Characteristics of the atmospheric circulation associated with cold-season heavy rainfall and flooding over a complex terrain region in Greece

Raingauge data from four meteorological stations in Chalkidiki peninsula (Greece) were used to identify the characteristics of the synoptic circulation patterns associated with cold-season heavy rainfall events and corresponding flooding over the area. Precipitation climatology over the complex topography of Chalkidiki is characterized by limited annual rainfall, but in the occurrence of heavy rainfall episodes daily accumulations are exceptionally high with increased precipitation rates, leading often to severe flooding. Fifty-five cases of high daily accumulations for the period of 1997 to 2010, mostly observed during December and October, were classified into eight clusters by applying S-Mode Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis to the ERA-Interim grid point reanalysis data. The results revealed that, in most cases, intense rainfall and flooding is produced by synoptic scale disturbances that generate and sustain cyclonic activity over south Italy, the Ionian, and less frequently over the Aegean Sea. In particular, the atmospheric circulation patterns associated with heavy rainfall are characterized by the presence of a southeasterly–easterly low-level humid flow over Chalkidiki in conjunction with the potentially unstable lower troposphere influenced by mid-level cyclonic vorticity advection and enhanced low-level convergence over the complex terrain.     

夏季季风区气候的模拟特征

用一个由大气模式、土壤模式和水域模式三个子模式组成的模式模拟了夏季风区的气候特征。模拟得到的平均气候特征,如温度场、风场、降水和蒸发场均与实际观测场接近;模式模拟出季风区的地面气候特征,表明其与大气状态和下垫面性质关系密切;对加热场的模拟则表明,积云对流凝结潜热加热对总加热率的贡献最大.     

四川地形谱特征及中尺度模式水平网格分辨率选取

四川地形复杂多样,暴雨频发,常诱发山洪、泥石流等灾害。在利用中尺度模式对复杂地形区域的暴雨进行研究时,模式水平分辨率的选取缺乏定量依据。为了揭示四川地形的复杂特征和给中尺度模式水平网格分辨率的选取提供定量依据,利用二维离散余弦变换,对四川地形高度场和暴雨分布场进行谱分解,根据暴雨分布特征分区讨论了四川盆地地形特征,同时利用地形谱方差和数值试验定量讨论了数值模式水平分辨率的选取问题,得到主要结论有:(1)二维离散余弦变换能较好地表现出研究区域各向异性的复杂特征;(2)雅安地区和四川盆地西北部的地形谱与降水谱有较好的同相关系,盆地东北部和盆地中部的地形谱与降水谱在波长较大处出现反相关系;(3)针对某个区域的地形特征,可以通过计算模式能分辨的地形方差与总地形方差的比值来确定合适的中尺度模式水平网格分辨率。     

The Effects of Model Resolution on the Simulation of Regional Climate Extreme Events

The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3 (MM5V3) was used to simulate extreme heavy rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin in June 1999. The effects of model's horizontal and vertical resolution on the extreme climate events were investigated in detail. In principle, the model was able to characterize the spatial distribution of monthly heavy precipitation. The results indicated that the increase in horizontal resolution could reduce the bias of the modeled heavy rain and reasonably simulate the change of daily precipitation during the study period. A finer vertical resolution led to obviously improve rainfall simulations with smaller biases, and hence, better resolve heavy rainfall events. The increase in both horizontal and vertical resolution could produce better predictions of heavy rainfall events. Not only the rainfall simulation altered in the cases of different horizontal and vertical grid spacing, but also other meteorological fields demonstrated diverse variations in terms of resolution change in the model. An evident improvement in the simulated sea level pressure resulted from the increase of horizontal resolution, but the simulation was insensitive to vertical grid spacing. The increase in vertical resolution could enhance the simulation of surface temperature as well as atmospheric circulation at low levels, while the simulation of circulation at middle and upper levels were found to be much less dependent on changing resolution. In addition, cumulus parameterization schemes showed high sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Different convective schemes exhibited large discrepancies in rainfall simulations with regards to changing resolution. The percentage of convective precipitation in the Grell scheme increased with increasing horizontal resolution. In contrast, the Kain-Fritsch scheme caused a reduced ratio of convective precipitation to total rainfall accumulations corresponding to increasing horizontal resolution.     

