中国西部生态环境重建与城镇化关系研究

城市是现代经济和社会发展的主要载体,城镇化是人类社会发展的必然趋势。当前,在国家西部大开发战略的指引下,西部正在掀起迅猛的城镇化浪潮,但是西部地区生态环境脆弱,其城镇化应该有特有的路径。区域自然地理条件是产生西部生态环境问题的决定性因素,但强烈的人类活动及其对区域生态环境的压力则是引发和加重西部生态环境问题的主要原因。因此,西部生态环境治理的关键是减轻人类活动对生态环境的压力。在西部社会经济条件下,非农化进而城镇化是实现社会经济转型,从而减轻生态环境压力,促进生态环境治理的有效措施。     

塔里木河中下游区域开发对生态环境的影响及生态环境恢复与重建对策——以尉犁县为例

随着塔里木河流域进入大规模开发时期，区域开发活动对该流域生态环境的演变产生了重大的影响，虽然绿洲内部产出大幅度增加，但整体生态环境趋向恶化，制约了区域社会经济的可持续发展。以塔里木河中下游尉犁县为例，从分析区域开发活动入手，总结了区域开发对区域生态环境影响的有利与不利方面，进而，讨论了区域生态环境恢复与重建的对策。     

内蒙古西部地区的生态环境建设

西部大开发是我国二十一世纪发展中十分重大的战略之一,它给中国西部的社会发展和经济腾飞带来了无限生机。由于历史、地理、社会及自然条件等原因,我国西部的社会经济和生态环境远远落后于中部和东部。统计研究表明,西部区贫困与生态环境脆弱具有很强的相关关系。这就说明,生态环境的脆弱或破坏,必然要导致地区贫困的发生。西部大开发的宗旨,就是要使我国西部落后地区在一定的时期内与中、东部地区在社会经济上、技术进步上和知识水平上达到一致,使那里的人们富裕起来。因此,西部生态环境的保护和建设就成为西部大开发的根本任务之一。内蒙…     

陇中黄土丘陵区生态环境退化与恢复重建调控机理

陇中黄土丘陵区生态环境脆弱,历史时期人为活动强烈,导致生态环境退化与农牧交替频繁.应用系统论分析该生态经济系统的稳定性,用反馈控制原理分析该生态环境系统的运行机制和调控机理,并提出该区生态环境恢复重建的途径与措施,为该区生态环境建设和农牧业发展提供科学依据.     

中国西部植被恢复重建空间格局分析

西部生态环境建设，需要进行以植被生物地带性为依据的空间格局分析。本文阐明了西部植被恢复重建空间格局分析的思路，报道了对西部地区退耕还林还草空间格局分析的初步结果，提出在西部生态环境建设中，退耕还林和退耕还草的面积分别占总退耕面积的69%和31%，总的格局是以退耕还林为主，但各少自然条件不同，决定了二者比重不同，从而形成各区域不同的格局：其中，四川、贵州和云南退耕还林的比重在95%以上，形成了以退耕还林为主的格局；西藏、陕西退耕还林和退耕还草比重各占50%左右，形成二者并重的格局；甘肃、青海、宁夏退耕还草的比重在75%以上，形成以退耕还草为主的格局。最后，本文还确定了西部各地植被恢复重建的主要自然植被类型，可为各地实施退耕还林还草工程提供参考依据。     

敦煌湿地生态环境现状与保护恢复对策

本文通过对敦煌湿地的类型、生态环境特征和湿地退化现状的调查和资料搜集,分析了湿地生态环境退化的原因,提出了保护恢复湿地生态环境的科学对策。     

陇中半干旱区生态环境恢复重建与农牧业发展仿真研究

应用系统动力学理论建立了陇中农牧交错带生态环境恢复重建的SD模型，对该区的三种典型治理模式—综合治理型、农牧协调发展型和传统经营型，用该模型仿真研究了2000～2080年的生态系统发展趋势。结果表明：农牧协调发展模式可使农牧业协调持续发展，土壤侵蚀量减少76．1％，生态环境稳步趋向良性循环，它是该区生态环境治理与农牧业持续发展的最佳模式。     

