松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗砂岩性及微观孔隙结构特征研究

通过岩心观察、镜下薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射、物性和压汞等资料分析,对松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗砂岩的岩石学特征、储层物性及微观孔隙结构特征进行了研究。研究表明,松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩,其次为岩屑长石砂岩,成分和结构成熟度较低,储层物性明显呈现出低孔低渗特征,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和溶蚀孔为主,孔喉半径较小,相对小孔喉所占比率较大,孔喉分选和连通性较差,非均质性强。在总体孔喉较小的背景下,随着较大孔喉半径的增大储层物性变好,而储层物性随着孔喉集中程度的增强而变差。根据经典的孔喉分类标准,将松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗透储层分为4类：细孔细喉型、微孔细喉型、微孔微细喉型和微孔微喉道型。     

A reconstruction method for three‐dimensional pore space using multiple‐point geology statistic based on statistical pattern recognition and microstructure characterization

To predict the macroscopic properties (e.g., transport, electromagnetic, and mechanical properties) of porous media, it is necessary to have a three‐dimensional (3D) representation of porous media. We reconstruct the geologically realistic 3D structure of Fontainebleau sandstone based on the two‐dimensional (2D) thin sections by using the multiple‐point statistics method. For this method, the size of template is an important parameter that reflects the perceived scale of spatial structure of porous media. In this paper, we take advantage of entropy method to obtain the appropriate size of the template, which is proven to be correct and feasible. The reconstruction method proposed by us combines successive 2D MPS simulations as well as 3D MPS simulation, which takes account into the pore structure information (e.g., heterogeneity and connectivity) both intralayer and interlayer. This reconstruction method is tested on Fontainebleau sandstone for which 3D images from micro‐CT scanning are available. Applying local percolation theory analysis, this new approach can depict the expected patterns of geological heterogeneities. In addition, it also can well reproduce a high degree of connectivity of the pore space better than other reconstruction methods based on lower‐order statistics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implication of surface modified NZVI particle retention in the porous media: Assessment with the help of 1-D transport model

Retention of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles in the porous media near the point of injection has been reported in the recent studies. Retention of excess particles in porous media can alter the media properties. The main objectives of this study are, therefore, to evaluate the effect of particle retention on the porous media properties and its implication on further NZVI particle transport under different flow conditions. To achieve the objectives, a one-dimensional transport model is developed by considering particle deposition, detachment, and straining mechanisms along with the effect of changes in porosity resulting from retention of NZVI particles. Two different flow conditions are considered for simulations. The first is a constant Darcy’s flow rate condition, which assumes a change in porosity, causes a change in pore water velocity and the second, is a constant head condition, which assumes the change in porosity, influence the permeability and hydraulic conductivity (thus Darcy’s flow rate). Overall a rapid decrease in porosity was observed as a result of high particle retention near the injection points resulting in a spatial distribution of deposition rate coefficient. In the case of constant head condition, the spatial distribution of Darcy’s velocities is predicted due to variation in porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The simulation results are compared with the data reported from the field studies; which suggests straining is likely to happen in the real field condition.     

On computation of strain‐dependent permeability of rocks and rock‐like porous media

Determination of transport properties of geomaterials is an important issue in many fields of engineering analysis and design. For example, in petroleum engineering, in situ permeability of an oil reservoir may be crucial in establishing its viability for exploitation, whilst prevention of leakage from underground storage facilities for oil and gas, nuclear waste as well as viability of CO₂ sequestration projects crucially depends on its long‐term values. Permeability is indirectly related to the porosity, pore‐size distribution and pore architecture of the porous media. These parameters evolve when a strain field is imposed. Physical measurement of permeability under a strain field in laboratory conditions is difficult, expensive and prone to a number of uncertainties. In the past, pore network models have been used to compute permeability of materials under stress/strain‐free conditions. In this paper, we propose an enhanced pore network model to compute permeability of rocks and rock‐like porous media under a stress/strain field. Data of pore‐size distribution obtained from mercury intrusion porosimetry are used to compute permeability of rock samples from various unspecified oilfields in the world. It is shown that the two permeabilities can be predicted from the model with sufficient accuracy. A hypothesis for change in porosity, pore‐size distribution and pore architecture as a result of imposed mechanical strains is then proposed. Based on this, permeability is computed again for one of the rock samples under uniaxial and triaxial compressive and tensile strain fields. It is shown that depending on the state of strain field imposed, permeability evolves in an anisotropic manner. Permeability under tensile strain field increases dramatically compared with the reduction that takes place under compressive strain field of the same magnitude. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

