甘肃西成铅锌矿田黄渚关幅1∶50 000矿产地质图数据库

甘肃省黄渚关幅(I47E013015)1∶50 000 矿产地质图根据《矿产地质调查技术要求(1∶50 000)》(DD 2019—02)和行业的统一标准及要求,充分利用1∶50 000、1∶250 000等区域地质调查工作成果资料,采用数字填图系统进行野外地质专项填图,并应用室内与室外填编图相结合的方法编制完成。本图幅矿产地质图重点对泥盆系西汉水群的建造类型进行了重新划分,建立了泥盆纪成铅锌期3个建造单元,即含铅锌碳酸盐岩建造(D₁a^1a)、富铅锌碳酸盐岩建造(D₁a^1c)、贫铅锌千枚岩夹灰岩建造(D₁a²);建立了图幅内EW向褶皱-断裂构造系统;突出表达铅锌矿含矿建造及与铅锌矿成矿密切相关的特殊岩性层,辅以岩相古地理略图和构造纲要图,创新表达了喷流沉积阶段及热液改造阶段与铅锌矿成矿有关的地质要素。本数据库包含16个地层单位、5期侵入岩、3期构造相关数据、4个同位素年龄数据、12个岩石全分析数据、30个矿点数据,数据容量约为30.6 MB。这些数据充分反映了1∶50 000矿产地质调查示范性成果,可对其他类似区域提供借鉴作用。     

内蒙古五家户幅1∶50 000地质图数据库

内蒙古五家户幅(L51E007011) 1∶50 000地质图是遵循《1∶50 000区域地质调查技术要求》(DD 2019—01)规范要求,采用造山带填图技术理论和方法,在充分利用1∶200 000及1∶250 000区调成果的基础上,结合物化遥资料,填制完成的重要成果图件。本次调查工作采用岩性+构造方式进行填图,详细刻画了5期侵入岩浆活动历史及成分变化特征,在早白垩世岩体划分和图面表达方式具有一定的引领和示范性;厘清了中生代火山岩的活动时序,查明了火山盆地的物质组成及充填序列;非正式填图单元中元古界宋两家子片岩(Pt₂sl)确立了大兴安岭中段存在古老的前寒武纪基底;非正式填图单元巨宝屯火山岩(C₁jb)矿化蚀变丰富,成矿条件优越,具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的潜力。图幅空间数据库数据内容包含2个非正式填图单位,7个正式填图单位、5期岩浆事件,以及78个岩石化学分析数据,17个锆石U–Pb年龄数据,数据量为140 MB。空间数据库全面记录了调查工作的基础数据,系统表达了本次调查的新成果新认识,资料准确详实,信息丰富,检索方便快捷,可为国土空间规划、矿产勘探及基础地质研究等提供基础地质资料。     

新疆北山地区白山幅1∶50 000地质图数据库

新疆北山地区白山幅（K46E020014）1∶50 000地质图数据库是按照《区域地质调查总则（1∶50 000）》（DZ/T 0001—1991）、《1∶50 000区域地质调查技术要求》（DD 2019—01）等规范要求,按照构造–岩性实体填图理念,借鉴国外地质填图先进经验,充分利用遥感和航磁资料,探索系列新的地质调查方法,采用数字地质调查系统（DGSS）完成各类基础数据采集,并创新成果表达方式而形成的通用性地质图和标准图幅空间数据库。本数据库包含24个非正式填图单位、28个正式地层单位,数据量为236 MB,反映调查区地层、侵入岩、变质岩和构造的基本特征,建立了地层格架、侵入岩序列、构造期次和变质历史,包括古元古代敦煌岩群（Pt₁D.）4个岩性段、26种自然层和4级变质相带,晚石炭世石板山组（C₂sb）3个岩性段、7个自然层,4期岩浆事件,7期构造变形,以及2条新厘定出的早二叠世韧性剪切带。特别是,厘定出新疆北山最早的镁铁–超镁铁质杂岩体,为启鑫铜镍矿的发现和北山晚古生代大陆裂解时限提供了重要信息,拓展了新疆北山地区铜镍矿的找矿方向。     

