中国区域降雪量和降雪频率对沙尘天气的影响作用分析

1970—2000年间气象台站降雪量和沙尘天气统计结果显示,在中国冬春季主要积雪覆盖区域,沙尘天气发生频次相对较低,各类沙尘天气基本发生在积雪覆盖率低、年降雪量少的区域。时间序列分析结果进一步显示,年降雪量和沙尘天气之间存在显著的负相关,降雪量的增多对沙尘天气的年发生次数具有明显的抑制作用。同时,年降雪频率也是影响沙尘天气爆发频次的重要因素之一。对于中国西北干旱少雪的地区,尤其体现在新疆北部地区,年降雪频率的增加能够显著地减少各类沙尘天气的发生次数。     

青海省甘德两次降雪过程的微气象特征分析

利用青海省甘德两次降雪过程的微气象观测数据,探讨了两场降雪过程雪深、雪密度、雪中含冰量、雪中含水量和雪面温度的变化情况,分析了地表反照率与雪密度、雪中含冰量及雪中含水量的关系,结合降雪过程近地面温、湿、风廓线特征分析了积雪对近地面温、湿、风梯度的影响。结果表明:积雪覆盖会导致地表反照率显著增加,降雪过后正午时地表反照率可高达0.8～0.9。随着积雪的消融,地表反照率逐渐减小;积雪反照率与雪密度和雪中含冰量呈正相关,与雪中含水量呈负相关;地表积雪覆盖会导致近地面温度梯度绝对值减小,相对湿度梯度绝对值在凌晨减小、午后增大,地表积雪覆盖对近地面风速梯度变化并无特定的影响。     

青海省公路沿线强降雪天气灾害风险区划研究

利用青海省主要公路沿线43个气象站和26个交通气象站2004年10月—2016年5月的地面气象观测中的降雪量和积雪深度资料及2013—2016年的交通事故、交通管制、道路形态和车流量等资料,在分析青海省公路沿线强降雪时空分布特征、引起交通事故天气类型、路面状况和交通管制气象因素的基础上,分析了青海省公路交通沿线道路孕灾环境、承灾体和致灾因子。以强降雪致灾因子为基础,加上承灾体、孕灾环境权重系数,最终研究建立了青海省公路沿线强降雪灾害性天气风险等级区划模型,并绘制了等级区划图。西宁地区、海北地区、都兰县是强降雪灾害性天气高风险区,此外,东部地区强降雪灾害性天气风险显著高于西部地区。     

Internal variability,external forcing and climate trends in multi-decadal AGCM ensembles

An atmospheric general circulation model of intermediate complexity is used to investigate the origin and structure of the climate change in the second half of the twentieth century. The variability of the atmospheric flow is considered as a superposition of an internal part, due to intrinsic dynamical variability, and an external part, due to the variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. The two components are identified by performing a 50-member ensemble of atmospheric simulations with prescribed, observed SSTs in the period 1949–2002. The large number of realizations allows the estimation of statistics of the atmospheric variability with a high confidence level. The analysis performed focuses on interdecadal and interannual variability of 500 hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during winter. The model reproduces well the structure of the observed trend (defined as the difference in the two 25-year intervals 1977–2001 and 1952–1976), particularly in the Pacific region, and about half of the amplitude of the signal. The trend in 500 hPa height projects mainly onto the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF), both in the observations and in the model ensemble. However, differences between the modelled and the observed variability are found in the pattern of the second EOF in the Atlantic sector. SST changes associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) are responsible for about 50% of the signal of the 500 hPa height trend in the Pacific. A second 50-member ensemble is used to evaluate the sensitivity of interdecadal variability to an increase in CO₂ optical depth compatible with observed concentration changes. In this second experiment, the simulated trend includes a statistically significant contribution from the positive phase of the Arctic oscillation (AO). Such a contribution is also found in observations. Furthermore, the additional CO₂ forcing accounts for part of the NH trend in near-surface temperature, and brings the zonal-mean temperature changes in the stratosphere and upper-troposphere closer to observations.

