Reflectance spectrophotometry extended to u.v. for terrestrial,lunar and meteoritic samples

Extension of remote sensing of planetary bodies to the ultraviolet is now feasiable up to 2000 Å from earth-orbiting telescopes and spacecraft. The benefits of this extension is analysed on the basis of laboratory spectra taken on a large variety of terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic samples. Knowledge of the albedo for two wavelengths at 2300 and 6500 Å permits classification of a surface into one of the following types: lunar, carbonaceous chondrites, ordinary chondrites, achondrites or acidic rocks, basaltic rocks, irons. For lunar-type surfaces, a simple albedo measurement at 6500 Å can be converted into quantitative abundance determinations of silicate, aluminium oxide and iron; a large amount of telescopic lunar photometry data is available for mapping these abundances. Extension of the photometry to 2300 Å permits quantitative measurement of TiO₂ abundances. For asteroids and non-icy satellites, rock-type classification and constraints in chemical abundances of Si, Al, Fe and Ti can be derived from photometry at 2300 and 6500 Å. The IUE telescope already orbiting the earth, the Space Telescope to come, the lunar polar orbiter and other spacecraft under prospect are potentially available to provide the photometric observations at 6500 and 2300 Å required.     

Oxidation of chalcopyrite by extended milling

Chalcopyrite has been milled for up to 50 h in oxygen, air and argon atmospheres using a laboratory ball mill. No phase changes were evident in argon but the XRD peaks were weaker and broader indicating crystalline refinement. In oxygen, even after 1 h milling peaks for CuSO₄·5H₂O were present and these became predominant after 20 h milling where the chalcopyrite peaks were absent. In air, partial oxidation to CuSO₄·5H₂O was evident after 50 h. Leaching of the resultant powders with water showed 80% dissolution after 50 h milling in oxygen, significantly greater than the 20% and 6% dissolution after milling for 50 h in air and argon respectively. Solution analyses showed the Cu/Fe ratio increased with milling time in oxygen suggesting selectivity may be possible. The insoluble residue was found to consist of haematite, elemental sulphur and unreacted chalcopyrite.     

Northern Hess Rise extended by multi-beam sonar

The bathymetry for three of the ridges north of the Hess Rise is presented from U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office SASS surveys. These ridges strike in directions not parallel or perpendicular to any other features in the North Pacific Ocean. They were previously uncharted and presumably undetected. They probably predate the Emperor Guyots and are contemporaries of the Musician Seamounts.     

某电力扩建场地工程地震条件分析

本文采用工程抗震理论,结合场地实际状况,论述了某电力扩建场地的区域构造条件和区域地震环境,确定了场地的地震动参数,并采用概率地震危险性分析法对扩建场地进行地震危险性分析,从而为该工程建设提供合理的设计依据.     

Strontium in coral aragonite: 1. Characterization of Sr coordination by extended absorption X-ray fine structure

Aragonite was analyzed from Porites lobata, Pavona gigantea, Pavona clavus, and Montastrea annularis corals by Sr K-edge extended absorption X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) and compared with aragonite, strontianite, and mechanically mixed standards. Bulk analyses were performed and data compared with equivalent micro-EXAFS analyses on small (∼400 μm³) analytical volumes with a microfocused X-ray beam. As a result of the architecture of the coral skeleton, the crystals within the microanalytical volume are not randomly oriented, and the microanalytical X-ray absorption spectra show orientational dependence. However, refinement of bulk and microanalytical data provided indistinguishable interatomic distances and thermal vibration parameters in the third shell (indicative of Sr speciation). The Sr K-edge EXAFS of all the coral samples refine, within error, to an ideally substituted Sr in aragonite, in contrast to previous studies, in which significant strontianite was reported. Some samples from that study were also analyzed here. Strontianite may be less widely distributed in corals than previously thought.     

扩展型Boussinesq水波方程的混合求解格式

为高效求解扩展型Boussinesq水波方程,建立了基于有限差分和有限体积方法的混合数值格式。将一维控制方程写为守恒形式,方程中通量部分采用有限体积方法求解,剩余部分采用有限差分方法求解。其中,有限体积方法采用Godunov类高分辨率格式,并结合HLL(Harten-Lax and van Leer)式黎曼问题近似解求界面数值通量,黎曼问题界面左右变量通过高精度状态插值方法(MUSCL)构筑。有限差分方法则采用具有二阶精度的中心差分公式进行。采用具有TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)性质的三阶龙格-库塔多步积分法进行时间积分。对数值模式进行了验证,数值结果同解析解或实验数据吻合良好。     

扩展有限元法的数值方面

扩展有限元法是一种在常规有限元框架内求解强和弱不连续问题的新型数值方法,其原理是在裂尖附近用一些奇异函数和沿裂纹面用阶跃函数加强传统有限元的基,以考虑跨过裂纹的位移场的不连续,该加强策略允许计算网格独立于不连续体几何。讨论了扩展有限元法的一些数值方面,主要包括：水平集法确定界面和加强节点与加强方式、裂尖加强范围的选择、J积分区域的确定和积分方案等。     