华南持续性强降水期间低频非绝热加热对低频环流的影响

利用站点降水资料和再分析资料针对华南地区5—8月的持续性强降水过程,分析了低频异常非绝热加热的时空分布特征及其对低频大气环流的可能反馈作用。得到如下结论:5—6月和7—8月华南持续性强降水期间10—30 d低频非绝热加热的演变特征有所不同,5—6月持续性强降水发生前低频非绝热加热大值区从30°N(107°—115°E)以北向南传播发展至华南地区,而在7—8月降水前非绝热加热大值区从中国南海中部向西北方向传播,并在降水最强盛期到达华南。异常环流型控制着持续性强降水的强度和位置,从而决定异常凝结潜热的演变特征。异常凝结潜热则是通过影响涡度倾向变化而对大气环流有一个反馈作用。对于发生在华南5—6月和7—8月的这2组持续性强降水过程,当降水处于发展阶段,在低频非绝热加热作用项和低频涡度平流项的共同作用下,华南上空中层存在显著的10—30 d低频正涡度倾向变化,有利于低频气旋式环流的进一步发展。非绝热加热作用项主要由加热率的垂直梯度决定,涡度平流项则与气候背景风场有密切关系。5—6月持续性强降水期间涡度平流项位于非绝热加热项东侧,而7—8月持续性强降水期间涡度平流项位于非绝热加热项北侧。在持续性强降水的衰亡期,由于非绝热加热项和涡度平流项转为负值,华南被负涡度倾向变化控制,低频气旋式环流迅速消亡。     

非绝热过程对热带副热带环流和天气影响的数值预报试验

本文用p—σ混合坐标系原始方程模式,对1982年5月8日至10日的一次天气过程进行了数值预报试验。试验方案有两类,一类是湿绝热预报方案,另一类是非绝热预极方案,即模式中除考虑水汽凝结所产生的潜热外,还包含了海陆分布、地形以及不同的土壤下垫面物理特征所引起的各种非绝热物理过程。文中着重比较和讨论了非绝热加热过程对于北半球热带副热带地区环流和天气现象的影响。结果指出,非绝热物理过程对于高空温压场形势的短期影响不明显,对于低层气压形势以及风场的影响较大,对孟加拉湾及高原东部影响甚大,两种方案的风矢差变率可达到100%。忽略非绝热过程,会使青藏高原热低压大为减弱,风场的气旋性环流和辐合均大为减小,西南气流也被削弱。对于降水分布和降水量来说,忽略非绝热物理过程可使孟加拉湾地区不出现降水区,我国东南部沿海地区以及西太平洋中的降水也被减少甚至消失。      

GRAPES千米尺度模式在西南复杂地形区降水预报偏差与成因初探

利用2019年夏季（6—8月）西南复杂地形区地面观测站逐时和逐日降水量观测数据,从降水量和降水频率入手,对同期GRAPES-Meso 3 km业务模式短期（36 h以内）降水预报性能,特别是在不同典型地貌区—四川盆地子区、云贵高原北部子区和南部子区、青藏高原东缘山地子区的预报偏差进行细致评估与分析。结果表明:（1）GRAPES-Meso 3 km模式能合理地刻画出西南复杂地形区夏季日降水和日内尺度降水的主要特征,以及小时降水频次-强度的基本关系。（2）在各子区,模式日降水量（频率）预报表现为清晰的正偏差,正偏差在盆地子区最显著,为观测值的1.1倍（0.3倍）;日降水量正偏差主要由强降水日降水量预报偏大引起,但频率正偏差在云贵高原南、北子区与其他两个子区不同,主要是中小雨日数预报偏多的贡献;强降水（中小雨）落区预报存在明显（轻微）偏大倾向,强降水预报落区偏大频率在青藏高原东缘山地子区最高,达82.8%,在云贵高原南部子区最低,为53.6%。（3）日循环上,各时次小时降水量（频率）预报整体偏大,且主要正偏差出现在观测的夜雨峰值时段,其中海拔1200 m以下区域的降水频率正偏差从夜间峰值区延续到中午,模式偏强的日降水量预报往往表现为日内偏长的降水时长或小时降水空报。（4）诊断分析显示,模式在四川盆地区突出的夏季日降水预报正偏差是模式对流层低层在云贵高原南-东南侧偏强的西南风预报与西南地区特殊地形结合的产物。      