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一次华北破纪录暴雪成因的分析研究

采用常规资料和多种非常规资料(卫星图像、多普勒雷达资料及地面自动站资料等)对2009年11月华北地区的大暴雪过程进行了诊断分析,并计算了锋生函数、能量收支、水汽输送等物理量,以探讨暴雪形成的原因。取得以下结果:(1)暴雪过程中出现了回流天气(且伴有"扰动"),这有利于水汽输送和水平辐合的加强,同时,冷高压的南侧低层有"倒槽"存在,对暴雪的形成有重要的作用。(2)雷达观测资料表明,石家庄西南始终有一条辐合线稳定维持,沿此辐合线不断有中尺度云团反复发展,而引起罕见暴雪。(3)由太原及邢台的探空曲线可知,有明显的锋面及逆温区存在,利于不稳定能量的积累。因不存在"暖鼻",故只是降雪无冻雨发生。(4)在上述资料分析和多项动力学诊断的基础上,提出了一类华北暴雪的物理模型。     

我国强降雪气候特征及其变化

基于全国气象台站逐日地面降雪观测数据,对我国25°N以北不同气候区强降雪事件的地理分布和年内旬、月变化等气候特征进行分析,并探讨1961—2008年其时间序列演变特征,及1961—2008年和1981—2008年 (气候变暖后) 气候变化趋势。结果表明:强降雪量和强降雪日数在青藏高原东部、新疆和东北北部最多;强降雪强度高值中心出现在云南。东北北部、华北、西北、青藏高原东部强降雪事件多发生于初冬和初春,年内分布呈双峰型;新疆和黄淮地区年内分布呈单峰型,前者多发生在隆冬时节,后者多发生于晚冬;1961—2008年东北北部、新疆、青藏高原东部平均强降雪量和强降雪日数呈明显增加趋势;气候变暖后我国大部年强降雪量增多,强降雪日数增加,强降雪强度增强。     

北方一次强降雪过程的中尺度数值模拟

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对2003年3月14~16日发生在内蒙古中部偏南地区的一次强降雪过程进行了二重嵌套的48 h数值模拟研究。结果表明:模式较好地模拟了本次过程强降雪中心的强度、位置以及强降雪的时间变化。导致本次过程降雪产生的主要影响系统是地面倒槽和700 hPa中α尺度低涡,其影响时间相对持久。强降雪的出现则是由于高空短波槽产生的高层强辐散强迫与低层增强的辐合相互耦合所致。高低层系统这一适宜配置的维持时间相对短暂,却导致了本次过程降雪强度的两个峰值的出现。同时,中α尺度低涡的形成和加强及其与低空暖湿急流的适宜配置也是强降雪产生的一个有利因素。阴山山脉对本次过程强降雪的强度和位置具有重要影响:山脉使降雪在其南麓增强,北麓减弱。山地强迫抬升是导致这一结果的直接原因。另外,山地在其迎风坡使上升运动增强的同时也使正涡度减小和低层辐散增强。     

使用加密降雪资料分析降雪量和积雪深度关系

降雪量和积雪深度的关系是降雪预报及相关科研工作中的重要参数,加密降雪资料的出现为分析这种关系提供了新的支持。利用2009—2011年冬季加密降雪资料并采用线性拟合方法,分析得出我国冬季积雪深度变化值和相应降雪量的比值大体为0.75 cm·mm-1,该比值随气温上升呈明显减小趋势,且有明显的地区差异,但未体现出显著的时间变化特征。降雪量和积雪深度的关系仍需深入分析,并需要更高质量降雪资料的支持,以便能应用到实际业务和科研工作中。     

