渤海盆地现今岩石圈热结构及新生代构造-热演化史

依据236口井共2 706组的静温数据以及25口井的系统测温数据,分析计算了渤海盆地地温梯度及大地热流;建立地壳分层结构模型,利用回剥法计算现今地幔热流、深部温度以及岩石圈厚度;在此基础上,利用地球动力学方法恢复本区热流演化史。结果表明：渤海盆地背景地温梯度为322 ℃/km,热流值为648 mW/m2;盆地现今热岩石圈厚度在61~69 km之间,地幔热流占地表热流的比例在60%左右,属于“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构,盆地地壳底部或莫霍面温度变动在548~749 ℃之间;热流演化的特征与盆地的构造演化背景吻合,新生代以来盆地经历了3期岩石圈减薄并加热的过程,在东营组沉积末期热流达到最高(70~83 mW/m2）,这期间盆地内产出多期碱性玄武岩,表明盆地经历了波及地幔的裂谷过程,随后进入热沉降期,热流逐渐降低,盆地向坳陷型转变。     

南海北部深水区新生代热演化史

在构造沉降史恢复的基础上确定拉张期次,再采用非瞬时非均匀多期拉张纯剪切模型恢复南海北部深水区新生代热流史,结果表明：始新世以来,南海北部深水区存在多期热流升高的加热事件。裂谷阶段盆地基底热流幕式升高,裂后阶段也并非完全处于热衰减期。琼东南盆地新生代存在56.5～32 Ma、32～16 Ma和5.3 Ma以来3期加热事件,珠江口盆地存在56.5～32 Ma和32～23.3 Ma两期加热事件。琼东南盆地深水区基底热流始新世末为56～62 mW/m2; 早中新世末上升到60～64 mW/m2; 上新世末在深断陷区最高达75mW/m2。珠江口盆地深水区基底热流始新世末升高到60 mW/m2; 渐新世末升高到70 mW/m2。深水区新生代裂谷阶段多期拉张决定了基底热流幕式升高的多期加热事件,琼东南盆地晚期加热事件与红河走滑断裂在10～5 Ma时由左旋走滑转变为右旋走滑拉张有关。     

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井热史恢复及其油气勘探意义

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井实测地温剖面和样品热导率测试结果表明:其现今地温梯度为20～24℃/km,热流值为56mW/m²,体现了盆地发育于扬子稳定陆块的大地构造属性。基于7个磷灰石裂变径迹样品和大量镜质体反射率古温标数据进行的热史恢复表明,盆地构造—热演化经历了前印支期的低热流(50～60mW/m²)和小剥蚀量(50～200m),印支期的高热流(约80mW/m²)及燕山期与喜马拉雅期的低热流(50～60mW/m²)与大剥蚀量(1100～2400m)的不同演化阶段,反映了盆地和区域构造演化过程的阶段性。受沉积剥蚀及盆地构造—热演化的控制,生油岩系的生烃阶段与过程具有多期次的特征。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷热历史及构造—热演化特征

根据镜质组反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹古温标方法模拟的济阳坳陷地温演化情况表明,地温梯度在坳陷的演化过程中是逐渐降低的。在孔店组-沙河街组沉积期间地温梯度是较高的,最高可达5.5～6.0℃/100m,但在此期间地温梯度下降较快,在东营组沉积时期降为3.5～4.5℃/100m;在馆陶组沉积时期地温梯度变化很小,至第三纪末地温梯度已降至目前的3.5℃/100m左右。济阳坳陷的构造沉降特征表现为孔店组至沙四段沉积期间(65～43Ma)的快速构造沉降阶段和沙三段沉积(43Ma)以后的热沉降阶段,盆地的地热史模拟结果和构造沉降所揭示的坳陷演化阶段具有很好的对应关系。坳陷热历史研究为渤海湾盆地的构造-热演化提供了重要的认识。     