On the capability of RegCM to capture extremes in long term regional climate simulation – comparison with the observations for Czech Republic

Summary We analyze daily precipitation and temperature extremes over the Czech Republic in a regional climate simulation for the 40-year period of 1961–2000 carried out with the RegCM3 regional climate model. The model is run at 45 km grid interval and is driven by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis lateral boundary conditions. Comparison with station data shows that the model performs reasonably well in simulating the frequency of daily precipitation events of medium to high intensity as well as the precipitation intensities (return levels) of long return periods, with the exception of mountain stations. While this is attributed mainly to the relatively coarse representation of topography across the area of the Czech Republic, the parameterization of convection can be another reason. The model underestimates daily maximum temperature (especially in the warm seasons) and as a result the occurrence of heat waves (high temperature episodes). The performance of the model improves in the simulation of daily minimum temperature and cold wave events. In order to apply this regional model to the simulation of extreme events over the complex terrain as for Czech Republic we recommend that a higher resolution is used in order to better describe the topography of the Czech Republic and that the daily maximum temperature bias is reduced.     

Impact of Horizontal Resolution and Cumulus Parameterization Scheme on the Simulation of Heavy Rainfall Events over the Korean Peninsula

In this paper, we present the results from high-resolution numerical simulations of three heavy rainfall events over the Korean Peninsula. The numerical results show that the prediction accuracy for heavy rainfall events improved as horizontal resolution increased. The fine-grid precipitation fields were much closer to the real precipitation fields in the case of large synoptic forcing over the Korean Peninsula. In the case of large convective available potential energy and weak synoptic forcing, it seems that even when using a high resolution, the models still showed poor performance in reproducing the observed high precipitation amounts. However, activation of the cumulus parameterization scheme in the intermediate resolution of 9 km, even at a grid spacing of 3 km, had a positive impact on the simulation of the heavy rainfall event.     

峡谷地形对两次极端降水的作用

利用地面加密自动站、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和两种模式产品,对发生在宜昌峡谷地区2016年7月7日局地极端短时强降水过程和2018年4月22日稳定性极端降水过程形成原因及模式预报性能进行检验分析。结果表明:(1)强的块状回波稳定少动,造成7月7日高效率的对流降水。4月22日降水既有沿山中尺度对流回波造成的对流降水,也有螺旋状涡旋回波形成的锋面层状云降水。(2)山谷风形成中尺度切变线,触发对流,中尺度切变线发展为中尺度涡旋使对流加强是极端短时降水形成的主要原因。(3)地形强迫抬升使对流降水强度明显增大,锋面层状云回波受地形阻挡影响长时间维持是稳定性极端降水形成主要原因。(4)地形相差大的地区模式预报性能差异较大,模式对复杂地形下的对流降水预报偏弱,导致系统强度出现差异,进而影响降水强度预报。     

CWRF模式对长江流域极端降水气候事件的模拟能力评估

基于1980—2016年长江流域站点观测降水,评估了CWRF区域气候模式对长江流域面雨量和极端降水气候事件的模拟能力.结果表明:CWRF模式能较好地再现1980—2016年长江流域及不同分区降水空间分布及月/季面雨量年际变率,且在冬、春季表现较好,夏、秋季次之.CWRF模式对长江流域面雨量存在系统性高估,对面雨量的模拟...     

Validation of Daily Precipitation from Two High-Resolution Satellite Precipitation Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and the Regions to Its East