云南马楠幅1∶50 000地质图数据库

云南马楠幅（H48E024007）1∶50 000 地质图数据库是按《1∶50 000区域地质调查技术要求》（DD 2019—01）和地质行业的统一标准及要求,在综合分析前人资料、野外踏勘、剖面测制、野外路线调查的基础上开展,采用数字填图系统（DGSS）进行野外地质填图和数据库建设,并应用室内与野外填编图相结合的方法完成,加强了含矿地层、岩石、构造的调查,突出了岩性、构造填图和特殊地质体及非正式填图单元的表达。地质图面上突出了火山岩、非正式填图单元和特殊岩性的岩性花纹等信息的表达,从而丰富了地质图的内容,使得地质图面美观、地质信息直观,增强了地质图利用效果,综合体现了成果的可靠性、创新性及应用性。厘定了构造形态及构造变形特征;对区内滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的资料进行了收集整理,总结了地质灾害的类型、发育规模及分布状况;详细调查了马楠云海和马楠云海之上的大草原。共划分出26个组级地层单位,并在此基础上划分出12个段级地层填图单位,在综合1∶200 000区域地质调查、邻区1∶50 000区域地质调查、岩石地层清理资料及野外试填图的基础上,提出了各填图单位的岩石组合特征。数据量约为169 MB,反映了1∶50 000 区域地质调查最新成果,为该区下一步开展矿产地质调查、地质灾害防治及生态环境保护等提供基础性资料。     

地面伽玛能谱在广东省下庄矿田竹筒尖～龟尾山地区地质填图中的应用

本文根据不同岩性和断裂构造中放射性场的不同特征,介绍了一种运用放射性物探方法划分地质界线和寻找隐伏断裂构造的方法。用该方法填图,经济快速．特别是在岩石露头出露较差地区效果尤为显著。     

北巴颜喀拉山1∶5万区域地质调查中的遥感解译应用

遥感技术是地质填图的一种重要手段,充分运用遥感技术能够有效提高填图效率和质量。本研究以北巴颜喀拉山地区SPOT5、ETM系列数据为基础影像,从岩性、构造解译入手进行最大程度的信息挖掘。从4个方面详细阐述岩性判识依据,建立北巴颜喀拉山可视化解译标志系统,并对地层岩性进行基于影像的重新厘定,细分了各地层岩段或岩性组合。通过构造详细解译,识别了多种、不同级别的构造形迹,建立研究区新的构造格架,并对构造块体进行详细划分。本研究翔实、细致的工作,为北巴地区地层岩性对比、构造重新认识提供新视角,为该区区域地质调查提供新资料。     

关于陆相红盆地1∶5万区调填图中的几个问题讨论

本文针对目前省内在陆相红盆地应用构造—岩性—岩相地质填图方法进行1∶5万区调地质填图中 ,在陆相岩石地层界面鉴别和划分、陆相岩石地层单位划分、新岩石地层单位建立、陆相岩石地层与盆缘断裂的关系 ,以及陆相红盆地中1∶5万区调填图认识观念等方面存在的问题进行了讨论。     

黄土高原缺水的地质环境及找水环境

文章分析了黄土高原地下水形成的地质环境，认为降水量、地形地貌、岩性构造和地下水循环是造成黄土高原产重缺水的主要因素，地层岩性和新构造运动是影响地下水富集的决定性因素。指出黄土高原基岩风化带潜水的相对富水岩组和富水地段，提出研究含水层的岩性和构造，寻找基岩风化带潜水是解决黄土高原局部地段缺水的较好途径。     

基于重磁反演的三维岩性填图试验——以安徽庐枞矿集区为例

开展大型矿集区深部精细结构探测研究,通过岩性识别与填图实现矿集区5km以内"透明化",发现深部矿产、揭示成矿规律是实现资源可持续发展的主要途径。鉴于重力和磁力数据覆盖面积广、采样密度高,重磁三维反演算法比较成熟,采用重磁反演进行岩性填图是现阶段实现三维岩性填图最有可能的途径。本文以安徽庐枞矿集区为例,提出了基于重力、磁力三维反演的岩性填图流程并开展了填图试验。在分析岩性和密度、磁化率关系的基础上,采用高精度的重力和航磁数据,进行先验信息约束的重磁三维反演,对反演所得的密度体和磁化率体进行逻辑拓扑运算,获得了庐枞矿集区地下5km以内五类主要岩性的三维分布。岩性填图结果显示的浅部特征与地表地质填图结果基本吻合,更重要的是反映了深部岩性的变化,弥补了地表地质填图的不足。庐枞矿集区岩性填图试验结果表明,开展基于重磁三维反演的岩性填图,是了解矿集区深部岩性特征,发现深部矿产的有效方法。     

Hyperion高光谱遥感岩性识别填图

Hyperion高光谱数据在蚀变矿物填图方面已凸显其优越性,而在岩性识别方面大多仍在探讨中.通过应用Hyperion数据结合野外光谱采集,在研究区进行了岩性填图的试验研究.同时,叙述了野外采集光谱数据的过程,建立了野外实测光谱数据库,利用野外实测岩石光谱作为端元光谱进行SAM(Spectral Angle Match)光谱角岩性填图.这对于地质环境复杂地区的岩性填图工作具有一定的应用价值.     