准噶尔盆地热史恢复及其对早—中二叠世时期盆地构造属性的约束

大地热流是盆地动力学成因及构造演化过程的客观反映,不同时代、不同动力学背景形成的盆地,大地热流差异极大,因此盆地构造—热演化研究不仅能够揭示盆地不同演化阶段的地温场特点,而且能够有效地约束盆地在特定地质演化历史时期的动力学机制和构造属性。本文针对准噶尔盆地深层多期复杂热史的特点,在盆地现今地温场研究的基础上,采用镜质体反射率和裂变径迹等古温标,结合古地温梯度法和古热流法定量恢复了准噶尔盆地二叠纪以来的热历史,进而分析了早—中二叠世期间盆地构造属性。研究表明,准噶尔盆地从早二叠世开始呈现出热流持续降低的热流演化特征,二叠纪期间,盆地热流值很高,多数钻井的古热流在75~85m W/m~2之间,少数钻井揭示的古热流更高,超过了100mW/m~2;中—新生代,热流持续、逐渐降低,直至现今的42.5mW/m~2。早—中二叠世,盆地的最高热流地区在中央坳陷和南部坳陷。以早—中二叠世期间高古热流为切入点,结合区域地质、地球物理和地球化学等资料,论证了准噶尔盆地早—中二叠世期间的裂谷构造属性。这一认识不仅是重新认识准噶尔地区晚古生代碰撞造山和陆内盆山体制转换的基础,而且对于准噶尔盆地深层石炭系、二叠系烃源岩油气进一步勘探具有重要意义。     

南海珠江口盆地白云凹陷现今地温场与新生代构造—热演化特征

位于南海北缘的珠江口盆地深水区作为我国海洋油气勘探的重点区域,具有良好的油气勘探前景。本文利用钻井地热测量数据分析了珠江口盆地深水区现今地温场及岩石圈热结构特征,通过古温标反演和拉张盆地模型正演相结合的方法定量揭示了白云凹陷新生代以来的热史,总结了不同地热地质条件对油气生成的影响。研究结果表明：珠江口盆地大地热流分布特征具有北低南高的特点,同时具有“热幔冷壳”的特征。珠江口盆地深水区始新世以来经历了两期拉张过程,第一期（47.8～33.9 Ma）拉张自始新世发生,拉张强度较大,凹陷中心基底热流快速上升至～82 mW/m²;第二期（23～13.8 Ma）拉张发生于中新世,此次拉张在白云凹陷南部更强烈,白云凹陷主体在 13.8 Ma达到最高古基底热流,此后进入热沉降阶段,基底热流值一直缓慢下降。磷灰石裂变径迹、磷灰石（U-Th）/He及锆石（U-Th）/He联合反演给出了最高古地温在13.8 Ma附近达到,后期温度基本稳定。     

胶莱盆地沉积-沉降史分析与构造演化

基于地表典型露头剖面观察、地震剖面和测井资料解释、沉降史分析,并运用叠合盆地和改造盆地的研究思路,恢复了胶莱盆地白垩纪不同演化阶段的盆地原型及其构造性质。结果表明,该盆地经历了3个显著不同的沉积-沉降阶段。早白垩世莱阳群沉积时期,盆地原型表现为两个NE至NNE向延伸的断陷槽:一个沿苴县—诸城断陷发育,另一个沿牟平—即墨构造带发育,其沉积-沉降中心分别受苏鲁造山带北缘断裂带和牟平—即墨断裂带控制;该阶段沉积-沉降速率发生显著的空间分异,最大沉积-沉降速率在断陷槽,为230～370m/Ma,沿两侧斜坡地带沉积-沉降速率减小,约60m/Ma。早白垩世青山群对应一套中基性至中酸性火山岩,在沂沭裂谷盆地中堆积了一套大盛群河湖相沉积,这个时期是典型的大陆裂谷作用阶段,胶莱盆地演化为火山盆地,盆地沉降速率为35～70m/Ma。晚白垩世盆地原型表现为受东西向断裂控制的不对称箕状断陷,由诸城凹陷、高密凹陷和莱阳凹陷组成,其构造性质属于受西侧郯庐断裂和东侧牟平—即墨断裂控制的右旋拉分盆地;该阶段沉积-沉降速率总体一致,在63～73m/Ma。最后探讨了白垩纪盆地不同伸展阶段的动力学机制。     

