Policy Performance and Brownfield Redevelopment in Milwaukee,Wisconsin*

The redevelopment of brownfield sites has become a central focus of government efforts aimed at developing and revitalizing urban areas in the U.S. This article examines brownfield redevelopment efforts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, which gained momentum in the mid‐1990s, in order to determine how Milwaukee is performing in terms of redevelopment activities, what the effects of government support of such activities have been, and how performance outcomes are currently being measured. Through an examination of government data and interviews with key stakeholders, the Milwaukee case reveals that redevelopment is indeed progressing well as government becomes more effective at tackling the barriers to private‐sector redevelopment. However, progress in redeveloping brownfields is still being measured primarily in terms of economic development outcomes rather than in terms of the broader social, economic, and environmental objectives that both policy makers and private‐sector stakeholders associate with such redevelopment.     

Imagineering Uneven Geographical Development in Central Florida

In an era when it is proclaimed that, through globalization, the world has become flat, the unevenness of economic and social development is often overlooked or suppressed. This case study explores the conditions of uneven geographical development in the urban space of central Florida. Focusing primarily on the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID), better known to much of the world as Walt Disney World, and on Celebration, the community developed by the Disney Corporation in the 1990s, the relationship between tourism, the defining economic sector in the region, and uneven geographical development is explored. This study shows that the theory of uneven geographical development applies well to a region that is heavily dependent upon the tourist sector for its economy, and thereby works to control the narrative of that space to continue attracting consumers.     

北京市基础设施与经济社会发展关系

基础设施对城市与区域经济社会发展具有正的溢出效应。本文以北京市为例,分别测度了北京市基础设施对经济增长的贡献率,基础设施部门对其他经济部门的关联关系,以及基础设施与经济社会发展水平的协调度。研究发现：①1978-2014年,北京市基础设施对经济增长的平均贡献率为34.9%,其中“七五”“八五”和“九五”时期基础设施建设提速,其贡献率高达45%左右;从各基础设施对GDP的狭义贡献度来看,邮电基础设施所创造的GDP最高,占到全市GDP的9%以上,往下依次为交通、能源和水务部门;②交通和能源部门的感应度系数较高,说明其他经济部门的增长将增加对该基础设施部门的需求,进而带动后者的增长,同时也意味着该基础设施部门易对经济发展产生制约作用,需要适度超前建设;③北京市基础设施发展水平相对滞后于经济社会发展,尤其是水务基础设施,虽然在波动中有所改善,但仍然是基础设施发展的短板,与经济社会的协调发展度最低。     

南通县农村产业结构变化、劳动力转移和城镇化发展

本文以南通县为典型，研究了近年桌我国经济较发达地区农村产业结构变化趋势、农村产业结构类型的形成、劳动力的产业转移和空间转移以及县域城镇化发展，分析了当前存在的问题并提出相应的看法。     

A system perspective on innovation in the Norwegian dairy industry

Regional innovation systems (RIS) have made a considerable contribution on the one hand to a scientific understanding of how innovation occurs and on the other hand as a political tool for stimulation of regional development. The aim of the article is to illuminate this theoretical approach by discussing the role of regional innovation systems in promoting innovation in the dairy (meieri) industry in Norway, and further, by discussing regional consequences of the development of regional innovation systems. The main conclusion is that it is hard to find regional innovation systems within the dairy industry in Norway; the mainstream milk sector is nationally oriented. Within farm processing and a few ‘countercurrent’ dairy firms, however, a stronger relation to regional networks emerges. Development of regional innovation systems is a kind of endogenous development that presupposes there are local and regional resources available, which often is not the case. Hence, a one-sided commitment to regional innovation systems will result in regional disparities in economic growth. Varied strategies for innovation and for regional development can compensate for these disparities.     

Employment Structure and the Environment in Cape Coast, Ghana

The relationships between poverty, population growth and government policy in the creation of poor sanitary environments in low income residential areas are discussed. In recent years, the implementation of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries has had the effect of shrinking the formal/modern sectors and expanding the informal sector. While small scale informal sector activities have dominated Cape Coast's economic base for a long time, the contraction of the formal sector resulting from structural adjustment conditionalities has engendered a disproportionate growth of the informal sector. This paper examines the environmental implications on an urban economy (Cape Coast) dominated by informal sector activities. It shows how the low pay associated with available employment reduces the ability of the municipal authority to promote urban development especially environmental health on the basis of taxes alone.     

