孔隙增多,进而渗透性增强,随着温度和溶液浓度增加,渗透性也明显增强。数值模拟可实现膨润土与碱性溶液长期接触时发生的矿物成分及渗透性变化的预测。高温、不同pH值的低碱性溶液及其耦合作用对膨润土的矿物化学成分、微观结构、膨胀力和渗透性的影响及机理研究应该是今后研究的重点。     

Effect of alkaline solutions on bentonite properties

The influence of alkaline aqueous solutions on the properties of bentonite was investigated to evaluate the performance of bentonitic engineered barriers when contacted with alkaline groundwater. Batch and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on Na-bentonite using six different alkaline aqueous solutions. For the batch tests, almost no change in the montmorillonite fraction of the bentonite was observed after reacting with alkaline solutions (pH = 8.4–13.1), regardless of the solution type. On the other hand, aluminosilicate minerals (e.g., albite) were dissolved and secondary minerals (e.g., anorthite) were formed in alkaline NaOH solutions (pH > 13). The cation (Ca or Na) concentration primarily affected the swelling properties of bentonite rather than the pH of the solution, which was comparable to the results of the hydraulic conductivity tests. For the Ca solutions, the hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite specimen to the 0.02 mol/L Ca(OH)₂ solution (6.5 × 10^?9 cm/s) was approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of the bentonite specimen to the 0.02 mol/L Ca(OH)₂ + 1 mol/L CaCl₂ solution (5.0 × 10^?8 cm/s), whereas the hydraulic conductivity to the 0.02 mol/L Ca(OH)₂ + 1 mol/L CaCl₂ solution (pH = 11.3) (5.0 × 10^?8 cm/s) was slightly higher than that to the 1 mol/L CaCl₂ solution (pH_i = 8.4) (4.4 × 10^?8 cm/s). For the NaOH solutions with pH > 13, the hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite specimen decreased with increasing Na concentration, suggesting that the effect of Na concentration was more dominant than that of permeant pH.     

Mesozoic mafic alkaline magmatism of southern Scandinavia

More than 100 volcanic necks in central Scania (southern Sweden) are the product of Jurassic continental rift-related mafic alkaline magmatism at the southwest margin of the Baltic Shield. They are mainly basanites, with rarer melanephelinites. Both rock groups display overlapping primitive Mg-numbers, Cr and Ni contents, steep chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns (La_N /Yb_N = 17–27) and an overall enrichment in incompatible elements. However, the melanephelinites are more alkaline and have stronger high field strength element enrichment than the basanites. The existence of distinct primary magmas is also indicated by heterogeneity in highly incompatible element ratios (e.g. Zr/Nb, La/Nb). Trace element modelling indicates that the magmas were generated by comparably low degrees of melting of a heterogeneous mantle source. Such a source can best be explained by a metasomatic overprint of the mantle lithosphere by percolating evolved melts. The former existence of such alkaline trace element-enriched melts can be demonstrated by inversion of the trace element content of green-core clinopyroxenes and anorthoclase which occur as xenocrysts in the melanephelinites and are interpreted as being derived from crystallization of evolved mantle melts. Jurassic magmatic activity in Scania was coeval with the generation of nephelinites in the nearby Egersund Basin (Norwegian North Sea). Both Scanian and North Sea alkaline magmas share similar trace element characteristics. Mantle enrichment processes at the southwest margin of the Baltic Shield and the North Sea Basin generated trace element signatures similar to those of ocean island basalts (e.g. low Zr/Nb and La/Nb) but there are no indications of plume activity during the Mesozoic in this area. On the contrary, the short duration of rifting, absence of extensive lithospheric thinning, and low magma volumes argue against a Mesozoic mantle plume. It seems likely that the metasomatic imprint resulted from the earlier Permo-Carboniferous rifting episode which affected the entire study area and clearly was accompanied by plume activity (Ernst and Buchan in American Geophysical Union, pp 297–337, 1997). Renewed rifting in Jurassic times triggered decompression melting in the volatile-enriched lithospheric mantle and the alkaline melts generated inherited the earlier stored plume signature.This revised version was published online September 2004 with a correction to the footnote of the sample list.     