南海北部陆缘热流变化特征及其影响因素分析

热流调查和构造热演化数值模拟是油气地热研究不可或缺的重要内容。沉积盆地在其演化过程中往往叠加了特殊构造事件。通过热流调查和构造热演化数值计算可以更好地约束这些特殊过程,重建更为真实的构造热演化历史。该文通过对南海北部琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地中段热流变化特征分析和构造热演化数值模拟,探讨了影响其热流变化的主要因素。结果表明,琼东南盆地可分3个热流分区:北部陆架与上陆坡区(50~70mW/m~2)、中央坳陷带深水区(70~85mW/m~2)和盆地东部深水区高热流带(85mW/m~2);珠江口盆地中段从陆架往海盆方向热流呈阶梯式抬高,西江凹陷平均热流为55mW/m~2,番禺低隆起为58mW/m~2,白云凹陷为70mW/m~2,下陆坡区为85mW/m~2;陆坡区高热流不仅与岩石圈强烈减薄相关,而且还受到岩石圈破裂时引起的深部热物质上涌的影响,后者对现今陆坡区还有约20mW/m~2的热流贡献;琼东南盆地东部高热流值则主要受到晚中新世以来的岩体侵位热事件的影响,岩体侵入热事件对现今热流值贡献可达10~25mW/m~2。分析表明,在南海深水盆地开展构造热演化数值计算时,需要考虑沉积过程、海底扩张以及岩浆活动等影响因素。     

海拉尔盆地热演化史研究

海拉尔盆地现今为中地温场,中低大地热流特征,镜质体反射率随埋深增大而逐渐增大.不同层位、不同凹陷烃源岩热演化程度不同,乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷镜质体反射率值最大,热演化程度高.应用镜质体反射率法恢复了古地温及古地温梯度.海拉尔盆地古地温高于今地温,南屯组沉积前具有较高的地温梯度,可达(4.0～5.8)×10-2℃/m.乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷古地温梯度高,生油门限浅,有利于油气的生成.而另外一些凹陷生油门限较深,不利于油气的生成.     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地现今地温与油气关系研究

通过大量的地层测温资料综合分析确定了吐鲁番-哈密盆地不同构造单元的现今地温梯度及大地热流值,该盆地(以下简称吐哈盆地)现今地温梯度为2.50℃/100m,大地热流值为47.8mW/m²,现今地温梯度及大地热流值分布具有东高西低的特点.吐哈盆地现今地温梯度及大地热流值高于塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地,现今地温场受地壳厚度、基底结构及盆地构造的控制.吐哈盆地现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要控制作用,台北凹陷属持续埋藏增温型凹陷,烃源岩现今仍处于成油高峰期.哈密坳陷、托克逊凹陷部分地区烃源岩古地温高于今地温,对烃源岩生油过程起控制作用的是古地温而不是现今地温.     

Burial and thermal history of the West Bashkirian sedimentary basins

The GALO system is applied to the numerical reconstruction of burial and thermal histories of the West Bashkirian lithosphere from the Riphean to the present. An analysis of the variation in tectonic subsidence of the basin during its development is utilized to estimate approximately the mantle heat flow variations. Our variant of basin evolution suggests that after cooling in the Early Riphean, the rather weak thermal reactivations have not led to considerable heating of the lithosphere in the study region. Surface heat flow decreased from relatively high values in the Early Riphean (60–70 mW/m² in the eastern area and 40–50 mW/m² in the western part) to present-day values of 32–40 mW/m². In spite of the relatively low temperature regime of the basin as a whole, a syn-rifting deposition of more than 10 km of limestone, shale and sandstone in the Riphean resulted in rather high temperatures (180–190 °C) at the base of present-day sedimentary blanket in the eastern area. In agreement with the observed data, computed present-day heat flow through the sediment surface increases slightly from 32 to 34 mW/m² near the west boundary of the region to 42 mW/m² near the boundary of the Ural Foldbelt, whereas the heat flow through the basement surface decreases slightly from 28–32 to 24–26 mW/m² in the same direction. The mantle heat flow is only 11.3–12.7 mW/m², which is considerable lower than mean heat flow of the Russian Platform (16–18 mW/m²) and comparable with the low heat flow of Precambrian shields.     