地下水中高锰酸盐指数和硝酸根铵根稳定性研究

高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、硝酸根(NO-3)、铵根(NH+4)是判断水体是否受到三氮污染的重要指标。对于测定这三个指标的水样保存方式和时间,地质行业标准和国内外主要国家标准间存在明显差异。地质行业标准规定地下水样品原水室温保存,CODMn和NH+4在3天内测定;NO-3在20天内测定;国家标准和美国标准推荐样品硫酸酸化,避光或冷藏保存,在2~7天内完成CODMn和NO-3和1~7天内完成NH+4测试。为了分析各类标准在样品保存要求上的差异对检测结果的影响,确保检测数据能真实地反映水体污染状况,找寻简便的保存方式,本文在广州地区采集地下水,按照地质行业标准与国家标准进行处理和保存,并在不同时间段对三个指标进行测试。分析验证结果表明:地质行业标准与国家和美国标准关于水样的保存方法均非常可靠。地质行业标准主要针对静态地下水,保存方法相对宽松;国家标准和美国标准适用范围除了地下水,还包括动态的地表水和废水,采样对象成分更为复杂,更不稳定,更容易受外界影响发生变化,故保存条件高于地质标准。在广州地区,采用原水室温避光保存水样,CODMn、NH+4保存时间可为5天,NO-3保存时间可为30天;采用酸化水室温保存水样,CODMn、NO-3和NH+4保存时间可长达30天。这两种方式均比地质行业标准和国家标准推荐的有效时间长,且原水和酸化水室温保存方式相对于冷藏保存方式更为方便。本文提出,如果采集的水样能方便、快速送达实验室,可采用原水保存;如果不能在短时间内送达实验室检测,可采用硫酸酸化保存。     

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田控矿要素研究及找矿方向建议

选取南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田内黄龙、长沟和金斗坡典型矿区为研究区,通过野外大比例尺构造-岩相填图、剖面实测、综合编图等工作,结合前人研究成果,查明了金矿田的控矿要素,并指出了有利的找矿勘探方向。综合研究表明,汉阴北部金矿田的矿化严格受控于志留系梅子垭组的不同岩性段;脆-韧性剪切带控制了矿床的空间分布,次级断层控制矿体产出的具体部位;S₂面理对金矿化有显著的制约作用;促使石榴子石和黑云母变斑晶发育的热变质作用能够引起原始岩层中金元素发生活化,且热变质作用的晚期为退变质期,退变质期的适宜温度有利于金元素富集成矿。矿田内的金矿勘探应重点选在脆-韧性剪切带内,尤其针对不同岩性的接触面、次级断层面附近、石榴子石与黑云母变斑晶密集发育区周缘等区域,矿体追索方向应依照S₂面理的空间优势展布方向。      

Groundwater chemistry within a plateau neighboring Matsumoto city,Japan

The change in groundwater chemistry along the groundwater flow path in the Matsumoto tunnel vicinity was studied, and the origin of the groundwater and dissoluted substances was determined. The relationship between the concentration of HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺, and CO₂ gas pressure in the groundwater indicated that the HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ were produced by the reaction of the CO₂ gas in the groundwater and feldspar in the rocks. The relationship between the concentration of NO₃ ^– and the Eh and pH values in the groundwater indicated that in an oxidative condition, ammonia-oxidizing and nitriteoxidizing bacteria used NH₄ ⁺ and produced NO₃ ^– and H⁺, and in a reductive condition, denitrifying bacteria used NO₃ ^– and produced N₂ gas and OH^–. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratio in the groundwater and precipitation indicated that the groundwater originated from precipitation that had fallen on the area. The concentration of³H and the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios in the groundwater suggested that it has been getting warmer climatically for more than 60 years. The stable carbon isotopic ratio indicated that the HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater, excluding deep well water, originated from CO₂ gas produced by organic matter in the soil. The deep well water, which had a higher concentration of HCO₃ ^– than the other groundwater sampled, was thought to have acquired HCO₃ ^– though contact with rocks. The³⁶Cl/Cl ratio indicated the recharge age of the deep well water sampled at a depth of 760 m at the foot of the plateau was recent.     

