Determination of total dissolved phosphorus in New Zealand fresh waters (note)

Ultraviolet digestion was found to be simpler and more convenient than perchloric acid digestion in the determination of total dissolved phosphorus in a variety of New Zealand freshwaters, but had limitations when used on waters with a high humic acid content.

Perchloric acid digestion was more powerful, breaking down polyphosphate bonds not affected by ultraviolet, but was subject to phosphorus losses from “bumping” during evaporation to dryness.     

Behavior features of heavy metals in the Haikou Bay waters

INThonUCrIONBecause of the discharge of industrial waste water, waste residue, waste gas and acid rain theheavy metals concentration in river and lake and eventually in seawater have been increasing.Therefore many studies on heavy metals innuencing marine ecological environment have beencarried out (Sun et al., 1990; Sunda and Guillard, 1976; Zhu et al., 1992). After entering intothe sea, heavy metals change, transfer and transform, and these processes have gained attentionfrom marine envi…     

海口湾海水重金属的行为特征

本文对海口湾溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉进行了测定.铜的变化范围为:0.47～1.16μg/dm3,平均值为0.78μg/dm3;铅的变化范围为:0.94～2.36μg/dm3,平均值为1.36μg/dm3;锌的变化范围为:1.28～4.83μg/dm3,平均值为3.14μg/dm3;镉的变化范围为:0.005～0.072μg/dm3,平均值为0.030μg/dm3,Cu、Zn的溶解态含量在龙昆路生活污水排污沟口、秀英工业排污沟口及海甸溪口的测站相对较高,Pb、Cd溶解态含量较低,湾内各站平面分布较为均匀.它们的溶解态含量垂直变化趋势为:Cu、Pb、Zn底层大于表层,而Cd表层大于底层.对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的颗粒态含量也进行了测定,指出海口湾海水中的颗粒物对重金属的净化起一定作用.对铜的溶解态中的强络合态和不稳态铜也进行了研究,强络合态占总溶解态的比例均在85%以上,对生物起毒性作用有关的不稳态铜含量很低,均小于5nmol/dm3,表明目前海口湾海水中的重金属铜不会对生物生长产生影响.     

The determination of heavy metals in the ligurian sea. I, the distribution of Cu, Co, Ni and Cd in surface waters

Determinations of Cu, Co, Ni and Cd were carried out on 39 samples of surface seawaters from the Ligurian Sea, nearshore and offshore, between the Isola Capraia and Imperia. The concentrations of trace elements have been established employing the analytical method suggested by Le Meur and Courtot-Coupez (1973), by means of concentration of the sample by chelating resin, solvent extraction of the eluate and then by quantitative determination by AAS. The results obtained with this technique probably refer to ionic forms of the elements only. The Co concentration was lower than 0.15 μg 1⁻¹ in 32 samples, with an average of 0.49 μg 1⁻¹ for the others. For Cd, the greater number of samples had a content lower than 0.05 μg 1⁻¹. For the others the mean concentration was 0.13 μg 1⁻¹. The Ni had a mean concentration of 0.93 μg 1⁻¹ and the average Cu content was 1.43 μg 1⁻¹. Our data are in agreement with the values published by authors who have employed the same analytical technique. We observed that the offshore samples present a concentration lower than that in the nearshore samples.     

Determination of reactive phosphorus with and without modification for arsenic interference in New Zealand fresh waters (note)

Two methods for determining reactive phosphorus were compared, using a variety of New Zealand fresh waters, some containing arsenic. The method which eliminated arsenic interference was found to be better, but suffered the disadvantage that high reagent turbidity required the use of solvent extraction when reactive phosphorus concentrations were low.     

Level and fate of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters

Dissolved concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd were measured in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters. The results indicate that the ranges of dissolved heavy metals in the studied waters are as follows: Cu = 1.0−6.9 μg/L, Pb = 0.10−0.39 μg/L, Zn = 3.2−9.1 μg/L, and Cd = 0.011−0.049 μg/L. The behavior of the dissolved Cu was essentially conservative, but a high scatter was observed for the high salinity samples, and it is the same with Zn and Pb. The overall concentrations of dissolved Cd increase with the salinity. There were no differences between the surface, middle, and bottom layer for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd. Seasonal changes of their averages were not obvious on the whole. River discharges, sedimentary dynamics, and biological processes might determine the profiles of heavy metals. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Mass balance of heavy metals in the seto inland sea, Japan