毛细管渗流模型在黄土渗透性中的应用探讨

黄土作为一种典型的多孔介质,多孔性是其重要特性之一。多孔性不仅影响着黄土的物理力学及化学特征,也严重影响着黄土的水理性质,特别是黄土的渗透特性。然而,作为多孔介质渗流理论的经典模型——毛细管模型,已经广泛应用于油气田开采、煤成气开采以及岩土工程等领域,但将多孔介质渗流理论模型引入表征黄土的多孔构造,这方面的资料尚欠缺。因此,本文以黄土的渗透性作为研究示例,在总结分析目前相对较为成功的多孔介质毛细管渗流模型的基础上,选取适于定量表征黄土渗透性的渗流模型,结合计算结果和渗透试验结果的对比,探讨将多孔介质毛细管渗流模型引入描述黄土渗透性这一方法的适用性。并提出孔隙的“香肠”构造（或称为“莲藕”构造）,为黄土的渗透性研究提供可借鉴的理论依据。     

围压和孔隙结构对不同粒级砂岩孔隙度渗透率的影响实验研究

孔隙度和渗透率是储层评价的两个重要参数.岩石毛管压力曲线和核磁共振T2谱图是描述储层微观结构特征的重要参数.通过测量不同压力条件下岩心样品的孔隙度和渗透率,得到了孔隙度和渗透率随压力的变化情况.实验结果表明：孔隙度和渗透率随着压力的增加而降低,并且与压力服从对数函数变化规律.不同孔隙度渗透率区间的砂岩样品,孔隙度和渗透率随着压力变化的趋势不同.通过测量不同粒级砂岩样品的毛管压力曲线和核磁共振T2谱图,证实了孔隙结构对孔隙度和渗透率的影响,微观孔隙结构是决定渗透性好坏的关键因素.     

Computed X-ray Tomography Investigation of Porosity and Permeability of the Liujiagou Formation Sandstone Exposed to CO2-Saturated Brine

In order to improve CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to solve carbon emission, sandstone from the Triassic Liujiagou Formation (LF) from the Ordos Basin in China was investigated using permeability tests and computed X-ray tomography (CT) scanning. The presence of reactive minerals within the geological CO2 sequestration target storage formation can allow reaction with injected CO2, which changes the porosity and permeability of the LF beds, affecting storage effectiveness. To investigate the effect of chemical reactions on the pore structure and permeability of sandstone cores representing the LF CO2 storage, tests were conducted to analyze the changes in porosity and permeability of sandstone cores induced by CO2-saturated brine at different reaction times (28-day maximum reaction period). Porosity and permeability of the sandstone increased after reaction with CO2-saturated brine due to mineral dissolution. The sandstone exhibited an increase in porosity and permeability after 15 days of reaction with CO2-saturated brine. Moreover, there was an increase in the volume of large pores in the sandstone after the 28-day period. The pore network of the sandstone was established through CT results, and the porosity calculated based on the obtained pore network was close to that measured in the test, demonstrating the feasibility to use CT to study the evolution of the microstructure of sandstone after long-time exposure to CO2-saturated brine.     

The statistical properties of immiscible fluid displacement in bond/site correlated network models of porous media

A statistical formulation is introduced which allows the determination of capillary pressure and relative permeability curves from lattice properties and, by extension, possibly core properties. Comparisons of statistical results to simulation results generally show good agreement for both drainage and imbibition. These processes turn out to be two different formulations of a single problem in one view presented here. Both agreement and disagreement between statistics and simulation results provide insight into the characteristics of the flow of immiscible fluids in porous media. A considerable amount of topological information on the fluids is also obtainable by these methods.     

A dynamic two‐phase flow model for air sparging

Air sparging (AS) is an in situ soil/groundwater remediation technology, which involves the injection of pressurized air/oxygen through an air sparging well below the zone of contamination. Characterizing the mechanisms governing movement of air through saturated porous media is critical for the design of an effective cleanup treatment system. In this research, micromechanical investigation was performed to understand the physics of air migration and subsequent spatial distribution of air at pore scale during air sparging. The void space in the porous medium was first characterized by pore network consisting of connected pore bodies and bonds. The biconical abscissa asymmetric concentric bond was used to describe the connection between two adjacent pore bodies. Then a rule‐based dynamic two‐phase flow model was developed and applied to the pore network model. A forward integration of time was performed using the Euler scheme. For each time step, the effective viscosity of the fluid was calculated based on fractions of two phases in each bond, and capillary pressures across the menisci was considered to compute the pressure field. The developed dynamic model was used to study the rate‐dependent drainage during air sparging. The effect of the capillary number and geometrical properties of the network on the dynamic flow properties of two‐phase flow including residual saturation, spatial distribution of air and water, dynamic phase transitions, and relative permeability‐capillary pressure curves were systematically investigated. Results showed that all the above information for describing the air water two‐phase flow are not intrinsic properties of the porous medium but are affected by the two‐phase flow dynamics and spatial distribution of each phase, providing new insight to air sparging. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔隙尺度多孔介质流体流动与溶质运移高性能模拟