Daily precipitation amounts and frequencies from the CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 3B42 precipitation products are validated against warm season in-situ precipitation observations from 2003 to 2008 over the Tibetan Plateau and the regions to its east. The results indicate that these two satellite datasets can better detect daily precipitation frequency than daily precipitation amount. The ability of CMORPH and TRMM 3B42 to accurately detect daily precipitation amount is dependent on the underlying terrain. Both datasets are more reliable over the relatively flat terrain of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan basin, and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River than over the complex terrain of the Tibetan Plateau. Both satellite products are able to detect the occurrence of daily rainfall events; however, their performance is worse in regions of complex topography, such as the Tibetan Plateau. Regional distributions of precipitation amount by precipitation intensity based on TRMM 3B42 are close to those based on rain gauge data. By contrast, similar distributions based on CMORPH differ substantially. CMORPH overestimates the amount of rain associated with the most intense precipitation events over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River while underestimating the amount of rain associated with lighter precipitation events. CMORPH underestimates the amount of intense precipitation and overestimates the amount of lighter precipitation over the other analyzed regions. TRMM 3B42 underestimates the frequency of light precipitation over the Sichuan basin and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. CMORPH overestimates the frequencies of weak and intense precipitation over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and underestimates the frequencies of moderate and heavy precipitation. CMORPH also overestimates the frequency of light precipitation and underestimates the frequency of intense precipitation over the other three regions. The TRMM 3B42 product provides better characterizations of the regional gamma distributions of daily precipitation amount than the CMORPH product, for which the cumulative distribution functions are biased toward lighter precipitation events.     

高原东侧特大暴雨过程中秦岭山脉的作用

利用中尺度数值模式MM5V3.5对2002年6月8～9日陕西特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟, 在模拟结果和实况较吻合的情况下, 通过敏感性试验, 研究了秦岭山脉在这次暴雨过程中所起的作用。结果表明, 秦岭山脉在这次暴雨过程中对降水的强度有很大的影响, 即秦岭山脉使陕甘宁边界的长城沿线、 秦岭山脉、 汉江河谷一带降水量增加, 使关中盆地、 陕北南部、 大巴山东南坡降水量减少。进一步研究表明, 秦岭山脉主要是通过形成局地环流, 使气流产生辐合, 大量的水汽和位势不稳定能量在迎风坡堆积, 上升运动加强, 从而使位势不稳定能量得以释放, 触发了对流降水。     

Modeling heavy precipitation in complex terrain

Summary A numerical prediction model is described which uses the full set of prognostic equations on a domain roughly the size of the United States with a 96 km horizontal grid resolution and six sigma-coordinate levels. Within this grid resides a nested domain of approximately 1000×1000 km with 24 km horizontal resolution. In this nested grid only modifications to the wind field by the better resolved terrain are considered on the lowest two sigma levels. The terrain effects necessitate adjustments in the location of these two sigma levels. Adjusted wind fields cause modifications in the mass and moisture divergence fields, hence in precipitation. These modifications are averaged into the appropriate meteorological fields on the larger grid.The algorithms used by our model allow continuous interaction between both grids with high computational efficiency.The relative importance of synoptic forcing and terrain is demonstrated for the cases of the Big Thompson, Colorado, flood of 1976 and the Cheyenne, Wyoming, flood of 1985.With 15 Figures     

基于西南区域模式预报的川西高原东坡过渡带降水地形订正试验

基于西南区域模式（SWCWARMS）网格降水预报,通过地形降水估算量构建地形降水订正方程,分别应用模式地形和实际地形的订正方案对2020年6～8月发生在川西高原东坡过渡带的11次强降水过程进行订正试验。结果表明：应用模式地形订正后各量级降水预报的平均TS(Threat Score)评分较模式预报均有所提高,大雨及以上量级TS评分提高4%以上,平均空报、漏报率均减小,订正效果优于应用实况地形订正的效果。该方法具有普适性,对于地形复杂的川西高原东坡、攀西河谷及盆地西部沿山地区,预报和实况落区相似、不相似及强、弱降水过程均适用。     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

四川地区短时强降水事件时空演变特征研究

利用四川地区自动气象站逐小时降水观测资料,分析了2010~2019年5~9月短时强降水事件24h累计降水量、频次和强度的时空分布特征,探讨了短时强降水事件发生的频次、极值分布及其与地形、海拔高度等的关系。结果表明:四川地区平均24h累计降雨量基本在50mm以上,盆地东北部、西南部、南部及阿坝州东部甚至超过100mm,最大值出现在广安,达175mm。四川地区短时强降水事件开始时间的日变化特征表现为“V”型结构的夜间峰值位相,事件持续时段多为傍晚至凌晨,时长可达10h以上,最长甚至可持续22h。在强降水事件极值的日变化上,极大值频次和降水量呈单峰结构,在03时达到最大,其后逐渐减小至15时达到谷值,而后再次增大;降水强度呈弱双峰结构,分别在04时和16时达到谷值,13时和18时达到峰值,其日变化呈“增-减-增-减”的特征。四川短时强降水事件与复杂地形有密切的关系,5~6月事件活跃区在四川盆地中部,7月在盆地西部的龙门山脉一带,8月在雅安、乐山附近,9月在盆地北部且频次明显减少;短时强降水事件的最大小时雨强可达80mm以上,出现在7~8月的盆地西部龙门山一带和南部地区。短时强降水事件随着海拔高度的增加,发生频次和日数逐渐减少,海拔2000m以上地区基本无强降水发生日出现( 峨眉山气象站例外)。      

