努力推进城乡规划科技进步为城乡规划事业发展做贡献

中国城市规划设计研究院是科技体制改革后建设部唯一的直属科研机构，是全国城市规划研究、设计和信息中心，担负着为国家和建设部城乡规划决策提供技术支撑、为地方城乡规划建设提供咨询服务、促进城乡规划行业技术进步的职责。多年来，我院在不断深化院体制改革、促进院发展的同时，认真     

Possible relation of resistance of rocks to granitization and to their equilibrium and thermodynamic anisotropism

Resistance or susceptibility of different rocks to granitization and ultra metamorphism may be related to the degree of their equilibrium and to their energetic (thermodynamic) anisotropism. All rocks may be divided accordingly into active and passive ones, depending on their behavior in granitizing environments. The active group (sedimentary, elastic, clayey, mixed, noncrystalline effusives) consists of energetically anisotropic ones as well as of rocks that failed to attain their chemical equilibrium by the time of their stabilization. Such rocks are able to release a part of their energy in a certain stage of their granitization. The passive group includes sedimentary rocks (carbonate, ferruginous), fully crystalline magmatic rocks, energetically isotropic homogeneous sandstones, and quartzites). Granitization of such rocks, is, among other things, an endothermal phenomenon. Basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks are susceptible to granitization, provided they are interbedded with water-bearing sediments (including the passive ones); the resistance of such combinations to granitization is lower than the resistance of their constituents separately. Exothermal phenomena in granitization, such as release of energy from thermodynamically anisotropic bodies or of the accumulated solar energy (by crystalline substance) in reactions involving an uptake of liquid and gaseous phases, insufficient as they may be to assure a continuity of the granitization, may have a decisive effect upon the granitization-resistance of the rocks. — V.P. Sokoloff     

Applications of grain-pivoting and sliding analyses to selective entrapment of gravel and to flow-competence evaluations

Models of sediment threshold by grain pivoting or sliding over underlying particles are examined in order to explore their application to evaluations of selective entrainment of gravel by flowing water. Of special interest is whether such process-based models provide satisfactory evaluations of flow competence and the movement of large clasts by floods. A detailed derivation is undertaken, focusing first on the fluid flow and forces at the particle level. The resulting threshold equation for the particle-level velocity is then modified to yield the mean entrainment stress for the flow as a whole. This approach is appropriate for considerations of selective entrainment of grains of varying sizes within a deposit, the sorting being due to their relative projection distances above the bed and the dependence of their pivoting angles on grain size and shape. The resulting threshold equations contain a number of coefficients (e.g. drag and lift) whose values are poorly known, but can be constrained by requiring agreement with the Shields curve for the threshold of grains in uniform deposits. If pivoting coefficients based on laboratory measurements with tetrahedral arrangements of particles are used in the models, smaller degrees of selective sorting are predicted than found in the field measurements of gravel entrainment. However, if reasonable modifications of those coefficients are made for expected field conditions, then the models yield good agreement with the data. Sliding models, where sorting is due entirely to projection distances of the grains above the bed, yield somewhat poorer agreement with the field data; however, the sliding models may have support from laboratory experiments on gravel entrainment in that the data and theoretical curves have similar concave trends. The existing measurements lack documentation of the mechanisms of grain movement, so it is not possible to conclusively determine the relative importance of grain pivoting versus sliding. In spite of such uncertainties, the results are encouraging and it is concluded that pivoting and sliding models for grain entrainment do have potential for field computations of selective entrainment and flow competence.     

Statistical microanalysis applied to garnet growth zoning and to cordierite fluid content

An analytical study to evaluate quantitatively weak zoning of a garnet from a high-grade kinzigite has been performed with an electron microprobe. The technique consists of the reconstruction of a profile step-by-step by successive analyses performed during relatively long counting times (30 s), along a radial profile of 2,500 μm length. The successive analytical data along this profile are statistically treated by Fisher's test and compared with the χ² values (Pearson's law). These statistical tests were applied to assess microprobe stability and analysis homogeneity, and as a consequence to assure high credibility of the radial variations of the garnet. From core to rim, and for each element, zoning appears as the radial juxtaposition of stationary Poissonian samples. These samples being associated, the garnet appears to be constituted of successive concentric domains with stationary compositions. Different substitutions between Mg, Fe, Mn and Ca are evidenced. Such an analytical approach to chemical zoning can be useful for understanding growth mechanisms, and the possible diffusion reactions with the environment at each growth step. In addition, such a procedure can be used to evaluate accurately the fluid content of cordierite, and to appreciate the nature of the fluids concerned. As an example, the fluid content of a cordierite from a similar high-grade kinzigite has been evaluated.     

Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting

The safety and stability of concrete and masonry dams is a great concern when blasting has to be conducted close to these dams in order to construct small hydro-electric projects. There is a danger of ground vibration amplification to those residential-type buildings that are built close to these dams.

Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.

Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams.     

试论藏中南低速低阻层与成矿作用

20世纪70年以来，“青藏高原热”的地学研究对地质构造、地球物理和地球化学等方面的资料和数据的了积累，建立了青藏高原大地构造体系和特提斯喜马拉雅的形成演化模式及地壳层圈结构模式；20世纪末至今，喷流型矿床的发现和国土资源大调查项目的全面实施，使得“青藏高原”再次成为新的热点研究区。笔者试图将前人的基础地学研究成果与矿床的最新研究成果融为一体，进一步探讨全国重点成矿片区“一江两河”（雅鲁藏布江，拉萨河，年楚河）成矿带的成矿动力学与矿床时空分布规律。笔者认为，该区地壳深部区域性布的低速低阻层（部分熔融状态的高温热源体）是导致“一江两河”地区不同时代、不同成因类型矿床形成的主导因素之一。     

Application of fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making to select and to rank the post-mining land-use

The selection of an optimal reclamation method is one of the most important portions of the surface mining design. There are many factors in this problem which seriously influence decision-making. The fuzzy set theory was applied due to the effect of uncertain parameters involved in the decision-making process. Therefore, the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making method was proposed. The aim of this study is to use the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method for ranking the optimal post-mining land-use and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method in order to determine the weights of each criterion. This approach is applied to the surface coal mine by employing 28 criteria which influence the decision-making procedure. The TOPSIS and AHP methods have been the most used methods of mining decision-making and demonstrated their ability to make critical decisions. By evaluating the alternatives and considering effective criteria with proposed methods, agriculture is the optimal post-mining land-use.     

Introduction to an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification,Terminology, and Usage

International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification [Report No. 7a; editor H. D. Hedberg]: Introduction to an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. Boreas, Vol 1, pp. 199–211. Oslo, 1st September, 1972. [Co-published with Lethaia, Vol. 5, pp. 283–295]. The International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC), a subcommission of the IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy, has been working for the last 15–20 years towards the preparation of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. The purpose of the Guide is to promote international agreement on principles of stratigraphic classification and to establish internationally acceptable stratigraphic terminology and rules of stratigraphic procedure. The Introduction explains the background of its preparation.     

The contribution of women to Welsh geological research and education up to 1920

The importance of Welsh geology to the development of the science of geology and the stratigraphic column is underestimated and indeed the contribution of women to this process is largely overlooked. This paper explores the scientific contribution and the role that women played to the investigation of Welsh stratigraphy. The work of Gertrude Elles, Ethel Skeat, Ethel Wood and Margaret Crosfield, the so-called Newnham quartet of palaeontologists, and the educational contribution of Dilys Davies, the first female to study geology at Newnham College, Cambridge and of Annie Greenly to the work of her husband Edward Greenly on Anglesey is discussed. Catherine Raisin also contributed work on the metamorphic rocks of Wales and her work is examined. Without their contributions, Welsh stratigraphy would not be as advanced as it is today especially in the use of graptolite identification for correlation. However, scientific research was not the only contribution and other roles such as illustrators, proof readers, field assistants and teachers will also be examined against the background of the time. The fact that there were few higher education institutions in Wales at the time admitting women to geology is a significant factor for geological research. The contribution of female researchers to this research development is largely forgotten by both researchers, educators and the general public. This paper hopes to rectify these omissions.     