深入探究孔隙尺度下的流体流动特性和溶质运移规律对石油开采、农田养分管理、地下水污染修复有着重要意义。以人工构建的多孔介质结构和同步辐射X射线显微CT扫描的土壤团聚体(分辨率3.7μm)为研究对象,在空间节点数多达64 000 000的情况下,基于格子Boltzmann模型和GPU并行技术计算得到多孔介质流体运动和溶质运移过程的关键参数,并据此探究多孔介质空间异质性对水力学特性的影响。通过对3组不同结构的多孔介质比较发现,结构复杂程度最高的土壤样品和不规则堆叠的圆球结构的渗透率在100 mD(即10^-13m^2)量级,远低于规则堆叠的圆球结构(>20 000 mD);土壤的迂曲度为1.40~1.60,明显高于规则堆叠的圆球结构。研究结果表明,渗透率大的样品具有较小的迂曲度,这与结构的空间异质性有较强的关系;土壤的渗透率和迂曲度呈现各向异性;在水力梯度一定的前提下,渗透率较大的样品,纵向弥散系数也较大;同时,结构的异质性也会影响溶质的穿透曲线。本研究提出的模拟方法可在土壤结构中进行高效的水流运动和溶质运移模拟,可用于土壤多孔介质在孔隙尺度下的水力学特性研究。     

孔隙尺度多孔介质流体流动与溶质运移高性能模拟

深入探究孔隙尺度下的流体流动特性和溶质运移规律对石油开采、农田养分管理、地下水污染修复有着重要意义。以人工构建的多孔介质结构和同步辐射X射线显微CT扫描的土壤团聚体（分辨率3.7 μm）为研究对象，在空间节点数多达64 000 000的情况下，基于格子Boltzmann模型和GPU并行技术计算得到多孔介质流体运动和溶质运移过程的关键参数，并据此探究多孔介质空间异质性对水力学特性的影响。通过对3组不同结构的多孔介质比较发现，结构复杂程度最高的土壤样品和不规则堆叠的圆球结构的渗透率在100 mD（即10^-13m²）量级，远低于规则堆叠的圆球结构（>20 000 mD）；土壤的迂曲度为1.40~1.60，明显高于规则堆叠的圆球结构。研究结果表明，渗透率大的样品具有较小的迂曲度，这与结构的空间异质性有较强的关系；土壤的渗透率和迂曲度呈现各向异性；在水力梯度一定的前提下，渗透率较大的样品，纵向弥散系数也较大；同时，结构的异质性也会影响溶质的穿透曲线。本研究提出的模拟方法可在土壤结构中进行高效的水流运动和溶质运移模拟，可用于土壤多孔介质在孔隙尺度下的水力学特性研究。     

非均质储层夹层控油作用初论——非均质储层油气分布规律及测井响应特征

根据毛细管压力理论, 分析了具有复杂孔隙结构的非均质储层油气聚集和分布规律.提出了非均质储层夹层对油气聚集和分布有重要控制作用的观点.分析表明, 物性较差的非均质储层一般具有较长的油-水或气-水过渡段, 形成油气藏的必要条件是要具备较大的圈闭高度.圈闭高度有限的非均质储层中夹层对油气流体有遮挡作用, 储层纵向上容易形成大段的不饱和含油(气) 水层或油水同层、气水同层.根据相对渗透率数据, 这类储层的有效产液能力受两相渗流的影响和本身渗透能力差的限制, 往往表现为低产甚至偏干的事实.导致气测录井、测井和试油测试之间存在矛盾.对非均质储层测井响应规律和特点进行了分析, 复杂孔隙结构非均质储层中含油性与储层物性的相关关系变得模糊.储层纵向上含油性及物性的复杂变化导致其油气层和水层的测井特征不易区分, 测井油气识别与评价面临很多困难和挑战.结合我国西部M盆地一个非均质油气藏的典型实例, 实际分析了非均质储层油气聚集和分布规律及测井响应特征.      