陕西小秦岭金矿床“三位一体”勘查区找矿预测地质模型及找矿意义

为解决制约找矿突破的关键问题,运用勘查区找矿预测理论,通过开展构造-蚀变专项填图、典型矿床解剖等工作,重点研究了小秦岭金矿田石英脉型金矿床的成矿地质体、成矿构造和成矿结构面、成矿作用的特征标志;在综合分析研究的基础上初步构建了"三位一体"找矿预测模型;并结合岩石地球化学测量成果,圈定了13处找矿靶区,其中两处找矿靶区经工程验证见到工业矿体,初步证明陕西小秦岭金矿田石英脉型金矿床"三位一体"勘查区找矿预测地质模型预测效果良好,在矿田新一轮"攻深找盲"工作中具有现实的指导意义。      

Mixing of magmatic CO2 into volcano groundwater flow at Aso volcano assessed combining carbon and water stable isotopes

To understand deep groundwater flow systems and their interaction with CO₂ emanated from magma at depth in a volcanic edifice, deep groundwater samples were collected from hot spring wells in the Aso volcanic area for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon isotope analyses and measurements of the stable carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Relations between the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_DIC) and DIC concentrations of the sampled waters show that magma-derived CO₂ mixed into the deep groundwater. Furthermore, groundwaters of deeper areas, except samples from fumarolic areas, show higher δ¹³C_DIC values. The waters' stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD and δ¹⁸O) reflect the meteoric-water origin of that region's deep groundwater. A negative correlation was found between the altitude of the well bottom and the altitude of groundwater recharge as calculated using the equation of the recharge-water line and δD value. This applies especially in the Aso-dani area, where deeper groundwater correlates with higher recharge. Groundwater recharged at high altitude has higher δ¹³C_DIC of than groundwater recharged at low altitude, strongly suggesting that magmatic CO₂ is present to a much greater degree in deeper groundwater. These results indicate that magmatic CO₂ mixes into deeper groundwater flowing nearer the magma conduit or chamber.     

Coal seam gas distribution and hydrodynamics of the Sydney Basin,NSW, Australia

This paper reviews various coal seam gas (CSG) models that have been developed for the Sydney Basin, and provides an alternative interpretation for gas composition layering and deep-seated CO₂ origins. Open file CSG wells, supplemented by mine-scale information, were used to examine trends in gas content and composition at locations from the margin to the centre of the basin. Regionally available hydrochemistry data and interpretations of hydrodynamics were incorporated with conventional petroleum well data on porosity and permeability. The synthesised gas and groundwater model presented in this paper suggests that meteoric water flow under hydrostatic pressure transports methanogenic consortia into the subsurface and that water chemistry evolves during migration from calcium-rich freshwaters in inland recharge areas towards sodium-rich brackish water down-gradient and with depth. Groundwater chemistry changes result in the dissolution and precipitation of minerals as well as affecting the behaviour of dissolved gases such as CO₂. Mixing of carbonate-rich waters with waters of significantly different chemistries at depth causes the liberation of CO₂ gas from the solution that is adsorbed into the coal matrix in hydrodynamically closed terrains. In more open systems, excess CO₂ in the groundwater (carried as bicarbonate) may lead to precipitation of calcite in the host strata. As a result, areas in the central and eastern parts of the basin do not host spatially extensive CO₂ gas accumulations but experience more widespread calcite mineralisation, with gas compositions dominated by hydrocarbons, including wet gases. Basin boundary areas (commonly topographic and/or structural highs) in the northern, western and southern parts of the basin commonly contain CO₂-rich gases at depth. This deep-seated CO₂-rich gas is generally thought to derive from local to continental scale magmatic intrusions, but could also be the product of carbonate dissolution or acetate fermentation.     

Mapping of groundwater prospective zones integrating remote sensing,geographic information systems and geophysical techniques in El-Qaà Plain area,Egypt

The geospatial mapping of groundwater prospective zones is essential to support the needs of local inhabitants and agricultural activities in arid regions such as El-Qaà area, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The study aims to locate new wells that can serve to cope with water scarcity. The integration of remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and geophysical techniques is a breakthrough for groundwater prospecting. Based on these techniques, several factors contributing to groundwater potential in El-Qaà Plain were determined. Geophysical data were supported by information derived from a digital elevation model, and from geologic, geomorphologic and hydrologic data, to reveal the promising sites. All the spatial data that represent the contributing factors were integrated and analyzed in a GIS framework to develop a groundwater prospective model. An appropriate weightage was specified to each factor based on its relative contribution towards groundwater potential, and the resulting map delineates the study area into five classes, from very poor to very good potential. The very good potential zones are located in the Quaternary deposits, with flat to gentle topography, dense lineaments and structurally controlled drainage channels. The groundwater potential map was tested against the distribution of groundwater wells and cultivated land. The integrated methodology provides a powerful tool to design a suitable groundwater management plan in arid regions.     