Numerical modelling of the thermal evolution of the northwestern Dniepr–Donets Basin (Ukraine)

The Dniepr–Donets Basin (DDB) is a Late Devonian rift structure located within the East-European Craton. Numerical heat flow models for 13 wells calibrated with new maturity data were used to evaluate temporal and lateral heat flow variations in the northwestern part of the basin.The numerical models suggest that heat flow was relatively high during Late Carboniferous and/or Permian times. The relatively high heat flow is probably related to an Early Permian re-activation of tectonic activity. Reconstructed Early Permian heat flow values along the axial zone of the rift are about 60 mW/m² and increase to 90 mW/m² along the northern basin margin. These values are higher than those expected from tectonic models considering a single Late Devonian rifting phase. The calibration data are not sensitive to variations in the Devonian/Carboniferous heat flow. Therefore, the models do not allow deciding whether heat flows remained high after the Devonian rifting, or whether the reconstructed Permian heat flows represent a separate heating event.Analysis of the vitrinite reflectance data suggest that the northeastern Dniepr–Donets Basin is characterised by a low Mesozoic heat flow (30–35 mW/m²), whereas the present-day heat flow is about 45 mW/m².     

Geothermal regime and Jurassic source rock maturity of the Junggar basin, northwest China

We analyze the thermal gradient distribution of the Junggar basin based on oil-test and well-logging temperature data. The basin-wide average thermal gradient in the depth interval of 0–4000 m is 22.6 °C/km, which is lower than other sedimentary basins in China. We report 21 measured terrestrial heat flow values based on detailed thermal conductivity data and systematical steady-state temperature data. These values vary from 27.0 to 54.1 mW/m² with a mean of 41.8 ± 7.8 mW/m². The Junggar basin appears to be a cool basin in terms of its thermal regime. The heat flow distribution within the basin shows the following characteristics. (1) The heat flow decreases from the Luliang Uplift to the Southern Depression; (2) relatively high heat flow values over 50 mW/m² are confined to the northern part of the Eastern Uplift and the adjacent parts of the Eastern Luliang Uplift and Central Depression; (3) The lowest heat flow of smaller than 35 mW/m² occurs in the southern parts of the basin. This low thermal regime of the Junggar basin is consistent with the geodynamic setting, the extrusion of plates around the basin, the considerably thick crust, the dense lithospheric mantle, the relatively stable continental basement of the basin, low heat generation and underground water flow of the basin. The heat flow of this basin is of great significance to oil exploration and hydrocarbon resource assessment, because it bears directly on issues of petroleum source-rock maturation. Almost all oil fields are limited to the areas of higher heat flows. The relatively low heat flow values in the Junggar basin will deepen the maturity threshold, making the deep-seated widespread Permian and Jurassic source rocks in the Junggar basin favorable for oil and gas generation. In addition, the maturity evolution of the Lower Jurassic Badaowan Group (J_1b) and Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Group (J_2x) were calculated based on the thermal data and burial depth. The maturity of the Jurassic source rocks of the Central Depression and Southern Depression increases with depth. The source rocks only reached an early maturity with a R₀ of 0.5–0.7% in the Wulungu Depression, the Luliang Uplift and the Western Uplift, whereas they did not enter the maturity window (R₀ < 0.5%) in the Eastern Uplift of the basin. This maturity evolution will provide information of source kitchen for the Jurassic exploration.     