羌塘盆地中上侏罗统砂岩储集性特征

在大量野外露头资料研究的基础上,运用岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规物秘、毛细管压力曲线和图象分析等手段。对羌塘盆地侏罗系砂岩的渗性及孔隙结构等特征作了详细研究,孔隙类型主要为次生溶孔,偶见剩余原生粒间孔,它们基本上属于低孔低渗致密储集层,同时孔隙的微观结构较差。强裂的机械压实作用是导致砂岩孔隙结构变差的主要因素;早期碳酸盐胶结作用较弱,使得的机械压实作用是导致砂岩孔隙结构变差的主要因素;早期碳     

Numerical modeling of strongly coupled microscale multiphase flow and solid deformation

When fluid flows in porous media under subsurface conditions, significant deformation can occur. Such deformation is dependent on structural and phase characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the effect of multiphase flow on the deformation of porous media at the pore scale by implementing a strongly coupled partitioned solver discretized with finite volume (FV) technique. Specifically, the role of capillary forces on grain deformation in porous media is investigated. The fluid and solid subdomains are meshed using unstructured independent grids. The model is applied for solving multiphase coupled equations and is capable of capturing pore scale physics during primary drainage by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and advecting fluid indicator function using volume of fluid (VOF) while the fluid is interacting with a nonlinear elastic solid matrix. The convergence of the coupled solver is accelerated by Aitken underrelaxation. We also reproduce geomechanical stress conditions, at the pore scale, by applying uniaxial stress on the solid while simultaneously solving the multiphase fluid-solid interaction problem to investigate the effect of external stress on fluid occupancy, velocity-field distribution, and relative permeability. We observe that the solid matrix exhibits elasto-capillary behavior during the drainage sequence. Relative permeability endpoints are shifted on the basis of the external stress exerted.     

Pore to pore validation of pore network modelling against micromodel experiment results

Pore network modelling (PNM) has been widely used to study the multiphase flow and transport in porous media. Although a number of recent papers discussed the PNM validation on core-scale parameters such as permeability, relative permeability and capillary pressure; quantitative predictive potential of PNM on pore by pore basis has rarely been studied. The aim of this paper is to present a direct comparison between PNM simulations and corresponding micro-model experiments at the same scale and the same geometry. A number of well-defined and constrained two-phase flow in porous medium experimental scenarios were utilized to validate the physics solving part in PNM (filling rules, capillary and viscous pressure). This work validates that a dynamic pore network flow solver can predict two-phase flow displacements for these experiments for drainage situations at both pore and plug scales. A glass-etched micro-model is used to quantify the accuracy of a dynamic PNM solver on pore and core levels. Two-phase drainage micro fluidic experiments at different flow conditions are performed on micro-models. PNM simulations are performed on the same pattern and flow conditions as used in micro-model experiments. The two-phase distribution extracted from experiment images is registered onto rsults of PNM simulations for direct pore to pore comparison. Pore-scale matching level is found at around 75 % for all three test cases. The matching level of core-scale parameters such as S _{w c} and oil-phase permeability varies from case to case; the relative error to micro-model experiment measurements varies from 15 to 60 %. Possible reasons leading to discrepancies on core-scale parameters are discussed: missing considerations during validation of the combination of uncertainty in both simulator input parameters and experiments are seen as the principal factors.     

致密砂岩气层的测井评价--以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地山西组一段气田为例

大牛地气田山西组一段储层的孔隙度和渗透率均低、孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强，具有低压、低产的特征。利用测井资料，采用人工神经网络技术对致密砂岩的岩性进行了识别，共识别出中—粗粒岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩两种岩性，结合三种孔隙度测井方法进行了孔隙度和渗透率的预测，利用岩电实验资料，建立了储层微观孔隙结构与胶结指数、饱和度指数、岩石弹性力学参数之间的统计关系，获得了有效的饱和度评价参数，提高了饱和度的解释精度。并以压汞、相渗等岩芯分析资料进行了束缚水饱和度的解释，并采用多种交绘图技术，有效地识别了致密砂岩气层。该方法的特点是充分放大测井信息对天然气的响应特征，增强了气层和干层的判别差异。实践表明，上述方法对于鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田致密砂岩气层测井评价的符合率达到95％以上。     

Image analysis algorithms for estimating porous media multiphase flow variables from computed microtomography data: a validation study

