天然气水合物保压转移装置的压力维持系统

天然气水合物在转移到检测装置的过程中,压力会发生较大波动,导致结构的不稳定而分解。天然气水合物样品保压转移装置能够维持样品的高压环境,并将其转移到其他压力容器。文中主要介绍了转移装置及压力维持系统的工作原理,利用AMESim软件对保压转移装置的压力维持系统进行建模,分析了不同预充压力的蓄能器对压力变化的响应,最后通过样品的转移实验验证压力维持系统的有效性,同时得出球阀的关闭对样品的压力影响最大的结论。     

天然气水合物样品保压转移及处理技术系统设计

天然气水合物样品保压取样技术已经成熟,但保压样品只能进行压降处理成为常压样品,这种方法很大程度上影响了水合物在沉积物中的存在初始状况,压力的急骤变化以及温度的变化都会引起沉积物中水合物成分析出,影响后处理的判别。样品保压转移及处理技术不仅是未来天然气水合物资源勘探技术的发展趋势,也是重要技术手段之一。天然气水合物保压样品的获取、检测、处理是天然气水合物取样技术从初级走向成熟阶段的重要标志。介绍了天然气水合物沉积物样品保压转移及处理技术的设计思路及系统各组成单元。该系统主要由天然气水合物样品保压转移系统、天然气水合物保压样品在线探测及岩心分析系统等2部分组成。该系统的设计为今后天然气水合物资源的勘探和开发提供了很好的技术支撑。     

新型深水天然气水合物保真筒保压特性研究

为解决国内现有天然气水合物采样器无法实现大深度保真取样的问题,提出一种配套气垫式保真筒的深海天然气水合物采样器,并以气垫式保真筒的保压特性作为研究重点。在考虑采样过程中样品自身体积膨胀因素的基础上,建立了不含气垫保真筒和气垫式保真筒的数学模型,并通过仿真计算,对不含气垫保真筒和气垫式保真筒的保压特性进行了分析。实验结果表明基于样品自身体积膨胀的不含气垫的保真筒和气垫式保真筒保压特性理论研究是正确的,同时,也表明气垫式保真筒具有良好的保压性能,极具开发价值。     

非保温保压采集深海天然气水合物原位样品的外观与保存状况研究

因为取样时未使用保温保压工具,所以通常情况下采集到的天然气水合物样品在被放入液氮罐冷藏之前,必定已经发生了部分分解;具有代表性意义的ODP 204取得的样品85％分解了,且转变成六方晶体冰。因此,分析描述天然气水合物分解的状况、外观和特征十分必要。综述了利用可确定天然气水合物中冰、水合物和其他矿物相对数量以阐明其保存程度的同步加速X光衍射（XRD）技术和可在低至几十纳米分辨率条件下对样品进行详细观测的低温扫描电镜技术进行非保真采取水合物样品外观和保存状况研究的概况,包括Ⅰ型结构水合物及孔隙横截面均为六边形和亚微米级孔隙区域到密集孔隙区域特征等成果,指出取心时水合物分解耗热,是吸热反应并导致分解释放水同步冻结;同时气体膨胀和气体脱溶也形成冰;这类样品中天然气水合物周围小区域内温度很低并在局部成冰,水合物实现自我保存,这一特性允许天然气水合物在稳定正常的温压条件以外存在一段时间,对于天然气水合物商业储运具有重要意义,但是,多数情况下水合物还是分解了。在“水合物海脊”,样品含天然气水合物量仅少数超过15％,极少数达到70％,只有在原位状态为大块状的天然气水合物中,才可以用肉眼观察到高含量的天然气水合物组分。     

气体水合物岩心分析技术简介

本文对气体水合物岩芯现场分析测试技术做一简介。适用于船上所有沉积物岩心（包括含气体水合物的沉积物岩心）的分析，用于分析的岩心类型包括常规的沉积物岩心（非保压）和保压取样岩心。     