少砬哈子碱性岩体铌钽矿化特征及吉中地区碱性岩找矿方向

在吉中地区敦密断裂带上,分布大小不等的碱性杂岩体已发现的大约20余个。本文对蛟河南部少砬哈子碱性岩体地质特征及蚀变矿化进行了详细的野外地质调查,发现该岩体具有很好的铌、铈矿化,Nb5O2平均品位0.043%,最高为0.049%（未分析钽）,铈族稀土质量分数0.109%,且不同的岩相带矿化蚀变存在较大差异,细粒结构相矿化...     

Liquid immiscibility in basic alkaline magmas

On the assumption that very basic silicate magmas contain appreciable amounts of O^2? ions, non-ideal mixing of the melt species may be due to strongly preferred ionic associations. The anions in the melt, O^2? on the one hand, and SiO₄^4? and polymerized aluminosilicate ionic species on the other, discriminate between the cations according to their field strength and polarizing power. K⁺, Na⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ associate with singly bonded oxygen, and Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Ni²⁺ attach themselves to O^2? rather than to silicate or aluminosilicate anions. In extreme cases these relations may lead to unmixing in the silicate melt, especially in the presence of water which may lower the liquidus relative to the solvus temperature. Liquid—liquid phase separation in ultrabasic magmas may be related to the present model.     

Characterization of sedimentary humic matter by alkaline hydrolysis

Humic matter fractions from modern sediments of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan have been compared. Large yields of saccharinic acids from alkaline hydrolysis suggest that these fractions contain large portions of carbohydrate materials. Evidence for contributions of aquatic lipid (C-16 fatty acids) and of liginin (phenolic acids) to these sediments is also present in the hydrolysis products. Qualitative differences among fulvic acid, humic acid and humin from the same lake are minor, suggesting common (or similar) organic sources for these fractions. The lability of sedimentary humic matter to alkaline hydrolysis is inversely related to its degree of exposure to oxidative weathering. Lability may also be related to diagenetic state as fulvic acids generally yield greater quantities of hydrolysis components than humic acids which in turn yield more than humin.     

关于“碱质交代成矿模式”的几点看法

胡受奚教授等,主要根据对华南与钨锡矿床有关的花岗岩特别是西华山花岗岩体的研究,提出了“碱质交代成矿模式。他们认为,花岗岩的交代蚀变过程,“是以钾交代为主导,由强基(K)向较弱的基(Li)或氢交代的发展过程”;与其有关的钨锡矿床成矿过程,表现为“在时间上从早到晚,空间上自下而上,从碱质交代转移浸出带→蚀变交代转移富集带”的过程;“矿脉及其两旁岩石中的钨、锡、钼、铋等造矿元素的含量,是随着碱性长石化加强和云英岩化减弱而变贫”;蚀变交代时间上由早到晚,在空间上由下到上,由钾长石化→钠长石化→云英岩化,而钾长石化带的下部“是各种成矿元素的活化转移带,成为     