To discuss the geochemical and environmental behavior of heavy metals in the Seto Inland Sea, the largest semi-enclosed coastal sea in Japan, mass balances of Cu and Zn were studied by application of a simple box model using sedimentation rates and heavy metal contents of core sediments. In 1980, total sedimentary loads of Cu and Zn over the whole area of the Sea were estimated to be 630 and 3500 tons year⁻¹, respectively. Further, the sedimentary loads without (natural) and with human activities were estimated separately to be, respectively, 320 and 310 tons year⁻¹ for Cu and 1800 and 1700 tons year⁻¹ for Zn. Total inputs of Cu and Zn into the Sea, in 1980 were estimated to be 870 and 4250 tons year⁻¹ about one half of this being the result of human activities. 70% of the Cu input and 80% of the Zn input are taken into the sediments. Mean residence times of Cu and Zn in the Sea are calculated to be ≈0.3 and 0.2 years, respectively. Since these values are relatively small compared to the mean residence time of the seawater (0.9 years), Cu and Zn supplied to the Sea are considered to be accumulated rapidly in the sediments.     

厦金海域珊瑚体内重金属水平和分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了厦金海域8种珊瑚中Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb重金属的含量,通过数据处理、主成分分析方法,分析了重金属分布特征和其主要来源。采用单因子污染指数法对珊瑚重金属的污染水平进行了评价。结果表明,其平均浓度水平从大到小依次为:ZnMnSnCrCuAsNiPbSbCdCo。在8种珊瑚中,星柳珊瑚(Astrogrogia sp.)、等柳珊瑚(Paris fruticosa)、Paraplexaura sp.的重金属含量较高,花柳珊瑚(Anthogorgia sp.)和Guaiagorgia anas的含量较低。台湾海域珊瑚中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni的含量、委内瑞拉海域珊瑚中Zn、Pb、Ni的含量远高于厦金海域珊瑚体内相同重金属含量,大堡礁珊瑚中Cu含量较厦金海域的略高。通过相关性分析发现,Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Sn的种间差异较为显著。根据主成分分析,厦金海域珊瑚体内重金属元素可能的污染来源有:农业污染、港口生活污水和工业污水的排放、船舶油漆、涂料侵蚀、电镀工业。单因子污染指数法评价结果表明,6种重金属元素中,大佰屿、白哈礁和角屿的主要污染物是Mn。白哈礁、大佰屿站位的珊瑚体内重金属Mn处于重度污染水平,角屿站位的处于中度污染水平。     

天津海域重金属元素环境地球化学特征及其影响因素分析

根据天津海域49个底质样品的粒度分析、重金属分析及对测试结果进行的聚类分析和相关分析,综合研究了天津海域表层沉积物类型分布特征和重金属元素的分布特征,使用多元潜在生态风险指数法对天津海域的底质环境进行了评价,探讨了天津海域的现代沉积环境和重金属元素的环境地球化学特征.研究发现:(1)粘土质粉砂是天津海域分布最广的沉积物类型,Hg 是天津海域的主要污染元素;(2)重金属元素富集区分别位于大沽排污河口地区和永定新河口至东疆港外侧的地区,这两个地区水动力较缓,沉积物粒度较细;(3)除 Hg 外,其他几种重金属元素与沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土含量之间存在极强的相关性.     

日照近海表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及其生态风险评估

根据日照近海13个站位表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量测试结果,分析了研究区表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量分布特征,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估了研究区重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险,探讨了重金属的来源和控制因素。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物可分为粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂等3种类型,沉积物类型主要呈大致平行岸线的条带状分布,由岸向海依次为粉砂 砂质粉砂 粉砂质砂。研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Hg等重金属的平均含量由高到低依次为45.5、21.8、16.4、8.5、4.8、0.113、0.11 μg/g。从空间分布特征来看,Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb高值区主要出现在付疃河口近岸和研究区中西部海域,Cd和As高值区位于研究区中东部海域。污染状况评估显示,Cr、Cu、Zn、As未出现污染;Cd轻度污染,个别站位达到中度污染,Hg、Pb部分站位呈轻度污染。潜在生态风险等级依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn,其中Cd和Hg表现为中生态风险,个别站位Cd为高风险危害。表层沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Hg和Pb元素主要来源于陆源细粒物质的输入,Cd和As元素可能来源于钢铁冶炼、煤炭燃烧、农药、化肥以及海水养殖等。研究区表层沉积物中重金属空间分布主要受物源控制。     

The two species of sprat in New Zealand waters (Sprattus antipodum and S. muelleri)

Two broadly sympatric species of sprat are shown to inhabit New Zealand waters, the more slender Sprattus antipodum (Hector, 1872) and the more common and deeper‐bodied S. muelleri (Klunzinger, 1872). Overlap in most morphometric and meristic characters had earlier led to their synonymy, but recent protein analysis suggested otherwise. This is now confirmed by distinct differences in shape and dentition of the basihyal plate, vertebral numbers, scale sculpture, and fresh colour. The five known species of Sprattus are keyed and the genus diagnosed and discussed.     