近46年来我国降雪变化特征分析

利用国家气象信息中心提供的各测站多年逐日降水和逐日天气现象资料,在运用旋转经验正交函数(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function,REOF)和相关分析进行降雪分区的基础上,重点分析了近46年来我国降雪的时空分布、演变特征和长期气候趋势。结果表明,降雪分布清楚地反映了我国的地理特征和气候特点,即高纬度、高海拔地区降雪多,南方降雪地区集中。在空间上,降雪增加的区域主要分布在新疆北部、东北区北部、西藏高原东部和淮河流域部分地区。在时间上,我国平均年降雪量总体呈弱的减少趋势。在气候变暖的背景下,除东北区北部和西北区西部降雪趋势为正值外,其它分区都为负值,其中长江中下游地区降雪减少最明显。Mann-Kendall检验表明,在20世纪90年代新疆北部、东北区北部的降雪发生了由少到多的突变,且增加趋势显著,其它分区没有突变发生。     

我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间阻塞高压异常特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料和PV-θ阻高指数,分析了2008年初我国南方发生的低温雨雪冰冻灾害。结果表明,欧亚大陆3个关键区的阻塞高压(简称阻高)在此次灾害发生的环流背景中起着非常重要的作用,并存在异常特征。与1950—2008年历史同期相比,2008年初乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖阻高发生的日数显著偏多,而鄂霍茨克海地区无阻高发生;乌拉尔山阻高的强度偏强,而贝加尔湖阻高的强度则偏弱;乌拉尔山地区最大PV-θ阻高指数发生的位置比大多数年份偏东,而贝加尔湖地区最大PV-θ阻高指数发生的位置比大多数年份偏西,这种位置的异常特征说明此次我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间欧亚大陆关键区阻高在位置上很集中。3个关键区的阻高在发生日数、强度以及位置上异常特征的共同配置,使得分裂出的小槽活动偏多,造成冷空气活动频繁并不断南下补给,加之此时的异常环流特征,共同造成这次低温雨雪冰冻灾害。     

Short-period temperature variability at Winnipeg, Canada, 1872–1993: Characteristics and trends

Summary Temperature variability in Winnipeg, Canada, was assessed by determining average and extreme temperature ranges over 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15-day intervals, on a monthly basis, for the period of 1872–1993. Trends in the monthly averages for each of the intervals were also examined.The results show that Winnipeg experiences a very large amount of short-term temperature variability, especially over 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The monthly average diurnal ranges vary from about 9 to 14 °C, while the 15-day average ranges are about two to three times as large. In general, average temperature ranges over the two shortest intervals (1 and 2 days) are slightly greater in the warm-season months than in the cold-season months, but the averages for the three longest intervals are inversely related to mean monthly temperature, as are the largest ranges observed in each of the months.Average temperature variability in the months of November through March was found to have decreased quite significantly, and rapidly, during the first two decades of this century. This decrease was likely associated with a decrease in the meridionality of the atmospheric circulation. It also occurred during a time when the average maximum and minimum temperatures in Winnipeg were rising, lending support to the conjecture that a warmer global climate will result in less 1–15 day temperature variability. The rapidity of the change also supports the hypothesis that climate changes tend to be non-linear.With 5 Figures     

石羊河流域降雪初、终日及雪期特征分析

利用1960—2017年石羊河流域5个气象站点降雪和气温观测资料,采用气候诊断分析方法,分析了石羊河流域降雪初、终日及雪期的时空变化特征及与气温和海拔高度的关系。结果表明:降雪初日为山区早于平原区,平原区早于荒漠区;降雪终日为山区晚于平原区,平原区晚于荒漠区;雪期为山区长于平原区,平原区长于荒漠区。各地降雪初、终日及雪期存在一定的异常性,正常降雪初、终日及雪期年概率均超过67%。年、年代降雪初日呈推迟趋势,降雪终日(除凉州和古浪外)呈提早趋势,雪期呈缩短趋势。降雪初、终日及雪期与气温和海拔高度呈极显著相关性,气温每升高1℃,初日推迟约6.3 d,终日提早约7.6 d,雪期缩短约13.8 d;海拔每升高100 m,初日提早约3.3 d;终日推迟约4.0 d,雪期延长约7.3 d。本研究为降雪预报提供了参考依据,同时对防御雪灾、科学利用降雪资源、保护生态环境和促进区域经济发展有重要意义。     