河北汉诺坝碱性玄武岩的源区和成因

我国华北北部新近纪喷发的汉诺坝玄武岩,岩层出露比较完整,普遍含有超镁铁岩包体和各种高压巨晶。大麻坪代黄沟剖面出露较好,主要岩性为玄武岩,从上到下可分为上三、二、一层和底层。岩相学观察显示这些玄武岩含有1%~5%的捕虏晶且斑晶数量很少。橄榄岩包体为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩,轻稀土略微亏损,轻重稀土无分馏,显示这是只经过少量部分熔融后的原始地幔包体。通过对代黄沟碱性玄武岩中橄榄石、辉石和斜长石等斑晶或捕虏晶的矿物学分析,得出它们的成分变化是玄武岩混合了分解的地幔橄榄岩快速上升造成的。玄武岩的主量元素与二辉橄榄岩相平衡的原生熔体相比,Mg#(52.0~62.7)以及CaO(7.3%~8.5%)、Ni((82~192)×10-6)和Cr((65~192)×10-6)含量都较低。玄武岩的稀土分配模式为轻稀土富集的右倾型,δEu=1.01~1.05,δCe=0.95~1.02,富集高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr及大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr。玄武岩痕量元素Ba/Rb和Rb/Sr的比值显示源区可能遭受过流体的交代作用。同时,痕量元素显示这一系列玄武岩主要受到部分熔融的控制,大量的结晶分异并未发生,且源区残留石榴子石。分析认为玄武岩岩浆应该是原生岩浆,而不是演化岩浆,影响整个岩浆的形成的过程可能是部分熔融而不是分离结晶。基于目前已发表的实验岩石学结果和理论分析认为汉诺坝玄武岩与辉石岩类相平衡,源区主要矿物相为单斜辉石和石榴子石,可能存在少量的橄榄石。     

Tectonic significance of alkaline volcanism in eastern Mexico

The Mexican Volcanic Belt of active, mainly andesite volcanoes extends from the Pacific coast, through central Mexico, to the Caribbean coast. The setting of the Belt is linked with subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate below continental Mexico. The eastern-most volcano in the Belt is part of the Tuxtla volcanic area on the Caribbean coast. Volcanics from this area belong to a picrite basalt—basanitoid-alkali basalt—hawaiite association, in contrast to the calc-alkaline association of the remainder of the Volcanic Belt, and are linked with lithospheric fracturing in the tectonic setting of a destructive-type continental plate margin.     

中科院地化所:辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年分析方法取得重要进展

精确厘定金属矿床的成矿时代对揭示成矿动力学背景,探讨成矿物质、成矿流体来源和建立切合实际的矿床成因模式具有重要意义。矿石矿物或金属矿物的Re-Os同位素体系是金属矿床直接定年和示踪的重要手段,辉钼矿含有较高的Re含量(ppm级别)且基本不含普通Os, 是最理想的定年对象。目前常用的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析方法是卡洛斯管密闭酸溶法,该方法具有空白低的优点,但流程相对复杂且卡洛斯管有发生爆炸的危险,需要专业人士操作,同时分析成本较高。     

Trace element distribution coefficients in alkaline series

Mineral/groundmass partition coefficients for U, Th, Zr, Hf, Ta, Rb, REE, Co and Sc have been systematically measured in olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, Ti-magnetites, titanite, zircon and feldspars, in basaltic to trachytic lavas from alkaline series (Velay, Chaîne des Puys: Massif Central, France and Fayal: Azores). Average partition coefficients are denned within the experimental uncertainty for limited compositional ranges (basalt-hawaiite, mugearites, benmoreite-trachyte), and are useful for trace element modelling. The new results for U, Th, Ta, Zr and Hf partition coefficients show contrasting behaviour. They can thus be used as “key elements” for identifying fractionating mineral phases in differentiation processes (e.g. Ta and Th for amphibole and mica).Partition coefficient may be calculated using the two-lattice model suggested by Nielsen (1985). Such values show a considerably reduced chemical dependence in natural systems, relative to weight per cent D values. The residual variations may be accounted for by temperature or volatile influence. This calculation greatly enhances modelling possibilities using trace elements for comparing differentiation series as well as for predicting the behaviour of elements during magmatic differentiation.     

Transtension and alkaline magmatism of the Romanche Fracture Zone

New magnetometric, petrological, and geochemical data on basalts from the central Romanche Fracture Zone (FZ) allow us to classify these rocks into two groups. The igneous rocks from the active part of the fracture zone that experienced transtension are referred to as alkaline rocks. According to some indications, they are younger that the oceanic tholeiites of the southern fault-line ridge, which were affected by elevated pressure in the past. These data indicate with a high probability that the Romanche FZ belongs to a rare group of magmatically active demarcation transform lines that separate large oceanic domains different in structural and geochemical features.     