西部地区生态环境建设的若干问题与政策建议

西部地区是我国生态环境的脆弱地区，生态建设是西部地区开发建设必须首先研究和解决的一个重大问题。西部地区生态环境十分复杂，西北地区和西南地区的自然生态环境迥异、生态退化问题千差万别，对西部地区的生态环境的基本现状进行了评价，提出了生态环境建设的目标，分析了生态环境建设中面临的亟等研究和解决的科学、技术和社会经济问题，并提出了生态环境建设的若干政策建议，并特别指出，应充分发挥科技对生态建设的支撑作用，科学实施生态建设工程；必须采取基于不同生态经济类型区的自然生态环境特点和生态退化问题的分类指导的生态建设策略；建立西部地区生态安全体系，开展西部地区生态建设和环境保护立法，以实现西部地区生态环境与经济社会的协调可持续发展。     

黄土高原半干旱区生态环境恢复的对策研究

黄土高原半干旱地区生态环境的恢复与重建是西部大开发再造秀美山川、实现人与自然和谐发展的必然要求.阐述了黄土高原的生态现状及其自然地理特征,分析了影响黄土高原生态环境治理和发展的主要问题,并根据黄土高原的实际情况,提出不同生态环境条件下促进生态环境恢复的可行对策,即注重协调人地关系,建立雨水资源利用技术体系,建立统一的管理与培训体系,科学发展小城镇.     

Changes and spatial patterns of eco-environment in the farming-pastoral region of northern China

This paper firstly selects 10 kinds of indexes to reflect eco-environment background condition and builds the multi-subject spatial database by using ground meteorological data, remote sensing data and DEM. It then discusses in detail the methods about evaluating eco-environment background condition and analyzing eco-environment change. The eco-environment background conditions of 1989 and 1999 are synthetically appraised. Finally, the paper analyzes the spatial distribution, quantitative change, the trend of change, the areas of change and the dynamic spatial pattern of eco-environment. The results are as follows: (1) The eco-environment background condition becomes worse from southeast to northwest in the farming-pastoral region of northern China. (2) The eco-environment background condition deteriorates from 1989 to 1999. (3) In the adjacent areas of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia-Gansu-Ningxia, Horqin Sandy Land and its peripheries, and eastern Qinghai province, eco-environmental deterioration is very serious.     

中国北方农牧交错带生态环境的空间格局演变

1 IntroductionThe scope of the farm ing-pastoral region of northern China begins from the w est of G reatH inggan M ountains, w estw ards passes through southeastern Inner M ongolia, northern H ebei,Shanxiand Shaanxi,and then reaches the O rdos Plateau.It…     

寻找西部大开发与大保护的结合点

<正> 环境保护和经济发展是一对矛盾。党中央、国务院提出经济建设绝不能以破坏人类的生存环境为代价,不能把环境保护同经济建设对立起来或割裂开来,而要把两者统一到可持续发展上来。为正确处理经济开发与环境保护的关系指明了方向。 西部大开发战略实施以来,我们始终面临着经济大开发与环境大保护的两难矛盾。一方面,我国的西部既是生态屏障地区,同时也是生态脆弱地区和环境敏感地区,最需要采取更为严格的保护措施,     

青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响关系分析

科学评估青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响的总体状况,对优化城镇化速度和质量,修复和提升生态环境状态具有重要意义。在梳理青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响研究进展基础上,本文尝试构建一套完整的城镇化与生态环境交互影响分析模型体系,实现从综合评价指数分析、耦合协调度量化、耦合类型识别、解耦路径探索到未来趋势预测的全过程解析。以青藏高原及其省域、地级单元多尺度分析对比为手段,尝试厘清尺度之间的差异性,识别出问题区域,并提出针对性的改进措施。研究发现,青藏高原不同尺度间城镇化综合评价指数呈阶段性上升趋势,青海的整体城镇化指数高于西藏;生态环境指数变化趋势不同,青海呈下降态势,西藏则趋向平稳,各地级单元生态环境指数存在分层现象。青藏高原不同尺度城镇化与生态环境耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,协调类型由失调衰退类向濒临失调衰退类转变,最后转为勉强协调发展类,基本属于城镇化滞后型。城镇化指数与生态环境指数呈现出强脱钩、弱脱钩交互出现的波动态势,说明不同尺度间存在城镇化与生态环境的负相互作用,消极城镇化现象突出。通过预测,青藏高原各地级单元在未来10年内,系统耦合协调度将稳步上升,但各地增长速度将存在显著差距。     