Geochemical Eccentricity of Ground Water Allied to Weathering of Basalts from the Deccan Volcanic Province,India: Insinuation on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Consumption

Analyses of 72 samples from Upper Panjhara basin in the northern part of Deccan Plateau, India, indicate that geochemical incongruity of groundwater is largely a function of mineral composition of the basaltic lithology. Higher proportion of alkaline earth elements to total cations and HCO₃>Cl + SO₄ reflect weathering of primary silicates as chief source of ions. Inputs of Cl, SO₄, and NO₃ are related to rainfall and localized anthropogenic factors. Groundwater from recharge area representing Ca + Mg–HCO₃ type progressively evolves to Ca + Na–HCO₃ and Na–Ca–HCO₃ class along flow direction replicates the role of cation exchange and precipitation processes. While the post-monsoon chemistry is controlled by silicate mineral dissolution + cation exchange reactions, pre-monsoon variability is attributable chiefly to precipitation reactions + anthropogenic factors. Positive correlations between Mg vs HCO₃ and Ca + Mg vs HCO₃ supports selective dissolution of olivine and pyroxene as dominant process in post-monsoon followed by dissolution of plagioclase feldspar and secondary carbonates. The pre-monsoon data however, points toward the dissolution of plagioclase and precipitation of CaCO₃ supported by improved correlation coefficients between Na + Ca vs HCO₃ and negative correlation of Ca vs HCO₃, respectively. It is proposed that the eccentricity in the composition of groundwater from the Panjhara basin is a function of selective dissolution of olivine > pyroxene followed by plagioclase feldspar. The data suggest siallitization (L < R and R _k) as dominant mechanism of chemical weathering of basalts, stimulating monosiallitic (kaolinite) and bisiallitic (montmorillonite) products. The chemical denudation rates for Panjhara basin worked out separately for the ground and surface water component range from 6.98 to 36.65 tons/km²/yr, respectively. The values of the CO₂ consumption rates range between 0.18 × 10⁶ mol//km²/yr (groundwater) and 0.9 × 10⁶ mol/km²/yr (surface water), which indicates that the groundwater forms a considerable fraction of CO₂ consumption, an inference, that is, not taken into contemplation in most of the studies.     

A Geochemical study of the groundwater in the Misli basin and environmental implications

The aim of this study was to determine geochemical properties of groundwater and thermal water in the Misli Basin and to assess thermal water intrusion into shallow groundwater due to over-extraction. According to isotope and hydrochemical analyses results, sampled waters can be divided into three groups: cold, thermal, and mixed waters. Only a few waters reach water–rock chemical equilibrium. Thermal waters in the area are characterized by Na⁺–Cl⁻–HCO₃⁻, while the cold waters by CaHCO₃ facies. On the basis of isotope results, thermal waters in the Misli basin are meteoric origin. In particular, δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of shallow groundwater vary from −10.2 to −12.2‰ and −71.2 to −82‰, while those of thermal waters range from −7.8 to −10.1‰ and from −67 to −74‰, respectively. The tritium values of shallow groundwater having short circulation as young waters coming from wells that range from 30 to 70 m in depth vary from 10 to 14 TU. The average tritium activity of groundwater in depths more than 100 m is 1.59 ± 1.16, which indicates long circulation. The rapid infiltration of the precipitation, the recycling of the evaporated irrigation water, the influence of thermal fluids and the heterogeneity of the aquifer make it difficult to determine groundwater quality changes in the Misli Basin. Obtained results show that further lowering of the groundwater table by over-consumption will cause further intrusion of thermal water which resulted in high mineral content into the fresh groundwater aquifer. Because of this phenomenon, the concentrations of some chemical components which impairs water quality in terms of irrigation purposes in shallow groundwaters, such as Na⁺, B, and Cl⁻, are highy probably expected to increase in time.     

碳氧同位素水文地球化学方法在找钾中的应用

在系统测定和分析了云南兰坪-思茅盆地调查区盐系地层，钾矿层中碳酸盐以及盐系HCO3^-的碳（^13C)，氧（^18O)同位素组成的基础上，发现了含钾盐泉的同位素组成特征和影响盐泉HCO3^-同位素组成的一些因素，结果确定了对找钾有利的盐泉，经与其他找钾方法确定含钾异常有较好的吻合性，表明用碳酸盐同位素方法找钾有良好的前景。