厦门海域养殖贝类体内重金属的初步研究

根据2005年4月和10月厦门市贝类生产环境区划调查资料,着重对僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cacullata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Rudita Pesphilippin adams)、泥蚶(Tegillarca grannosa)和缢蛏(Sinonvacula cucullata)的软体部、胃含物、外套膜、卵、肌肉和外套腔液中的重金属含量进行探讨和研究.结果表明,厦门4种养殖贝类体内Cu,Pb,Cd和Zn的湿质量比分别为0.88～60.3 mg/kg,0.12～0.48 mg/kg、0.04～0.72 mg/kg和12.4～163.5 mg/kg,平均湿质量比分别为16.3,0.24,0.38,63.9 mg/kg.在不同养殖水域,同种贝类体内重金属的含量差异较大,在相同养殖水域贝类体内重金属的平均含量种间差异也较大.4种贝类的胃舍物中重金属的平均含量最高,外套膜和软体部次之,外套腔液含量最低.根据<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量的标准,对4种贝类体重金属的污染程度进行评价,结果表明,僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔和缢蛏体中重金属的含量均未超标,但泥蚶体内Cd的含量略微超标.     

ICP-MS测定海水中溶解态痕量重金属——直接稀释法

海水水质监测是环境监测中的重要一环[1]。海水中痕量重金属元素地球化学研究现今仍面临两大挑战:一是痕量重金属元素有机和无机形态分析,二是海水中痕量重金属元素的含量测定[2]。海水的含盐量为35 g/dm3左右,基体中除了大量的NaCl外,还含有相当量的SO₄2-,Ca2+,Mg2+等离子及有机质。由于海水中溶解态重金属元素的含量基本上都在微克每立方分米量级或更低,在传统的分析方法中这部分元素含量的测定或受到严重的光谱干扰、或低于仪器检测限,定量分析相当困难。     

Arsenic and heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Balaklava Bay (Black Sea)

We present the results of investigation of the contents of metals (As, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, V, Sr, Mn, Ti, and Fe) in the bottom sediments of the Balaklava Bay (Black Sea) carried out in July 2005. It is shown that the pollution of the bottom sediments with metals has a polyelemental character. We establish the specific features of changes in the contents of the analyzed elements and localize the sources of their appearance in the ecosystem. On the basis of the results of evaluation of the intensity of technogenic action upon the marine medium, we determine a group of toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) accumulated in the bottom sediments of the bay in amounts significantly exceeding the background values typical of sediments of the Black Sea shelf. The comparative analysis of the degrees of pollution of the bay and some other coastal water areas with metals is performed.     

珠江口沿岸水域表层沉积物中重金属含量分布及污染评价

于2009年对珠江口沿岸水域28个采样站位9种重金属元素的含量与分布进行了研究.使用原子吸收分光光度计分别测定了各采样站位沉积物中的Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni、Pb、Co、Cr和Cd的含量,并使用标准物作了质量控制.采用多种评价方法对不同环境重金属污染水平及潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果显示,珠江口沿岸水域表层沉积物中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni、Pb、Co、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为17.81 ～681.11、22 993.58 ～49 378.76、37.22 ～ 286.07、491.57 ～1 699.63、18.35 ～ 57.72、9.81 ～86.55、11.45 ～41.53、0.65 ～21.22、0.15 ～ 1.77 μg/g(干重).采用海洋沉积物质量标准法结合单因子污染指数法(Pi)评价显示,该海域已受到Cu和Cd污染,其含量均超海洋沉积物一类标准值.结合单元素生态危害因子(E(ri))和多元素潜在生态风险指数(RI)的评价显示,Cd和Cu已达到“重”和“严重”危害等级,其潜在生态风险属于“中度”等级.地质累积指数法(Igeo)评价则显示,Cu和Cd分别属“严重”和“中度”污染程度.综合评价表明,珠江口沿岸水域沉积物受Cu和Cd污染较严重,已对海洋环境和沿岸海水养殖造成严重的潜在危害.建议控制养殖区养殖密度,减少网箱数量和人类养殖活动.     