流体剖面上溶解硫酸盐的含量能否反映原地甲烷通量

在天然气水合物稳定带中,受生物地球化学因素制约的甲烷通量是控制天然气水合物分布和含量的关键。我们将通过非保压岩心和保压岩心数据进行说明,这些数据分别来自孟加拉海两个海盆：克里希纳河－哥达瓦里河盆地（K—G）和印度东南部近海的Mahanadi盆地（水深9001170m）,以及位于安达曼海（水深1600m）的1个站位和卡斯卡底古陆（水深890m）的水合物脊上的2个站位。以上所有站位都发现了天然气水合物存在的证据,但每个站位水合物的含量、分布和含水合物沉积物的结构各不相同。     

深海热液样品保温保压储存装置系统设计

设计了一套深海热液样品保温保压储存装置,该装置由结构系统和控制系统两部分组成,可实现热液样品的长时间自动保真储存,并可完成样品由该储存装置到后续培养分析设备的分时、分批转移。结构系统由支撑架、筒体、自动保压系统组成,筒体保温储存样品,自动保压系统对样品长时间自动保压。控制系统由PLC控制加热,并能实现样品状态参数的自动采集和全程记录。整个装置结构简单紧凑、功能完备,为深海热液样品的长时间保真储存以及转移提供了一套安全可靠的装置。     

深渊生物资源取样装备技术体系研究

针对深渊生物资源研究的需求，自主研发了用于全海深深度的深渊沉积物、水体和宏生物的保压取样装置，深渊沉积物保压转移装置，深渊微生物原位过滤及保存装置和高压培养高压酶学测定装置。在深海模拟环境验证了取样装置在万米深度下的工作性能。相关装置在“探索一号”科考船的TS15、TS21-1和TS21-2大洋科考航次中，搭载“奋斗者”号载人潜器、“2号”深渊着陆器、“原位实验”号着陆器于西菲律宾盆区和马里亚纳海沟进行了海上试验，成功获取了万米深度沉积物、水体和宏生物保压样品以及微生物原位过滤滤膜；成功进行了沉积物保压样品的保压转移试验。初步形成了深渊海域生物资源取样的装备技术体系，为深渊海底生物和基因资源开发，深渊生命过程等科学研究提供技术手段。     

区别于DSDP-ODP的深海保压保温天然气水合物钻探取心技术

到目前为止，任何深海天然气水合物原位岩心样品的钻探、取心技术都离不开ODP(大洋钻探计划)或DSDP(深海钻探计划)专用船舶钻探技术，该技术主要通过从工作母船上连接几百到几千米钻杆到海底，实现500—1000m的钻探，再通过不同类型PCS(保压取心器)与PTCS(保压保温取心器)取心工具实现样品采集。重要特点是投入经费巨大。新型保压保温取心钻具是将钻具直接固定在深海海底，实现样品的原位保真采集，针对国内外两类着底式天然气水合物钻探、取心技术进行了分析，对于深海浅表层天然气水合物原位样品采集作业反映了创新的思维、技术模式、设计方案与科学方法     

天然气水合物分解对海底斜坡稳定性影响研究进展

天然气水合物作为一种新型能源,已经逐渐引起人们的重视。赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物虽然本身作为亚稳定胶结物对海底有建造作用,但是由于其对特定温度和压力条件的严格依赖,海底温压条件的改变会引起其分解,从而使海底沉积物失稳甚至导致海底滑坡。本研究系统介绍了近年来国内外针对天然气水合物合成、物理性质及对海底稳定性影响进行...     