Rural livelihoods and climate variability in Ningxia, Northwest China

This study addresses the role of climate variability in the livelihoods of agricultural communities in Ningxia, Northwest China. Data sources comprise meteorological observations and official reports, complemented by questionnaires and focus group discussions designed around a livelihoods framework. Sample villages were located in three different agricultural systems: irrigated, mixed irrigated/grazing, and rainfed. Much of Ningxia is perennially dry and this is a significant limiting factor to agricultural production in the region, exacerbated by drought and buffered by irrigation mainly supplied from the Yellow River. Climate observations show stable temperatures from the 1950s to the 1980s followed by a positive trend (0.38°C/decade 1961–2010). Precipitation shows very modest trends and low decadal variability. Recent climate variability, particularly a drought from 2004–2006, was perceived to have had a significant effect on agricultural production and access to water, but it was not the only challenge respondents had faced. Susceptibility to drought was higher in the mixed irrigated and grazing and rainfed areas, due to farmers’ greater exposure to climatic hazards and because a higher proportion of their income originated from farming activities. Respondents were using a wide range of measures to retain and enhance soil moisture and maintain agricultural production. The discussion examines challenges in disentangling the role of climate within rapidly changing livelihood systems.     

华北地区"12·7"降雪过程的数值模拟研究

对2001年12月7日一次引发北京交通堵塞的降雪过程成因作了模拟研究.模拟结果显示PSU/NCAR的MM5有可能模拟出此次北方较弱的降雪过程,模拟的降雪量、落区以及持续时间与观测较一致.在成功模拟的基础上,利用模式输出的时空分辨率较高的资料,对此次降雪的发生、发展和水汽输送过程等进行了分析,结果表明:(1)降雪发生前对流层中层先出现饱和,而低层并未饱和,这种弱降雪的产生似乎并不需要中低层有深厚的湿层存在;(2)此次降雪是由对流层中层快速移动的短波槽和近地面出海高压后部的回流共同影响的结果,近地面的高压回流主要对增加低层的湿度有贡献,槽前的西南气流将水汽由南向北输送到华北地区,辐合引起的上升运动又将水汽输送到对流层中上层,槽前的水汽输送和辐合上升是此次降雪过程的触发机制之一;(3)华北地区大气中可降水量达到7 mm以上时,就可能有弱降雪发生,并有可能根据可降水量判断降雪的维持时间;(4)冰相云物理过程对成功地模拟降雪是不可忽视的.     

张家口市崇礼的雪季与冬奥会赛期的降雪特征分析

利用张家口市崇礼1960-2014年逐日降水和天气现象资料,分析了雪季与冬奥会赛期(2月4-20日)的降雪特征。结果显示：崇礼最早降雪初日为10月13日,最迟降雪终日为4月30日,初、终雪日多年平均为11月2日和4月6日;雪季长度最长和最短分别为190 d和123 d,多年平均为156 d。雪季间最长连续无降雪时段多出现在12月末到1月下旬。冬奥会赛期前的11月上旬降雪日数少,但降雪量较大;此后各旬降雪日数、雪量差异不大。2月4-20日间平均4~5 d出现一次降雪,且主要为中小雪,出现大雪的概率极低。这些结果为冬奥会赛场充分利用降雪资源、制定赛事计划和赛事期间的气象条件预测及预报等保障提供参考依据。     

运城市低温大雪冰冻过程成因分析

针对2008年1月中下旬运城市出现近50a来罕见的低温大雪冰冻天气过程的环流背景、影响系统、旬平均场等因素进行详细分析,结果表明：高纬度环流经向度大,南支槽活跃,副高偏北、偏强是造成持续低温冰冻的主要原因;而高空回暖、地面回流以及西南急流加强是造成运城强降雪的重要因素。     