扩建城市垃圾填埋场的地震稳定性分析

结合现场剪切波速试验、室内常规及动三轴试验结果,给出了扩建城市垃圾填埋场地震稳定性的有限元分析方法,并分析了扩建垃圾填埋体沿填埋体内部圆弧滑动面、新老填埋体交界面及底部和背部衬垫系统的地震稳定性。当填埋场中渗滤液水头较低时,扩建填埋体最易发生沿新老填埋体交界面的滑动。与总应力法计算结果相比较发现,总应力法只适合分析输入地震动较小的情况,而当输入地震动较大时,由于它不能考虑动孔压上升所导致的MSW软化而使得其计算的扩建填埋体沿圆弧滑动面的安全系数偏保守。另外,采用Newmark法分析了不同输入地震动时不同横、竖向扩建方案的永久位移,分析表明：扩建填埋体沿新老填埋体交界面的地震永久位移的对数近似与屈服加速度同最大水平加速度的比值呈线性关系,并给出了其永久位移的拟合公式。     

断裂问题的扩展有限元法研究

扩展有限元（extended finite element method,XFEM）是近年来发展起来的、在常规有限元框架内求解不连续问题的有效数值计算方法,其基于单位分解的思想,在常规有限元位移模式中加入能够反映裂纹面不连续性的跳跃函数及裂尖渐进位移场函数,避免了采用常规有限元计算断裂问题时需要对裂纹尖端重新加密网格造成的不便。在推导扩展有限元算法的基础上,分析了应力强度因子的J积分计算方法及积分区域的选取。采用XFEM对I型裂纹进行了计算,有限元网格独立于裂纹面,无需在裂纹尖端加密网格;分析了积分区域、网格密度对应力强度因子计算精度的影响,指出了计算应力强度因子的合适参数,验证了此方法的可靠性和准确性。     

A proposal for an extended typology of groundwater habitats

Many governments now require the ecological condition of groundwater ecosystems to be considered when making policy decisions. However, groundwater habitats and communities occur at different spatial scales to those at which aquifers are managed, making their inclusion in policy decisions difficult. A system of classifying groundwater ecosystems is needed to aid this, yet such a typology is currently not available. Here, a hierarchical model for a typology of groundwater habitats is suggested, which considers three spatial scales: macro, meso, and local. On a macroscale, communities are influenced by biogeographic characteristics; at a mesoscale they are influenced by the hydrogeological type of the aquifer; and on local scale by the hydrological exchange with surface water and hence the oxygen and nutrient supply. Consequently, groundwater habitats are assumed to be defined by biogeographic particularities, the hydrogeological aquifer type and by localized hydrological exchange with surface water. By adopting a ‘groundwater habitat typology’, groundwater biologists may be able to work with hydrogeologists to assist in the sustainable management of groundwater by predicting groundwater biodiversity and the distribution of important or endangered species. The typology proposed here is a first step towards achieving this goal.     

An extended Cam Clay model for soft anisotropic rocks

The mechanical behaviour of soft sedimentary rocks in triaxial compression is modelled by means of a constitutive law which has been formulated by extending the original Cam Clay model. The geological material is assumed to be linearly elastic-plastic, strain-hardening, with fixed transverse isotropy. Theoretical predictions are compared to observed behaviour at different confining pressures of specimens of diatomite with various bedding inclinations. Although quantitative agreement is not always satisfactory, the trend of the tests is qualitatively well matched, what proves the paradigmatic value of this type of model not only for soils but even for soft rocks.     

Whitcombe扩展弹性波阻抗公式的改进

弹性波阻抗在实际应用中,需要对入射角进行估计,由于误差的原因可能出现 的情况,这使得弹性波阻抗反演很不稳定。为此,Whitcombe等（2002）用 代替 ,提出了扩展弹性波阻抗,改善了弹性波阻抗反演的稳定性。本文以Aki-Richards（1980）的Zeoppritz 三项简化式为基础,改进了Whitcombe等的扩展弹性波阻抗,改进后的扩展弹性波阻抗提高了计算精度。     

Equantcy versus sphericity

The shape of a particle is commonly characterized by its sphericity. In geology, sphericity is determined by comparing a grain's length, width and breadth diameters. This type of measurement does not indicate how close the particle is to a true spherical shape, and cubes, tetrahedrons, and true spheres all have the same degree of sphericity. Because the term sphericity is misleading, implying that its determination takes roundness into account, a different term should be used. I propose that whenever the shape of a grain is determined by measuring or estimating the lengths of its main axes, we regard this as determining its degree of equantcy.     