沿海生态地区空间均衡内涵界定与状态评估——以黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为例

以沿海生态地区黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为例,运用组合类型方法测度空间均衡状态,得出以下结论：① 黄河三角洲高效生态区开发强度呈现中部和东翼高、西翼低的空间格局,资源环境承载能力呈现由东翼向西翼递减的空间格局;② 开发不足型、均衡型、过度开发型区域并存,东翼多为均衡型区域,中部和西翼多为过度开发区域,西翼偏北地区多为开发不足区域;③ 区域本底条件、区域发展阶段、产业集聚状态、空间集约程度、管控制度设计、区际关系结构等是影响空间均衡的重要因素。     

Keeping privatization on track: the active state, the unwilling investor and the case of rail freight in the UK

Summary This paper presents a case study of rail freight privatization in the UK within the context of wider debates about globalization, the neo-liberal privatization programme and the role of the state. The case study reveals the interventionist role played by the state in both legitimizing the process of privatization and selling the idea to a reluctant private sector at home and abroad. In doing so, it points to a number of contradictions and problems in the model of privatization chosen that raises larger questions about the process of economic liberalization and market deregulation.     

Economic globalization and regional disparities in the Philippines

This paper empirically tracks the Philippine (policy) path following the mantra of economic globalization over the past 25 years. Specifically, it investigates the resulting regional growth‐inequality relationships and development footprints accompanying the restructuring of political economy and livelihoods. The Philippine case thereby shows how globalization can simultaneously cause the selective dismantling of (economic) barriers and enhancement of mobility and growth, as well as a deterioration of socioeconomic inequalities in space and society. In an increasingly deregulated and contested environment these development divides do not just pose serious threats to regional balance and national cohesion but, ultimately, undermine state capacity to achieve avowed goals of inclusive growth, stability and equality for citizens.     

基于历史制度分析的珠江三角洲非国有经济演化

采用历史制度的分析视角,对珠江三角洲城市东莞和佛山在改革开放后非国有经济部门发展结构和演化过程进行分析,试图揭示两个城市在发展模式和路径上形成差异的内在逻辑。东莞和佛山在改革开放初期选择了不同的集体经济组织方式重组生产资源和发展地方经济,而在改革开放后期,佛山地方政府主导的城镇集体工业转制要远远慢于东莞的乡村集体工业,并采用了次优的内部企业转制策略推进改革。分析表明：珠三角的东莞和佛山在非国有经济部门发展路径上的分叉点在于经济主体对地方特定的历史禀赋和社会网络的利用方式,而初始的非国有经济结构对改革后期的发展进一步构成路径依赖,导致两个城市各异的转制速度和方式。     

水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型与应用

介绍了水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型和应用实例。从数学形式上看,它是多目标优化模型,目标函数选用自由度较高并具竞争性的系统状态指标;约束条件应该包括各相关子系统的状态模拟方程,使模拟与优化实现耦合。在研究实例中,选用了GDP和COD排放量指标来表征研究区的经济发展和环境状况,约束条件主要包括水资源系统模拟模型和宏观经济系统扩大再生产—投入产出耦合模型。由于水资源可持续利用规划决策是半结构化的决策问题,开发决策支持系统辅助决策有助于提高决策的科学性和有效性。     

Regional development and the impact of the public sector in Denmark: employment growth and human capital

This paper analyses the relationships between employment growth, human capital and regional development. To understand the spatial development of employment growth, we distinguish between the public and the private sector. The public sector has a major role in Denmark in the form of a large share of total employment and employment growth across space. We examine in particular the uneven geography of human capital and the relationships between the growth of human capital and total employment growth by Danish municipalities. It is moreover analysed, whether there is a concentration of human capital in the largest city-regions, and how such concentrations contribute to the uneven geography of employment growth. The paper concludes that both the public and private sectors are important regarding employment growth in Danish municipalities. Further, public and private human capital contributes to employment growth, and the public sector contributes, over time, to diminishing the uneven spatial distribution of human capital while the private sector increases the spatial inequality. Moreover, urbanisation has a significant effect on employment growth and human capital formation, both when it comes to the large city regions, and, in general, the distance to city centres.     

改革开放以来广东省空间极化研究

改革开放２０年来广东省的空间结构演化表明：传统的核心－边缘模式已发生了很大的变化,区域出现多极化且次级核心区形成。广州华南中心城市的地位已经被香港所取代,韶关、湛江、汕头、潮阳等老中心城市地位不断下降,深圳、珠海、东莞、中山、顺德、南海和番禺等新兴城市正发展成为新区域增长中心。珠江三角洲经济发展开始向外围地区扩展,出现了反极化的趋势。全省空间差异扩大,形成了多层次的空间极化格局。     

Spatial dynamics of industrialization in Jiangsu Province of China

l introduCtionJiangsu Province is one of the fastest growing provinces in Cab and has eXPerienced aStonishingeconomic development since the Anplementahon of reform and open dOOr POlicy in 1978. As theeconomic development is closely related to the industrial develOPment, this Paper will examine tileperformance of industrial sector in Jiangsu in the period 1978-1995. ms may be helpfiil to understandthe regional economic development in the ProVince which serves as a good case study of this …     