钦州湾及其邻近海域重金属的时空变化特征和影响因素

根据2013—2014年在钦州湾及其邻近海域获取的夏、秋、冬、春4个季节的环境调查资料,分析了表层海水中溶解态重金属的时空变化特征,并运用主成分分析法研究了影响重金属分布的因素。结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量范围分别为0.214～1.510、nd～0.979、0.132～4.160、0.005～0.106、0.014～2.580、0.012～0.049、1.2～2.2 μg/dm³,各重金属元素含量均处于历史较低水平;夏、秋季重金属的平均含量依次是As>Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd>Hg,冬、春季则是As>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd>Hg;入海径流量受控于降水,使得雨季时Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量通常高于干季;东北季风期间大气沉降可能是Pb含量由夏季到春季逐步增高的主要原因;除夏季Pb、Cd和冬季Pb、Cd、Zn外,其它重金属之间具有显著的同源性。陆源输入是钦州湾及其邻近海域重金属的重要来源,咸淡水混合过程（酸碱度变化及物理混合）是影响重金属分布的最主要因素,潮流作用也是影响重金属分布的重要因素。     

湛江湾沉积物中酸可挥发性硫和重金属含量分布及重金属生态风险评价

测定了湛江湾海域20个站位表层沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫（AVS）、同步浸提重金属（SEM）、TOC含量和Eh值,对AVS、SEM含量的平面分布及AVS与SEM、TOC含量、Eh值的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明：该海域表层沉积物中AVS含量范围为0.004～0.547μmol/g,平均值为0.155μmol/g,SEM含量范围为2.10～4.27μmol/g,平均值为3.32μmol/g,相对其他海域湛江湾海域沉积物表现出AVS含量较低,SEM含量较高的特征.AVS与SEM含量平面分布较一致,湾顶的含量都较高,含量均值分别为0.361和3.52μmol/g,特呈岛以南到湾口呈逐渐减小的明显趋势.调查海域沉积物AVS与TOC含量呈显著正相关,与Eh值呈显著负相关,说明高有机质含量、低氧化还原电位沉积环境有利于AVS的生成.20个站位CSEM5-CAVS的差值均为0〈（CSEM5-CAVS）〈5,说明该海域可能存在重金属的中等毒性生态风险.     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

利用2007年10月和2009年6月对长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物的监测数据,分析了其中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg等7种重金属元素和TOC的含量,并采用Hakanson生态风险指数法进行了潜在生态风险评价.结果表明:重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg元素的平均含量分别为:37.43×10-6,36.85×10-6,93.48 × 10-6,0.17×10-6,72.91×10-6,10.60 × 10-6和0.043×10-6.各重金属元素空间上呈现长江口及杭州湾高、外陆架海区低的分布趋势,且总体上调查海区南部海域高于北部海域.7种重金属元素的污染指数由大到小排序为:Cu＞Cr＞ Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cd＞ Hg,其中Cu和Cr元素是主要的污染因子;潜在生态风险系数由大到小依次为:Cd＞ Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn,其中Cd、Hg和Cu元素是主要的潜在生态风险因子.研究区仅局部海域受到了重金属元素的污染,RI值均小于150,属低潜在生态危害的范畴.     

Distribution and their pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters

The present paper deals with the distribution patterns of heavy metals and the associated influencing factors in the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters.Based upon the analysis of the surficial and core sediments measurements,the pollution of heavy metal and potential ecological risk were evaluated.The burial flux and contents of heavy metals(except for copper) have been continuously increasing since the 1920s.Therefore,the gross potential ecological risk for the sedi-ments was high or very high,and the study area was endangered by heavy metals contamination.Heavy metals originated mainly from upstream pollutant input,correlation analysis showed that chromium,nickel,zinc,cadmium,lead,arsenic,and mercury in the sediments of the middle and west channels as well as the sea area of the western Yalu River Estuary concentrations were most probably derived from similar sources.In contrast,the metal of copper most probably originated from sources different from the other metals.Preliminary studies indicate that copper contamination was most likely the result of emission from mining activities situated at the upstream of the river.The contents of heavy metals in the sediments of estuarine turbidity maximum zone of Yalu River were larger than those of any other areas in the middle channel.With large portion of fine sediments,weaker hydrodynamics,and richer sources of heavy metals,the sediments of the west channel,were even more enriched with heavy metals than those of the middle channel.