Significance of rare hydrous alkaline melts in Hawaiian xenoliths

 Two types of melt pockets occur in Hawaiian mantle xenoliths: amphibole-bearing (AMP) and spinel-bearing (SMP). AMPs contain amphibole (kaersutite), olivine (Fo₉₂), clinopyroxene (with 7–11% Al₂O₃), vesicles and glass. SMPs contain olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel, glass, and vesicles. The glasses in SMPs (SiO₂=44–45%, 11–12% alkalis, La=90–110 ppm) and AMPs (SiO₂=49–54%, 6–8.5% alkalis, La=8–14 ppm) are distinct in color and composition. Both glasses are generally characterized by LREE-enriched (chondrite-normalized) patterns. Amphibole and clinopyroxene have gently convex upward-to-moderately LREE-enriched patterns. Mineral/glass trace element abundance ratio plots show a strong negative Ti anomaly and a gentle negative Zr anomaly for clinopyroxene/glass; whereas amphibole/glass patterns show a distinctive positive Ti spike. The amphibole/glass trace element ratios are similar to published megacryst/lava values. An earlier study showed that the Hawaiian spinel lherzolites (lithosphere) have largely been metasomatized during post-erosional Honolulu magmatic activity. REE abundances of SMP glasses (melts) overlap the REE abundances calculated for such metasomes. The occurrence of hydrous, alkaline, mafic melt pockets in Hawaiian upper mantle xenoliths implies that (1) such hydrous liquids are generated in the upper mantle, and (2) water plays a role in magmatic activity associated with the Hawaiian plume. Although we are uncertain about the source (plume, lithosphere, or asthenosphere) of this water, we speculate that such melts and other alkalic lavas erupted on Oahu and on the sea-floor over the Hawaiian arch were generated from a broad „wet“ rim of a radially layered Hawaiian plume, whose hot and „dry“ core supplied the shield-forming magmas. Received: 6 February 1995 / Accepted: 28 August 1995     

Multistage alkaline permanganate degradation of a type II kerogen

The products of a 27-step alkaline permanganate degradation of a type II kerogen from a sample of Toarcian shale, Paris Basin, have been studied. The high yield of oxidation products consisted of 1.86% neutrals and bases, 24.48% ether-soluble acids, and 45.95% precipitated, ether-insoluble acids, based on weight of original kerogen. The ether-soluble acids and the soluble products of further permanganate degradation of precipitated acids were found to consist mostly of saturated unbranched C₆–C₂₂ α,ω-dicarboxylic and C₉–C₂₅ monocarboxylic acids. Significant amounts of aromatic monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids were also found. Alkane tri- and tetracarboxylic acids were obtained in small concentration.     

中国碱性杂岩的成因及其成矿作用

本文从碱性杂岩的产出和分布、地质特征、地球化学特征、成因、成矿作用几个方面综述了近年来对于我国碱性杂岩的研究成果与进展:(1)岩石学和同位素特征表明,硅不饱和的碱性杂岩类多属地幔低度部分熔融的原始岩浆为主侵位的产物;而硅饱和或过饱和碱性杂岩类多属深源岩浆与陆壳混染的产物。(2)地幔源区的低度部分熔融导致了稀土元素和大离子亲石元素等不相容元素的富集,同时富集的挥发份构成了矿化剂,对成矿具有重要控制作用。(3)深大断裂控制着碱性杂岩的产出,同时伴随着地质历史时期的重要地质事件,中国受深大断裂控制的碱性杂岩带主要有郯城-庐江碱性杂岩带、攀西碱性杂岩带和哀牢山-金沙江碱性杂岩带等9条。