钛合金载人舱球壳试验压力和应力衡准取值研究

各国潜水器规范对潜水器载人舱球壳试验压力的规定各有不同,以球壳的中面膜应力作为计算对象,推算各规范和标准关于膜应力在试验压力下的应力衡准。结合"蛟龙号"和"深海勇士号"两型潜水器载人舱球壳的外压试验,对计算应力和实测应力数据分析对比,提出适合钛合金载人舱球壳的试验压力和应力衡准参考值。     

Plastic buckling of ring-stiffened conical shells under external hydrostatic pressure

The paper describes experimental tests carried out on three ring-stiffened cones that were tested to destruction under external hydrostatic pressure. The cones were carefully machined from EN1A Steel. All three cones failed by plastic non-symmetric bifurcation buckling in a mode commonly known as general instability. In this mode the entire ring-shell combination buckles bodily.The paper also provides a design chart using the results obtained from these three vessels, together with the results of six other vessels obtained from other tests. The design chart allows the possibility of obtaining a plastic knock down factor, so that the theoretical buckling pressures, based on elastic theory, can be divided by the plastic knockdown factor, to give the predicted buckling pressure. This method can also be used for the design of full-scale vessels.     

Buckling of multi-segment underwater pressure hull

Results of a numerical and experimental study into buckling performance of multi-segment pressure hull subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure are discussed. Constituents of multi-segment configurations are bowed-out cylindrical shells with, and without flanges. Details about five collapse tests of laboratory scale mild steel, CNC machined models are given. Segments were about 200 mm diameter, 100 mm long and had uniform wall thickness of 3 mm. Experimental collapse pressures were in the range from 12 to 20 MPa. Numerical collapse pressures agreed well with those obtained during experiments.     

Excess pore pressure observation in marine sediment based on Fiber Bragg Grating pressure sensor

Abstract

Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) technology has emerged as a relatively new sensing technology for engineering applications because of lots of advantages. In this study, a large diameter probe instrumented with FBG pressure sensors to monitor excess pore pressure in marine sediment is proposed. The principle of FBG differential pressure sensor was introduced. Laboratory tests were carried out to check the workability and stability of the FBG pressure sensor. Offshore field test was also conducted in a wharf in Qingdao of China to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed probe. The installation procedure of the probe was introduced in detail. The excess pore pressure in dissipation test, after installation and pulling process were reported. The permeability coefficient of marine sediment was calculated based on the measured data. The field data show that the proposed probe based on FBG pressure sensor has good feasibility and accuracy in monitoring the excess pore pressure of marine sediment. The generation and dissipation of excess pore pressure is closely related to the degree of soil disturbance. The variation of excess pore pressure after installation can reflect the tide well in the site.     

Buckling of cross-ply cylinders under hydrostatic pressure considering pressure stiffness

Buckling behavior of cross-ply cylinders under hydrostatic pressure is investigated using a semi-analytical finite element based on a consistent first order shear deformable shell theory. Potential loss due to external pressure, also called pressure stiffness (PS) is taken into account by making use of Koiter's related energy expression. A number of verification problems are solved and the numerical results are compared with the analytical results available in the literature and excellent agreement is observed. New numerical results are presented to assess the effect of PS on buckling due to hydrostatic pressure. It is shown that PS causes a decrease in the buckling load and this decrease depends on the size of the cylinder and the material. Also, issues related to thickness optimization are examined and optimal lamina thicknesses are determined for a number of cases with and without PS taken into account.     

薄片炸药作用于波纹板防爆墙时的流场压力分析

在薄片炸药冲击试验中,所产生的均布流场压力会对波纹板防爆墙造成中拱效果,但该作用机理尚未明确。在该试验的比较基础上,通过流固耦合法对薄片炸药所产生的流场压力变化开展研究。在分析波纹面板及空气的压力分布变化后,发现并揭示了波纹面板上出现第二次压力峰值和自由边压力耗散现象的机理。在此基础上定量分析了薄片炸药量和槽型深度对流场压力和波纹面板变形的变化规律。研究发现,随着炸药量增加,二次压力峰值将使波纹面板中拱现象愈加明显,而槽型深度会加大压力峰值。文中机理和定量分析可为海洋平台防爆结构的设计分析提供补充参考。     