A polygon-based modeling approach to assess exposure of resources and assets to wildfire

Spatially explicit burn probability modeling is increasingly applied to assess wildfire risk and inform mitigation strategy development. Burn probabilities are typically expressed on a per-pixel basis, calculated as the number of times a pixel burns divided by the number of simulation iterations. Spatial intersection of highly valued resources and assets (HVRAs) with pixel-based burn probability estimates enables quantification of HVRA exposure to wildfire in terms of expected area burned. However, statistical expectations can mask variability in HVRA area burned across all simulated fires. We present an alternative, polygon-based formulation for deriving estimates of HVRA area burned. This effort enhances investigations into spatial patterns of fire occurrence and behavior by overlaying simulated fire perimeters with mapped HVRA polygons to estimate conditional distributions of HVRA area burned. This information can be especially useful for assessing risks where cumulative effects and the spatial pattern and extent of area burned influence HVRA response to fire. We illustrate our modeling approach and demonstrate application across real-world landscapes for two case studies: first, a comparative analysis of exposure and area burned across ten municipal watersheds on the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in Montana, USA, and second, fireshed delineation and exposure analysis of a geographically isolated and limited area of critical wildlife habitat on the Pike and San Isabel National Forests in Colorado, USA. We highlight how this information can be used to inform prioritization and mitigation decisions and can be used complementarily with more traditional pixel-based burn probability and fire intensity metrics in an expanded exposure analysis framework.     

艾力格庙──锡林浩特“中间地块”的归宿及有关问题探讨

地质、地球化学、地球物理场特征和地震测深结果均表明，颇大的艾力格庙──锡林浩特“中间地块”（由Ｐｔ１ｂｙ和Ｐｔ３ａｌ组成）可能是不存在的。锡林浩特等微大陆碎块，充其量不过是晚华力西褶皱带内彼此分隔的极小型移置体。把几个不连续的小型移置体牵强的连接成巨大的“中间地块”［１，２］，是不切实际的。应该把“中间地块”改划为艾力格庙──锡林浩特晚华力西地槽褶皱带。     

A new approach to numerical method of modelling geological processes and rock engineering problems — continuum to discontinuum and linearity to nonlinearity

Numerical modelling as an efficient method is widely employed in various fields of science and engineering. In rock mechanics and geomechanics, considerable progress has been made in numerical simulation on nonlinear and discontinuum problems. However, there is a tendency in this field that the theoretical framework for nonlinear and discontinuum problems becomes more and more complicated and sometimes becomes less practicable. This paper gives a brief introduction to a newly developed numerical code, RFPA^2D (rock failure process analysis), which is mathematically a linear and continuum mechanics method for numerically processing nonlinear and discontinuum mechanics problems in rock failure. Although it is simple comparing with other numerical methods for nonlinear and discontinuum problems. It allows one to model the observed evolution of the progressive failure leading to collapse in brittle rocks. An important conclusion from the simulation results is that the microscale heterogeneity is the source of macroscale nonlinearity. Examples showing the potential applications are given in this paper. It can be seen that the RFPA^2D has a unique ability to reveal the evolutionary nature of the fracture phenomenon from microfracture scale to global failure, and the great potential exists in modelling mining induced rockbursts and stability of underground openings in greath depth. The capabilities to handle dilation, self-induced faults or even block movement and rotation should also attract applications in the fields of geomechanics as well as rock mechanics.     

Siderophore adsorption to and dissolution of kaolinite at pH 3 to 7 and 22°C

Siderophores are Fe(III)-specific ligands produced by many aerobic microorganisms under conditions of iron stress. This study examined adsorption of the commercial trihydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (DFO-B), to an iron-containing kaolinite (0.1 bulk wt.% Fe) and examined DFO-B effects on initial kaolinite dissolution and iron release rates. Adsorption experiments were conducted at pH 3 to 8 in 0.01-M NaClO₄ in the dark and at 22°C; batch initial dissolution experiments were conducted to 96 h.The adsorption envelope (i.e., adsorption as a function of pH) of DFO-B on kaolinite was consistent with cation-like behavior, with adsorption increasing above kaolinite’s pH_pznpc of 4.9. DFO-B enhanced aluminum release from kaolinite at pH 3 to 7, relative to HNO₃, which is consistent with the ligand’s high binding affinity for Al. Correlation between DFO-B adsorption and aluminum release suggested a surface-controlled, ligand-promoted dissolution mechanism. DFO-B had no effect relative to HNO₃ on silicon release at pH 3 and 5, but moderately enhanced silicon release at pH 7. DFO-B enhanced iron release from kaolinite, with dissolved iron concentrations in the 10-ppb range at 96-h reaction time. These results show that kaolinite may serve as a source of iron to aerobic microorganisms in iron-limited conditions and that siderophores may affect kaolinite dissolution and iron content.