长牡蛎碱性磷酸酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

本文以长牡蛎为酶源提取材料,用正丁醇抽提,硫酸铵分级分离,DEAE-52和Sephadex G-100柱层析,得到一定纯度的碱性磷酸酶,提纯倍数为61.96,比活力达1.326U/mg.该酶的最适pH值9.6,最适温度38℃,初速度6.8μmol/(dm~3·min),米氏常数Km值为1.30mmol/dm~3.实验结果表明,Mg~(2+)对该酶有明显的激活作用;Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对该酶有明显的抑制作用.     

产物及其类似物对锯缘青蟹NAGase酶活力的影响

以产物N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖(NAG)及其类似物-葡萄糖(glu)、半乳糖(gal)、果糖(fru)和蔗糖(suc)为效应物,研究它们对锯缘青蟹N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响及抑制作用机理.结果表明,上述效应物对酶均表现为可逆的抑制作用.NAG有较强的抑制作用,其IC50为0.011 mol/dm3.但产物类似物对该酶的抑制作用均弱于NAG.NAG对该酶的抑制作用机理表现为反竞争性抑制,抑制常数KIS为4.37×10-3mol/dm3;glu、gal、suc则表现为非竞争性抑制,抑制常数KI分别为0.125、0.394、0.474 mol/dm3;而fru则表现为竞争性抑制,抑制常数KI为0.455mol/dm3.     

硒对华贵栉孔扇贝碱性磷酸酶的酶动力学及理化性质研究

探讨了微量硒(Se~(4+))对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis(Reeve))碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的作用。以催化动力学原理研究了不同缓冲系统中微量硒时AKP的影响。结果表明,Se~(4+)对谈酶的作用与酶所处的环境有关。在0.05 mol/L Na_2CO_3-NaHCO_3(pH 9.0)缓冲溶液中Se~(4+)浓度小于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出激活作用;Se~(4+)浓度大于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出非竞争性的抑制作用,其抑制常数为6.81×10~(-2)mol/L。在0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲系统(pH 9.0)中,微量Se~(4+)对AKP具有强烈竞争性抑制作用,其抑制常数为3.79×10~(-1)mol/L。经紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱和圆二色谱的实验表明,微量Se~(4+)与AKP作用后,该酶的构象已发生了变化。研究发现海水环境中若含有微量Se~(4+)(SeO_3~(2-)),可以促进扇贝AKP的水解。利于贝类的生长发育和外壳的形成,并有益于贝类的繁殖。     

环境化学因子对单胞藻生长和代谢产物络合容量的影响

通过一次培养、极谱滴定测定研究一次培养过程中叉边金藻细胞渗出物对铜、镉的络合容量及常数的变化;培养介质的营养水平;加入微量营养元素铁、锰和重金属铜对细胞生长和渗出物释放的影响。结果表明,在一次培养过程中,从接种到稳定生长期细胞渗出物的铜络合容量从1.49×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到8.34×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数LgK′_(CuL)从7.57变化到7.11。培养介质的营养水平愈高,单个细胞渗出的有机物量增加,铁明显抑制细胞渗出物的释放,铜在细胞中可容忍的浓度范围内刺激细胞渗出物的释放。     

极谱法测定海水介质的铜络合容量

采用新极谱技术(1.5次微分)的阳极溶出伏安滴定方法测定天然海水的铜络合容量和条件稳定常数。对测试条件、EDTA回收率和有关问题进行了探讨。青岛近岸水样的九次平行测定表明,铜的表现络合容量为3.01×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数为7.34×10~7,相对标准偏差分别为9.2％和13.8％。     

三角褐指藻体分泌物质对汞的络合作用

本文测定了一次培养实验和连续培养实验中三角褐指藻胞外产物的变化及其与汞的络合性能。28天的培养过程中测得胞外产物与汞的络合容量C_L为2.6×10~(-5)mol/dm~3;表观稳定常数K′为6.1×10~(10)。该结果解释了细胞培养过程中胞外有机物的释放对汞的解毒机理及对介质中汞形态的转化。     

杂色鲍碱性磷酸酶在醇、醛和酮溶液中的失活作用

报道了杂色鲍碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、甲醛、丙酮等溶液中的失 活动力学．结果表明:酶的剩余活力随着有机溶剂浓度的增大而迅速下降．测得上述 5种有机溶剂对该酶的半抑制率(IC50)分别为5．41、3．07、1．80、31．0×10-3、2．30 mol／dm3．在这些有机溶剂溶液中酶的失活过程都是可逆反应．检测醇、醛、酮对该酶 的失活作用机理,结果表明甲醇、乙醇、丙醇对杂色鲍ALP的失活作用均为非竞争性 机制,其抑制常数分别为5．36、3．02、1．80mol／dm3．甲醛、丙酮对杂色鲍ALP的失活 作用都呈现为混合型抑制,其对游离酶的抑制常数(K1)分别为24．7×10-3、1．66 mol／dm3;对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数(KIS)分别为56．2×10-3、5．40mol／dm3．     