Interdecadal variability and trends of rainfall across the Amazon basin

Summary An analysis of decadal and long-term patterns of rainfall has been carried out using a combination of raingauge and gridded rainfall datasets, for the entire Amazon basin and for its northern and southern sub-basins. The study covers the period 1929–98. Rainfall variability and variations in circulation and sea surface temperature fields have been analysed in more detail for the period 1950–98. Negative rainfall trends were identified for the entire Amazon basin, while at the regional level there is a negative trend in northern Amazonia and positive trend in southern Amazonia. Decadal time scale variations in rainfall have been discovered, with periods of relatively drier and wetter conditions, with different behaviour in northern and southern Amazonia. Spectral analyses show decadal time scale variations in southern Amazonia, while northern Amazonia exhibits both interannual and decadal scale variations. Shifts in the rainfall regime in both sections of the Amazon basin were identified as occurring in the mid-1940s and 1970s. After 1975–76, northern Amazonia received less rainfall than before 1975. Changes in the circulation and oceanic fields after 1975 suggest an important role of the warming of the tropical central and eastern Pacific on the decreasing rainfall in northern Amazonia, due to more frequent and intense El Niño events during the relatively dry period 1975–98.     

Numerical Study on Microphysical Processes of Two Different Snowfall Cases in Northern China

In this paper,two snowfall cases under different weather conditions in northern China are simulated by using the meso scale model MM5.Two-way nesting structure of domains is designed for each case.Among the explicit schemes of MM5,the Reisner graupel scheme is selected to describe the microphysical process. The simulated snow-bands of two cases are basically consistent with observations.The simulated results of microphysical processes are mainly discussed.The hydrometeors and their sources and sinks under different weather backgrounds are described.The feedback effects of microphysical processes on the thermal and dynamic processes are also discussed.Method that outputs the accumulative sources and sinks per hour is used to analyze the distribution characteristics of hydrometeors during the strongest snowfall period.Two sensitivity tests (called heat test and drag test) are conducted to examine the effects of microphysical pro- cesses on cloud produced by the latent heat and drag force. Results have shown that the distribution of particles has a close relation with temperature.The tem- perature of Beijing snowfall is under 0℃and there exist vapor and solid phase particles,while Liaoning snowfall has vapor,liquid,and solid phase particles due to the warm temperature.The distribution of these particles is not the same at different development stages.From the analyses of the characteristics of sources and sinks,it is found that snow is mainly produced by the deposition and accretion with ice.Cloud water is crucial to graupel.The melting of ice-phase particles enhances the rain production.The results of heat tests and drag tests reveal that the microphysical processes have interacted with the dynamic and thermal processes.Latent heat release of hydrometeors feeds back positively on snowfall while the drag force not. At last,comparisons of simulated results have been done between the two different kinds of snowfall cases. The microphysical processes of Liaoning snowfall case is more complicated than those of Beijing snowfall case.The values of the cloud variables are larger and the interactions between the microphysical processes and the thermal and dynamic processes of Liaoning snowfall case are stronger than those of Beijing snowfall case.     

中国极端降水事件的区域性和持续性研究

利用内蒙古地区117站1991-2013年夏季（6-8月）逐时降水量资料,采用Gumbel极值方法确定内蒙古逐时极端降水阈值,研究内蒙古夏季逐时极端降水持续性和演变特征。结果表明：（1）内蒙古地区逐时极端降水阈值自西（5~10 mm）向东（40~55 mm）递增,但极端降水过程相对强度自西向东逐渐递减。内蒙古西部偏南地区、阴山山脉以南和大兴安岭东部极端降水过程持续时间较长,在7 h以上,其余地区极端降水过程持续时间较短,在6 h以内。（2）持续时间在1~3 h的极端降水过程发生次数最高,极端降水过程持续时间越短,降水量峰值出现前降水强度越大。极端降水持续时间4~6 h降水量偏离程度最大,1~3 h和7~12 h次之。（3）近23 a极端降水过程集中出现在7月下旬,峰值出现时刻由17：00滞后到20：00。1991-2010年极端降水过程偏少,可能是因为4~6 h和7~12 h极端降水过程次数偏少;进入2011-2013年,极端降水过程增加明显,主要与持续时间1~3 h、4~6 h和7~12 h极端降水过程同时增多有关。