孔压探杆贯入及潮汐作用下超孔压响应规律研究

Excess pore water pressure is an important parameter that can be used to analyze certain physical characteristics of sediment. In this paper, the excess pore water pressure of subseafloor sediment and its variation with tidal movement was measured following the installation of a wharf in Qingdao, China by using a fiber Bragg grating(FBG) piezometer. The results indicated that this FBG piezometer is effective in the field. The measured variation of excess pore water pressure after installation is largely explained by the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. The dissipation rate can be used to estimate the horizontal consolidation coefficient, which ranged from1.3×10~(–6) m~2/s to 8.1×10~(–6) m~2/s. The measured values during tidal phases are associated with the variability of tidal pressure on the seafloor and can be used to estimate the compressibility and the permeability of the sediment during tidal movement. The volume compression coefficient estimated from tidal oscillation was approximately2.0×10~(–11) Pa~(–1), which was consistent with the data from the laboratory test. The findings of this paper can provide useful information for in situ investigations of subseafloor sediment.     

含腐蚀缺陷高强钢厚壁管道压溃压力预测方法

腐蚀是管道常见的缺陷形式之一,会极大降低管道的压溃压力,同时深海环境下高静水外压易引发管道压溃失效,威胁管道的安全运行,因此准确预测管道压溃压力显得尤为重要。采用数值模拟方法研究了含腐蚀缺陷的高强钢厚壁管道压溃失效模式,分析了管材、管道径厚比、腐蚀深度、长度和宽度等参数对高强钢厚壁管道压溃压力的影响规律。分析结果表明:管道径厚比愈大,对厚壁管道的承压能力提升愈显著;腐蚀缺陷的存在对管道压溃压力具有减小作用;随着管道材料等级的提升,压溃压力有明显提高。提出了相应的压溃压力预测公式,为厚壁管道完整性评价提供了参考依据。     

Collapse of dome cup ends under external hydrostatic pressure

An experimental investigation was carried out in which four dome cup ends were tested to failure under external hydrostatic pressure. The collapse pressures of the dome cup ends were compared with that of a conventional dome cap end. The investigation revealed that the dome cup ends were structurally more efficient than the conventional dome cap ends. All the vessels were made from the same batch of glass fibre matting and associated material.     

RhoVe method: A new empirical pore pressure transform

A new empirical pore pressure transform has been developed that includes many of the advanced, state-of-the-art concepts that are useful in today’s pore pressure estimation and theory. The rhob-velocity-effective stress (Rho-V-e) method produces a model-driven, stand-alone set of “virtual” rock property relationships, which at intermediate positions are consistent with Bowers method default values for the Gulf of Mexico. The RhoVe method uses a single transform to convert both compressional sonic and bulk density to common estimates of effective stress and pore pressure where convergence of the two transformed properties offers a robust solution.Velocity-density conversion functions are mathematically linked to a continuous series of velocity-depth normal compaction trend functions. The calculations are limited by bounding end-member curves that provide a basis for intermediate (fractional) solutions of velocity-effective stress and density-effective stress relationships that are applied to a well of interest.Paired “virtual” velocity-depth compaction trends were iteratively solved by using published theoretical smectite and illite porosity trends and velocity-depth normal compaction trends. By using the RhoVe-derived velocity-density functions that match the well of interest in cross-plot, normal effective stress for each end-member and intermediate solution can be calculated. Effective stress is calculated by taking the difference between the integrated density-depth virtual overburden profile, converted from velocity-depth, and the inclusion of hydrostatic pressure. The method produces robust solutions as tested on multiple deep water Gulf of Mexico wells, and extends the predictability of high-velocity, low-effective stress rock types such as those found in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Wilcox-equivalent Paleogene and older section. The velocity-effective stress trend curves can also improve pore pressure characterization of the overlying overburden section extending to the mud line. Advantages of the RhoVe method are that it can be made interactive and fast, relative to the application of other acoustic transform methods.This paper attempts to build on previous efforts by other workers to include the role of clay type, clay volume and diagenesis on altering velocity-effective stress relationships and presents a technique in which the effects of clay diagenesis and other factors may be captured and utilized empirically for pore pressure analysis and prediction.