局地地形、地表特征对上海暴雨过程影响的研究

作者在对2001年8月5~6日上海地区一场特大暴雨的诊断分析与数值模拟研究中确知,停滞在上海的热带低压及在其内发生、发展起来的中尺度对流云团是造成此次暴雨的直接天气系统。暴雨过程中,非常规观测资料及高分辨率暴雨数值模拟结果的分析对于揭示热带低压内暴雨中尺度系统的结构及发展演变的时空连续性具有重要作用。但同时也意识到,对于造成暴雨的各尺度系统的发生、发展,特别是造成局地突发性强降水的暴雨中尺度系统,某些物理过程的影响是不可忽视的。这些物理过程或独立影响着暴雨中尺度系统的发展,或相互作用、相互制约,共同影响着暴雨中尺度系统的发展。为此,作者在此次暴雨过程较成功的数值模拟研究基础上,对上海附近山脉地形及上海地区地表状况等可能影响暴雨中尺度系统发展的物理过程进行了模拟试验研究,结果表明,上海及其周边地区局地山脉地形和上海地区的地表分布特征虽不是造成此次局地突发性强暴雨的直接原因,但明显影响着暴雨系统的移动、停滞、发展和加强。上海以西的莫干山、天目山在热带低压东移过程中对于气流具有一定阻挡作用,有利于暖湿气流的聚集及热带低压移速的减慢。但若山脉过高且热带低压移至非平原地带,则来自西南的暖湿气流会受阻而汇集在莫干山至杭州湾一带,这样在相对强的偏西气流作用下,热带低压的移向就会出现变化。另外,上海局地地表城市化特征的加强使得城市近地层空气的暖干特性效应和城区上风方风速辐合,并由此引起暴雨系统内中尺度动力、热力特征出现变化,这值得在局地暴雨强度预报中加以关注。局地城市地表特征是城市暴雨灾害不容忽视的影响因素。     

Mesoscale Meteorological Features Associated with Heavy Precipitation in the Southern Alpine Region

Summary  Several episodes of heavy precipitation, which occurred in the region south of the Alps, have been simulated by means of the mesoscale model BOLAM3. Each case was run at 3 different resolutions, up to 4 km grid interval. The quantitative precipitation “forecast” fields are compared with available rain data. In general, satisfactory results are obtained in terms of spatial distribution and timing of precipitation, except in cases in which pre-frontal convection is dominant. The diagnostics of phenomena involved in orographic precipitation identify the different mesoscale atmospheric features associated with the interaction with topography, like the formation of low level jets, convergence zones, rainbands, and organized convective systems. These appear as “ingredients” common to all the cases considered and are shown to be sensitive to orographic forcing, as well as to the latent heat exchange processes. Received March 2, 1999/Revised June 1, 1999     

都江堰特大暴雨过程中GIS的多种面雨量计算方法对比

本文采用GIS栅格插值的常用方法,反距离权重法(IDW),样条函数法(Spline),克里金法(Kriging),协同克里金法(Co-Kriging),泰森多边形法(Thissen)对2013年7月8～11日都江堰特大暴雨过程进行面雨量计算的对比分析,并用FLood Area模型对此次过程中白沙河流域的暴雨洪涝过程进行模拟,结果显示:5种面雨量计算方法的结果受雨量站密集程度和降水空间分布特征的制约,特别是样条函数法和泰森多边形法,对雨量站分布影响较为敏感;小时面雨量计算中站点分布对样条函数法影响更大;协同克里金法计算面雨量可使FLood Area模拟结果更优,更接近于真实值;在复杂地形条件下面雨量计算中,考虑地形的相关影响可有效提高降水插值精度,使Flood Area模型的模拟结果误差更小。