Heat flow in the Altai-Sayan Area: new data

Eleven new estimates of heat flow (q) from the southern Altai-Sayan Folded Area (ASFA) have provided update to the heat flow map of Gorny Altai. Measured heat flow in the area varies from 33 to 90 mW/m², with abnormal values of >70 mW/m^q at four sites. The anomalies may have a deep source only at the Aryskan site in the East Sayan (q = 77 mW/m²) while high heat flows of 75–90 mW/m² obtained for the Mesozoic Belokurikha and Kalguty plutons appear rather to result from high radiogenic heat production in granite, which adds a 25–30 W/m² radiogenic component to a deep component of 50–60 mW/m². The latter value is consistent with heat flow estimates derived from helium isotope ratios (54 mW/m² in both plutons). Heat flow variations at other sites are in the range from 33 to 60 mW/m². The new data support the earlier inferences of a generally low heat flow over most of ASFA (average of 45–50 mW/m²) and of a “cold” Cenozoic orogeny in the area (except for southeastern ASFA), possibly driven by shear stresses associated with India indentation into Eurasia.     

Modelling the petroleum generation and migration of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the Banqiao Depression of Bohai Bay Basin,Eastern China

The mudstones in the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) are the primary source rocks in the Banqiao Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. They are rich in organic matter with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content up to 3.5%. The sandstones in the Es3 member are the deepest proven hydrocarbon reservoir rocks with measured porosity and permeability values ranging from 3.6% to 32.4% and from 0.01 md to 3283.7 md, respectively. One, two and three-dimensional basin modelling studies were performed to analyse the petroleum generation and migration history of the Es3 member in the Banqiao Depression based on the reconstruction of the burial, thermal and maturity history in order to evaluate the remaining potential of this petroleum province. The modelling results are calibrated with measured vitrinite reflectance (R_o), borehole temperatures and some drilling results of 63 wells in the study area. Calibration of the model with thermal maturity and borehole temperature data indicates that the present-day heat flow in the Banqiao Depression varies from 59.8 mW/m² to 61.7 mW/m² and the paleo-heat flow increased from 65 Ma to 50.4 Ma, reached a peak heat-flow values of approximately 75 mW/m² at 50.4 Ma and then decreased exponentially from 50.4 Ma to present-day. The source rocks of the Es3 member are presently in a stage of oil and condensate generation with maturity from 0.5% to 1.8% R_o and had maturity from 0.5% to 1.25% R_o at the end of the Dongying Formation (Ed) deposition (26 Ma). Oil generation (0.5% R_o) in the Es3 member began from about 37 Ma to 34 Ma and the peak hydrocarbon generation (1.0% R_o) occurred approximately from 30 Ma to 15 Ma. The modelled hydrocarbon expulsion evolution suggested that the timing of hydrocarbon expulsion from the Es3 member source rocks began from 31 Ma to 10 Ma with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion shortly after 26 Ma. Secondary petroleum migration pathways in the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression are modelled based on the structure surfaces at 26 Ma and present-day, respectively. The migration history modelling results have accurately predicted the petroleum occurrences within the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression based on the calibration with drilling results of 10 oil-producing wells, one well with oil shows and 52 dry holes. Six favorable zones of oil accumulations in the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression are identified especially oil accumulation zones I and II due to their proximity to the generative kitchens, short oil migration distances and the presence of a powerful drive force.     

Heat flow and thermal modeling of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

Geothermal gradients are estimated to vary from 31 to 43 °C/km in the Yinggehai Basin based on 99 temperature data sets compiled from oil well data. Thirty-seven thermal conductivity measurements on core samples were made and the effects of porosity and water saturation were corrected. Thermal conductivities of mudstone and sandstone range from 1.2 to 2.7 W/m K, with a mean of 2.0±0.5 W/m K after approximate correction. Heat flow at six sites in the Yinggehai Basin range from 69 to 86 mW/m², with a mean value of 79±7 mW/m². Thick sediments and high sedimentation rates resulted in a considerable radiogenic contribution, but also depressed the heat flow. Measurements indicate the radiogenic heat production in the sediment is 1.28 μW/m³, which contributes 20% to the surface heat flow. After subtracting radiogenic heat contribution of the sediment, and sedimentation correction, the average basal heat flow from basement is about 86 mW/m².Three stages of extension are recognized in the subsidence history, and a kinematic model is used to study the thermal evolution of the basin since the Cenozoic era. Model results show that the peak value of basal heat flow was getting higher and higher through the Cenozoic. The maximum basal heat flow increased from 65 mW/m² in the first stage to 75 mW/m² in the second stage, and then 90 mW/m² in the third stage. The present temperature field of the lithosphere of the Yinggehai Basin, which is still transient, is the result of the multistage extension, but was primarily associated with the Pliocene extension.     