Image analysis of three-dimensional microtomographic image data has become an integral component of pore scale investigations of multiphase flow through porous media. This study focuses on the validation of image analysis algorithms for identifying phases and estimating porosity, saturation, solid surface area, and interfacial area between fluid phases from gray-scale X-ray microtomographic image data. The data used in this study consisted of (1) a two-phase high precision bead pack from which porosity and solid surface area estimates were obtained and (2) three-phase cylindrical capillary tubes of three different radii, each containing an air–water interface, from which interfacial area was estimated. The image analysis algorithm employed here combines an anisotropic diffusion filter to remove noise from the original gray-scale image data, a k-means cluster analysis to obtain segmented data, and the construction of isosurfaces to estimate solid surface area and interfacial area. Our method was compared with laboratory measurements, as well as estimates obtained from a number of other image analysis algorithms presented in the literature. Porosity estimates for the two-phase bead pack were within 1.5% error of laboratory measurements and agreed well with estimates obtained using an indicator kriging segmentation algorithm. Additionally, our method estimated the solid surface area of the high precision beads within 10% of the laboratory measurements, whereas solid surface area estimates obtained from voxel counting and two-point correlation functions overestimated the surface area by 20–40%. Interfacial area estimates for the air–water menisci contained within the capillary tubes were obtained using our image analysis algorithm, and using other image analysis algorithms, including voxel counting, two-point correlation functions, and the porous media marching cubes. Our image analysis algorithm, and other algorithms based on marching cubes, resulted in errors ranging from 1% to 20% of the analytical interfacial area estimates, whereas voxel counting and two-point correlation functions overestimated the analytical interfacial area by 20–40%. In addition, the sensitivity of the image analysis algorithms on the resolution of the microtomographic image data was investigated, and the results indicated that there was little or no improvement in the comparison with laboratory estimates for the resolutions and conditions tested.     

基于岩石颗粒排列方式的低渗透储层应力敏感性分析

以颗粒堆积模型为基础,考虑了低渗透岩心颗粒不同排列方式和不同变形方式,建立了毛管束模型,并通过颗粒Hertz接触变形原理对毛管变形量进行计算,研究毛管和多孔介质应力敏感性定量表征关系,通过有效毛管分数和毛管变形规律探讨了低渗透储层应力敏感性的作用机制。研究表明,低渗透储层的应力敏感性主要表现为渗透率的应力敏感性,相比于渗透率应力敏感性,孔隙度应力敏感性较弱;低渗透储层应力敏感性与岩石颗粒排列方式、颗粒变形方式、岩石微观孔隙结构、固液界面作用力和启动压力梯度效应等密切相关;考虑有效毛管分数和毛管变形量的多孔介质应力敏感性量化模型可从应力敏感性微观作用机制角度解释低渗透储层应力敏感性。     

Microscale flow modelling in geologic materials

Three-dimensional imaging techniques, numerical methods for simulating flow and transport, and emergent computational architectures are combined to enable fundamental studies of fluid flow at the pore scale. High resolution reconstructions of porous media obtained using laser scanning confocal microscopy reduce sampling artifacts to sub-micron features, and simultaneously capture multiple grain length scales. However, the volumetric image data sets are extremely large, and there are significant computational challenges in utilising this information effectively. The principal problem lies in the complexity of the geometry and the retention of this structure in numerical analyses. Lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods provide a direct means to simulate transport processes in complex geometric domains due to the unique ability to treat accurately and efficiently the multitude of discrete boundary conditions. LB methods are numerically explicit as formulated, and this characteristic is exploited through a mapping of the numerical domain to distributed computing architectures. These techniques are applied to perform single phase flow simulations in 3D data sets obtained from cores of Berea sandstone using confocal microscopy. Simulations are performed using both a purpose-built distributed processor computer and a massively parallel processer (MPP) platform.     

基于分形理论探究砂岩最小孔隙半径的最优区间

渗透率是评价多孔介质导水性能的主要参数,是导水介质微观孔隙结构在宏观上的表现特征。通过扫描电镜实验和图像处理技术,统计出砂岩微观孔隙几何参数,并结合分形理论探究了砂岩微观孔隙结构对渗透率的影响。同时,以实测渗透率为约束条件,确定了对渗流起作用的最小孔隙半径r_min区间,该区间可作为渗透率预测时最小孔隙半径r_min的最优取值区间,并获取了与之对应的孔隙半径累积百分数区间。结果表明:砂岩最小孔隙半径r_min的取值对渗透率影响较大,随着砂岩最小孔隙半径r_min取值的增大,其渗透率先急剧下降,后渐渐地趋于稳定,并伴有上升趋势。在致密砂岩中,理论渗透率与实测渗透率相等时,对应的最小孔隙半径r_min落在孔隙半径累积百分数为15%~25%内,该孔隙半径累积百分数区间对应的孔隙半径区间可作为计算砂岩理论渗透率时最小孔隙半径r_min的最优取值区间,并且随着砂岩渗透率的增大,最小孔隙半径r_min对应下的孔隙半径累积百分数逐渐增加。