不连续岩体扩展有限元法的前处理

扩展有限元法是针对不连续问题提出的一种改进的有限元法,由于其计算网格独立于结构内不连续面,该方法十分适用于处理不连续问题,因此,该方法需能将不连续面和计算网格的几何信息转化为计算分析所需的单元拓扑信息的前处理。针对扩展有限元法在不连续岩体问题中的应用,系统地研究了二维扩展有限元解决不连续问题时单元拓扑信息生成等前处理问题,给出了单元拓扑信息自动生成算法,将不连续面和计算网格几何信息转化为计算所需要的单元拓扑信息,并在此基础上开发了不连续岩体二维扩展有限元法前处理程序。结果表明该算法和程序的适用性和正确性,同时还表明扩展有限元法在不连续岩体问题求解中有较好的应用前景     

Identification of an extended series of tricyclic terpanes in petroleum

A series of tricyclic terpanes from C₁₉ to C₄₅ has been identified in petroleum by gas chromatographic mass spectroscopic (GCMS) analysis. This discovery extends the previously known homologous series reported from C₁₉ to C₃₀. A method of preparation of a tricyclic terpane concentrate is described which facilitates tricyclic terpane analysis by the GCMS m/z 191 fragment. Metastable scanning GCMS is described as an additional method for characterization of the tricyclic terpanes.     

水体扩散衍生公式在环境风险评价中的应用

在多种水体扩散模型基础上,通过数学推导,得出一整套适用于鉴别与评估水环境突发事故危害后果的定量估算公式,内容包括:危险源鉴别、特征等浓度线确定、事故特征危害区与危害期估算、事故下游各处危害期估算等,也可用于直接求取事故危害任意浓度等值线精确的时、空位置及其特征点位置.作为各种水体扩散模型的衍生公式,使用条件与原模型相同,使用方便,结果精确,可广泛应用于风险工程设计、风险工程保险、环境风险评价、环境风险管理、环境影响评价与环境规划等领域.     

Response of landfill clay liners to extended periods of freezing

This paper presents the results of a physical model study of the performance of landfill clay cover liners subjected to extended freezing periods. Three proposed designs for a prototype cover liner were evaluated with a primary objective being the determination of frost penetration resulting from the sub-freezing temperatures imposed as an upper boundary condition to the model. The ultimate performance of the three liner designs were compared on the basis of frost penetration, leakage through the liner, and frost heave. The observed depth of frost penetration was compared to that predicted using a simplified analytical solution of the thermodynamic problem, in addition to measured field behavior.

The laboratory experiment utilizes a 1.8 m² tank, of ca 2.1 m depth. The tank is loaded with clay to the specifications required for landfill liners. Three different landfill cover liner designs were modeled in the experimental tank. The performance of the three designs, as measured by a variety of observations, were compared. Frost heave was measured for each design and was found to vary between 3.8 and 4.3 cm. The results indicate the depth of frost penetration was similar for all designs tested (29.2–31.7 cm), although the design which included a soil drainage layer had superior leakage performance.     

多裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法分析

建立了求解多裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法。引入裂纹交叉汇合加强函数以分析多裂纹交叉汇合过程;在裂纹附近区域使用广义形函数,并引入线增函数消除混合单元,可有效地提高裂纹附近的精度;用砂浆法（线段-线段接触法）结合增广型Lagrange乘子法处理裂纹段的接触条件,可以精确地模拟裂纹面约束,并方便地求解控制方程。算例分析了两方面内容：（1）计算交叉裂纹体的应力强度因子,结果表明提出的方法精度高;（2）模拟多裂纹扩展及交叉汇合过程,模拟的裂纹扩展路径与试验结果吻合得较好,表明了方法的可靠性。     

A stabilized extended finite element framework for hydraulic fracturing simulations

We present a stabilized extended finite element formulation to simulate the hydraulic fracturing process in an elasto‐plastic medium. The fracture propagation process is governed by a cohesive fracture model, where a trilinear traction‐separation law is used to describe normal contact, cohesion and strength softening on the fracture face. Fluid flow inside the fracture channel is governed by the lubrication equation, and the flow rate is related to the fluid pressure gradient by the ‘cubic’ law. Fluid leak off happens only in the normal direction and is assumed to be governed by the Carter's leak‐off model. We propose a ‘local’ U‐P (displacement‐pressure) formulation to discretize the fluid‐solid coupled system, where volume shape functions are used to interpolate the fluid pressure field on the fracture face. The ‘local’ U‐P approach is compatible with the extended finite element framework, and a separate mesh is not required to describe the fluid flow. The coupled system of equations is solved iteratively by the standard Newton‐Raphson method. We identify instability issues associated with the fluid flow inside the fracture channel, and use the polynomial pressure projection method to reduce the pressure oscillations resulting from the instability. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed framework is effective in modeling 3D hydraulic fracture propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.