Rapid urbanization in a transitional economy in China: The case of Hainan Island

The outcomes and forms of urbanization and modernization in China following the reform and opening of the late 1970s have attracted extensive attention and competing interpretations in scholarly documentation. This paper focuses on Hainan Island, established in 1988 as the biggest special economic zone in China. Since then, considerable inflows of human as well as speculative capital have led to rapid real estate, in particular tourism-related, development. While urban expansion and improvements have been encouraged, the ongoing over-building, unregulated conversion of land use and degradation of the urban environment present serious social and economic problems. This paper summarizes the trajectory, causal factors and outcomes of this urban growth and consequent planning problems that make the island an atypical case in China's urbanization experience. We argue that the establishment of a practical framework combining socioeconomic planning, land use planning, and the management of both, is crucial to achieve sustainable growth for this transitional economy.     

POWER, NATURE AND NEOLIBERALISM: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER IN CHILE

Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern.     

演化经济地理视角下的经济复杂度与区域经济发展研究进展

经济复杂度是近年来演化经济地理学的重要议题之一,其关注产业结构转型和内生增长路径,有助于理解区域经济结构转型过程,对经济地理学、发展经济学等理论深化具有重要作用。论文介绍了经济复杂度的理论背景,梳理了演化经济地理视角下经济复杂度的内涵、概念及理论框架,在此基础上回顾了经济复杂度的主流测度方法,并基于产业多样化与产品空间理论探究了经济复杂度与区域经济发展的作用机制,进而回顾了经济复杂度对区域经济增长、区域收入差异和创新等方面的实证研究进展,发现绝大多数文献证明了经济复杂度对区域经济发展的积极作用。区域可以从提升产品空间密度的思路出发,通过提升产业生产和创新能力促进区域经济复杂度提升。中国经济复杂度高于相同收入水平的其他国家,发展路径具有一定特殊性,这为经济复杂度理论研究提供了案例,且在实践中具有较强的政策含义。     

技术关联与城市产业增长研究

动态外部性对于城市产业增长具有显著影响,考察技术关联与城市产业增长之间的关系,并结合产业特征和区域特征构建产业—空间新增长模型,探讨技术关联对城市产业增长的影响机制。采用1998-2008年中国工业企业数据库的数据,研究发现产业特征和区域特征与技术关联存在相互作用,技术密集型产业的技术关联显著促进产业增长,此外东部地区技术关联越高,产业增长越迅速。研究表明,技术关联对城市产业增长的影响具有显著的促进作用,且在不同产业内部和不同区域间存在显著差异。     

THE URBAN LABOR MARKET IN MEXICO: GLOBAL CHANGE,INFORMALITY, AND SOCIAL POLARIZATION

In this study I argue that Mexico's integration into the global economy has increased the dependent nature of its capitalist development and has resulted in the weakening of organized labor and growth of the informal sector. Neoliberal policies in Mexico have accentuated the disparities between the formal and informal sectors and between highly paid skilled workers and those working in unskilled and poorly paid occupations. New forms of geographic dispersion and agglomeration of economic activities contribute to the reproduction of differentiated labor markets in various regions and cities. This is particularly true in those areas most affected by the global economy, such as the major metropolitan areas and the northern regions of the country.

The main changes in the urban labor market associated with economic restructuring in Mexico during the 1980s are analyzed. The paper makes three main points: (1) the ability of the formal sector and especially industry to absorb labor has declined, and there is a clear trend toward a tertiarization of the economy; (2) the informal sector has experienced rapid growth, particularly in small firms and other less productive economic activities; and (3) the occupational structure displays more marginal employment and signs of polarization between the proportions of jobs with the highest and lowest levels of skill.     

基于面板数据的旅游经济效应空间分异及优化研究——以山东省为例

依据2000~2012年山东省17个地市的GDP和旅游总收入数据,构建面板数据模型,用定量的方法测度山东省17个地市的旅游业发展和经济增长之间是否存在长期协整关系,并对存在协整关系的地市进一步进行Granger因果检验和面板数据模型回归分析。结果表明: ① 山东省东中西三大地域板块旅游经济效应空间分异现象明显,东部地区的旅游总收入已经成为了经济增长的Granger因,旅游业发展已经对经济增长起到了良好的推动作用,青岛和烟台的旅游总收入和经济增长已经存在双向Granger因果关系;② 中部地区的经济增长是旅游总收入增长的Granger因,经济增长对旅游业发展起到了保障和助推的双重作用,特别是东营和枣庄已经成为山东省旅游业发展的新亮点;③ 西部地区的经济增长和旅游总收入之间尚未形成协整关系。根据研究结果,给出山东省旅游业均衡、健康发展的建议和对策。