Absence of a regional surface thermal high in the Baikal rift; new insights from detailed contouring of heat flow anomalies

Heat flow in active tectonic zones as the Baikal rift is a crucial parameter for evaluating deep anomalous structures and lithosphere evolution. Based on the interpretation of the existing datasets, the Baikal rift has been characterized in the past by either high heat flow, or moderately elevated heat flow, or even lacking a surface heat flow anomaly. We made an attempt to better constrain the geothermal picture by a detailed offshore contouring survey of known anomalies, and to estimate the importance of observed heat flow anomalies within the regional surface heat output. A total of about 200 new and close-spaced heat flow measurements were obtained in several selected study areas in the North Baikal Basin. With an outrigged and a violin-bow designed thermoprobe of 2–3-m length, both the sediment temperature and thermal conductivity were measured. The new data show at all investigated sites that the large heat flow highs are limited to local heat flow anomalies. The maximum measured heat flow reaches values of 300–35000 mW/m², but the extent of the anomalies is not larger than 2 to 4 km in diameter. Aside of these local anomalies, heat flow variations are restricted to near background values of 50–70 mW/m², except in the uplifted Academician zone. The extent of the local anomalies excludes a conductive source, and therefore heat transport by fluids must be considered. In a conceptual model where all bottom floor heat flow anomalies are the result of upflowing fluids along a conduit, an extra heat output of 20 MW (including advection) is estimated for all known anomalies in the North Baikal Basin. Relative to a basal heat flow of 55–65 mW/m², these estimations suggest an extra heat output in the northern Lake Baikal of only 5%, corresponding to a regional heat flow increase of 3 mW/m². The source of this heat can be fully attributed to a regional heat redistribution by topographically driven ground water flow. Thus, the surface heat flow is not expected to bear a signal of deeper lithospheric thermal anomalies that can be separated from heat flow typical for orogenically altered crust (40–70 mW/m²). The new insights on the geothermal signature in the Baikal rift once more show that continental rifting is not by default characterized by high heat flow.     

Tectono-thermal evolution of the Reed Bank Basin,Southern South China Sea

The Reed Bank Basin in the southern margin of the South China Sea is considered to be a Cenozoic rifted basin. Tectono-thermal history is widely thought to be important to understand tectonics as well as oil and gas potential of basin. In order to investigate the Cenozoic tectono-thermal history of the Reed Bank Basin, we carried out thermal modeling on one drill well and 22 pseudo-wells using the multi-stage finite stretching model. Two stages of rifting during the time periods of ∼65.5–40.4 Ma and ∼40.4–28.4 Ma can be recognized from the tectonic subsidence rates, and there are two phases of heating corresponding to the rifting. The reconstructed average basal paleo-heat flow values at the end of the rifting events are ∼60 and ∼66.3 mW/m², respectively. Following the heating periods, this basin has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase since ∼28.4 Ma and the basal heat flow cooled down to ∼57.8–63.5 mW/m² at present. In combination with the radiogenic heat production of the sedimentary sequences, the surface heat flow of the Reed Bank Basin ranges from ∼60.4 to ∼69.9 mW/m².     

东濮凹陷现今地温场分布特征

在9口井连续测温资料的基础上,对东濮凹陷现今地温场进行了研究。东濮凹陷的地温梯度代表值为34℃/km,平均大地热流值为58.4 mW/m²。现今地温场的展布主要受地质构造格局的控制,为北东—北北东向,与盆地构造走向一致,总体分布是相同层位东部次凹和西部次凹的地温高,中央隆起和西部斜坡带地温相对低。现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要的控制作用,东部次凹和西部次凹的石炭-二叠系现今仍处于二次生烃阶段,是上古生界有利的二次生烃区。