牟氏角毛藻的有机渗出物及其对铜的络合作用

对牟氏角毛藻(chaetoceros muelleri)进行一次性的培养过程,不同时间取藻培养液过滤,测定滤液中的COD及铜络合容量CC_(cu)值。结果表明,牟氏角毛藻在生长过程中向体外渗出有机物,在指数生长期渗出的有机物量很少;细胞渗出有机物明显增加;出现在静止期之后。牟氏角毛藻的细胞渗出物对铜具有络合能力,CCcu值从初始到192小时,由1.65×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到2.20×10~(-7)mol/dm~3。铜络合物的条件稳定常数在整个培养过程中无明显改变,logKcuL变化范围从7.27到7.74。过滤藻液的COD值从初始到192小时由0.81mg/dm~3增加到1.58mg/dm~3。     

中国鲎内脏N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

以中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)内脏为材料,分别通过30%和80%饱和度(NH_4)_2SO_4沉淀分级分离、葡聚糖凝胶柱Sephadex G-200层析、以及离子交换柱DEAE-32层析,从而获得N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52,NAGase),经PAGE检定达到电泳纯,酶的比活力为505.21 U/mg。SDS-PAGE显示一谱带,测得该酶蛋白亚基分子量为121.5kDa,等电聚焦电泳法测得酶的等电点pI为6.01。以pNP-β-D-GlcNAc为底物,研究NAGase催化反应的动力学参数。结果表明:中国鲎NAGase的最适pH、最适温度、K_m和V_(max)分别为5.4和55℃、0.421 mmol/L和13.158μmol/L·min~(-1);酶在pH=4.5~7.0范围内较稳定,在20~50℃之间具有较好的热稳定性。酶在276nm波长处有紫外吸收峰,在232.2nm波长的内源荧光激发下,酶内源荧光发射光谱峰在330.9nm波长处。Na~+,K~+和Li~+对NAGase活力没有影响,Ca~(2+)、Ba~(2+)和Co~(2+)对NAGase有不同程度的激活作用,Co~(2+)对NAGase的激活作用较大,5mmol/L Co~(2+)能使NAGase活力提高41.67%;Mg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)、Pb~(2+)、Ag~+、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)等10种金属离子对NAGase活力有不同程度的抑制作用,5mmol/L Cd~(2+)可使酶活力丧失85.60%,而Hg~(2+)对酶的抑制作用最强,0.1mmol/L Hg~(2+)可使酶活力丧失90.10%。EDTA对酶活力没有影响,推断中国鲎NAGase属于非金属酶类。     

深海细菌Pseudomonas sp. IOFA1中甲醛歧化酶FM11的纯化及性质研究

从印度洋深海沉积物中分离出一株能够高效降解甲醛的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.IOFA1),该菌株可在40 min内完全降解100 mg/cm~3的甲醛.通过阴离子交换柱层析对菌株破碎液中的粗酶液进行纯化,得到一条具有甲醛降解活性的单一蛋白条带.经MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱鉴定,该蛋白为甲醛歧化酶蛋白(FM11).序列分析表明FM11与其它物种已知醛脱氢酶的氨基酸序列最高相似性为65%;结构域分析表明FM11含有2个保守的锌结合位点和一个NAD结合位点.酶学性质分析结果显示,FM11的最适反应温度为40℃,在25~50℃范围内能够保留95%以上的酶活力,尤其是在高于70℃的高温环境下仍保有约50%的活力,表现出广泛的温度适应性.FM11具有非常广泛的最适反应pH值范围(pH值为5~9),且在pH值4和pH值10时仍分别保留50%和80%左右的酶活力,表现出广泛的pH适应性.在pH值为5~7的条件下孵育1 h后,FM11仍保有97%以上的酶活,且在pH值为7~10条件下孵育1 h后,仍保留90%以上的酶活,表现出极好的酸性和碱性稳定性.Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在低浓度时(0.5 mmol/dm~3)对FM11有较明显的激活作用.这些研究为我们进一步开发Pseudomonas sp.IOFA1甲醛歧化酶在降解甲醛方面的用途奠定了基础.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.