喀什城市圈城镇化与生态环境交互胁迫效应研究综述

城市群的研究成果对中国城市群总体格局形成起到了引领作用,为中国新型城镇化发展做出了重要贡献。通过关注位于丝绸之路经济带结合点的喀什城市圈,基于CiteSpace文献计量方法以中文核心期刊和EI、Web of Science核心合集数据,通过分析核心关键词、研究热点、研究机构和团队总结了国内外在喀什城市圈城镇化发展与生态环境交互胁迫效应方面的研究成果。认为目前对喀什城市圈研究非常薄弱,主要体现在研究重点集中在城镇化与生态环境关系探讨,从城市人口集聚、城市经济增长、城市空间扩张三个层面初步揭示了城市圈城镇化对水资源和土地资源单要素的胁迫作用;并从水资源、土地资源、大气环境等单要素角度深入研究城市圈生态环境对城镇化的限制作用。未来需加强喀什城市圈的研究和建设,以国家战略需求为导向,继续深化城市圈形成发育中资源环境交互胁迫效应方面的研究。     

Implications of diverse sedimentation patterns in Hala Lake, Qinghai Province, China for reconstructing Late Quaternary climate

Hala Lake is located in the Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, at 4,078?m a.s.l. Its sediments contain an archive of climate and hydrologic changes during the Late Quaternary, as it is located close to the area influenced by the East-Asian summer monsoon and westerly-driven air masses. Sedimentation patterns and depositional conditions within the lake were investigated using eight sediment cores from different water depths, and this information was used to evaluate the feasibility of using a single core to reconstruct past climate and hydrological conditions. Long core H7, from the center of the lake (65?m water depth) and core H8 from a western, near-shore location (20?m water depth), were compared in detail using sediment composition and geochemical data (X-ray fluorescence, loss-on-ignition and CNS analysis). Age models were constructed using 17 AMS radiocarbon dates and indicate negligible reservoir error for sediments from the lake center and?~1,000?year errors for the near-shore sediment core. Cores H1?CH5 and HHLS21-1 revealed a sediment succession from sand and silty clay to laminated clay on the southern side of the lake. Undisturbed, finely laminated sediments were found at water depths???15?m. Core H5 (2.5?m long), from 31?m water depth, yielded abundant green algal mats mixed with clayey lake deposits and was difficult to interpret. Algae occurred between 25 and 32?m water depth and influenced the dissolved oxygen content of the stratified lake. Comparison of cores H7 and H8 yielded prominent mismatches for different time periods, which may, in part, be attributed to internal lacustrine processes, independent of climate influence. We thus conclude that data from a single sediment core may lead to different climate inferences. Common shifts among proxy data, however, showed that major climate shifts, of regional to global significance, can be tracked and allow reconstruction of lake level changes over the last 24,000?years. Results indicate advance of glaciers into the lake basin during the LGM, at which time the lake experienced lowest levels, 25?C50?m below present stage. Stepwise refilling began at ca. 16 kyr BP and reached the ?25?m level during the B?lling/Aller?d warm phase, ca. 13.5 kyr BP. A desiccation episode falls within the Younger Dryas, followed by a substantial lake level rise during the first millennium of the Holocene, a result of climate warming, which promoted glacier melt. By ca. 7.6 kyr BP, the lake reached a stable high stand similar to the present level, which persisted until ca. 6 kyr BP. Disturbed sediments in core H7 indicate a single mass flow that was most likely triggered by a major seismic event?~8.5 kyr BP. Subsequent lake development remains unclear as a consequence of data mismatches, but may indicate a general trend to deteriorating conditions and lake level lowstands at ca. 5.0?C4.2, 2.0 and 0.5 kyr BP.     

Interaction between urbanization and eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau

A scientific evaluation of the broad reciprocal influences between urbanization and the eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau region is of great significance for increasing the speed and quality of urbanization as well as restoring and improving the eco-environment.Based on a thorough look at the progress made by research on interactions between ur-banization and the eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau region,this article attempts to construct a complete analytical model of the reciprocal influences that can achieve the whole process of analyzing evaluation indexes,quantifying coupling coordination,identifying cou-pling types,exploring decoupling paths,and predicting future trends.Using multi-scale analysis of the Tibetan Plateau and its provinces and prefecture-level units as a means of comparison,we attempt to clarify differences at different scales,identify problem areas and propose targeted improvement measures.The result shows that the urbanization evaluation indexes for the Tibetan Plateau at different scales rise in stages and that the urbanization index for Qinghai is higher than for Tibet;the changes in the eco-environment index of the two regions are also different,with a downward trend in Qinghai and a trend toward stability in Tibet,and with stratification in the eco-environment indexes of prefecture-level units;the de-gree of coupling coordination between urbanization and the eco-environment at different scales in the Tibetan Plateau region is increasing overall,with the type of coordination changing from uncoordinated deterioration to borderline uncoordinated deterioration,and ultimately changing into scarcely coordinated development,which basically puts the region into the logging urbanization category;and the urbanization and eco-environment indexes display a dynamic trend of alternating between strong decoupling and weak decoupling,in-dicating that there is a negative reciprocal influence between urbanization and eco-environment at different scales and that the phenomenon of passive urbanization is prominent.We predict that in the next 10 years,the system coupling coordination of prefec-ture-level units in the Tibetan Plateau region will steadily increase,but there will be significant discrepancies in the growth rates of different regions.     

阿拉善高原沙漠化土地防治区划与治理对策

中国深受沙漠化危害,沙漠化土地防治区划是沙漠化研究和防治的重要措施。阿拉善高原地处亚洲干旱荒漠区,是中国北方沙漠化过程发生发展较为典型的区域。随着气候变化、区域社会经济发展和国家生态文明建设多项工程的实施,阿拉善高原土地沙漠化也发生了显著的变化。根据阿拉善高原沙漠化、土地利用变化、产业发展的过程和现状,我们认为区域沙漠化土地治理重点主要包括6个方面：重点生态功能保护区、三大沙漠交汇扩展治理区、荒漠植被保护与恢复区、人工绿洲生态建设稳定区、线性交通基础设施和片状工矿综合治理区及乌兰布和沙产业示范区。在此基础上,将阿拉善高原划分为3个荒漠化土地防治亚区和12个治理小区,并提出相应的沙漠化防治措施和治理对策。     

中国西部地区历史草地面积重建的方法——以甘宁青新区为例

历史草地面积重建作为历史土地利用与土地覆被变化研究的重要组成部分,可为区域乃至全球环境变化研究提供重要的基础数据。但受研究客体特性与重建资料多寡的制约,目前无论是数量估算上还是空间格局重建上均非常薄弱。本文试图在客观把握中国西部地区历史草地变化趋势与特征的基础上,利用现代遥感土地利用数据和潜在植被数据,确定土地垦殖前草地植被潜在分布范围;并结合历史耕地网格数据,构建以间接扣减为核心的草地面积重建方法;重建甘肃、宁夏、青海和新疆等省区过去300年的草地网格数据。结果表明：土地垦殖前,案例区草地覆被率高达40.87%。受土地垦殖的影响,在过去300年草地面积呈持续减少的态势。草地面积由1661年的1.11亿 hm²下降到1980年的1.03亿 hm²,并经历了1661—1724年的急剧减少、1724—1873年的缓慢减少和1873—1980年的快速减少三个时段,草地年均减少量分别为4.76万 hm²、0.75万 hm²和3.38万 hm²。在空间上,研究时段内草地垦殖区呈现出由甘肃、宁夏向青海、新疆转移的特点。以历史文献资料和1980年遥感草地网格数据为基础,对重建的草地数据开展了可靠性评估。评估显示,重建结果能够较好的再现草地变迁过程。本文构建的重建方法可被用于中国西部地区长时段的草地面积重建。     

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究进展

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究是国际人地系统研究的前沿和热点领域,对于如何协调中国城镇化与生态环境的关系问题也具有重要的参考价值。本文紧扣城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究主题,在对国际研究进行梳理的基础上,集中从城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系理论、方法以及关键应用领域三个方面,对城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究国际前沿与进展进行评述。分析发现,国际上近远程耦合概念提出时间不长,其理论的完备性与系统性尚显薄弱,对实证研究统领性指导还略显不足。而从其他研究视角出发,国际上对互为远端的人地系统间关联现象进行了大量研究,实证内容充足,内涵丰富。展望未来,关注城市群地区城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系、挖掘城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合主导路径与动态演变特征、加强中国城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合理论研究,是推动中国城镇化与生态环境耦合研究迈向新的发展阶段的重要方向。