黄河三角洲高效生态经济区海岸带地貌环境特征及发育模式

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区是具有国家战略地位的重要生态经济区,该地区的海岸带地处海陆交接地带,属于陆缘海海岸带,生态环境脆弱,区域海岸带地形地貌系统性阐述甚少。在开展该区域生态地质环境调查的基础上,结合实际调查情况及以往文献的研读,对该地区海岸带地形地貌、岸滩地貌类型及特征进行了系统性归纳总结。整个黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的海岸带地貌分黄河三角洲粉砂淤泥质海岸、莱州湾南岸潍北平原区粉砂淤泥质海岸、莱州砂质海岸3个部分。岸滩类型分为黄河三角洲岸段冲淤平衡潮滩、侵蚀潮滩、淤积潮滩3种及莱州湾岸段侵蚀潮滩及侵蚀砂质海滩2种。     

红海湾海藻资源的研究

调查了红海湾的海藻资源状况。结果表明 ,红海湾海藻种类约有 1 9科 40种 ,其中主要经济海藻约 1 6种。敞开型硬相海岸的年平均生物量高达 1 847 2 6g/m2 ,以褐藻类为主 ;内湾屏蔽型软相海岸的年平均生物量为 1 1 2 42g/m2 ,以绿藻类为主。敞开型硬相海岸海藻的多样性和生物量明显高于内湾屏蔽型软相海岸     

红海湾海藻资源的研究

调查了红海湾的海藻资源状况。结果表明，红海湾海藻种类约有19科40种，其中主要经济海藻约16种。敝开型硬相海岸的年平均生物量高达1847．26g/m^2，以褐藻类为主；内湾屏蔽型软相海岸的年平均生物量为112．42g/m^2，以绿藻类为主。敝开型硬相海岸海藻的多样性和生物量明显高于内湾屏蔽型软相海岸。     

烟台第一海水浴场沙源匮乏型海滩地貌和表层沉积物粒度特征

在烟台第一海水浴场,利用经纬仪进行2条海滩横剖面形态测量,并在不同地貌单元采集沉积物样品进行粒度分析。测量显示,该海滩仅有小规模沙坝和沟槽体系。后滨上有风成沉积,但滩肩和海岸沙丘发育均不明显。粒度分析结果表明,海滩沉积物以中砂、粗砂为主,杂以砾或细砂,比山东半岛其他海滩沉积物明显要粗。由陆向海沉积物呈带状分布,平均高潮线附近和沙坝迎水坡侵蚀作用均显著。因此认为缺乏沙源供应的基岩岬湾式海岸是导致沙滩地貌发育不典型、海滩侵蚀作用显著的主要原因。     

莱州湾凹陷南斜坡原油地球化学特征及差异分布成因

根据原油宏观地球化学特点,结合原油沉积环境及成熟度特征划分原油成因类型,分析莱州湾凹陷超压及其与油气成藏关系,明确南斜坡油气差异成藏规律。结果表明:莱州湾凹陷南斜坡原油可划分为3种成因类型,分别为沙三淡水型、沙四咸化型和混源型;原油分布明显受沙三中—下亚段下部"超压系统"控制,在超压系统作用下,沙三段烃源岩生成的油气以垂向及侧向运移为主;在上覆超压系统围限作用下,沙四段烃源岩生成的油气多发生侧向运移,斜坡内带原油类型为沙三淡水型;斜坡外带原油类型表现为沙四咸化型和混源型。该结果为研究区下一步油气勘探提供指导。     

鄂尔多斯盆地红河油田长8油层组储层流动单元研究

在高分辨率层序分析的基础上,利用孔隙度、含油饱和度、流动系数3个参数,将流动单元划分为E、G、P 3类,采用序贯高斯模拟方法建立了流动单元的三维模型;分析了流动单元的垂向叠置样式与侧向分割特征,探讨了流动单元的成因类型与主控因素。认为:①G类流动单元为骨架流动单元,其平面分布受沉积微相控制,E、G类流动单元沿水下分流河道中心分布,P类流动单元分布在水下分流河道的边缘;②隔层为水下分流间湾微相泥岩,界面类型为沉积界面;岩性夹层为砂体内部发育泥质条带或泥砾,物性夹层是由成岩作用形成的非渗透岩层;③中期旋回中上部的SSC1~SSC2短期旋回主要发育单一型流动单元,流动单元在侧向上直接与非渗流层(隔层)接触,流动单元与隔挡层之间存在明显的界面;④中期旋回中下部的SSC3~SSC5短期旋回主要发育复合型流动单元,流动单元之间在侧向上没有明显的分隔界面,只是侧向相邻流动单元的渗流条件不同。      

日照市海岸带海滩沉积物粒度特征及物源分析

根据日照市海岸带2个重点海滩所采集的样品,通过粒度、磁化率、主微量及稀土元素等方面的调查资料,综合分析了研究区沉积物类型、分布特征、搬运路径及物质来源。结果表明,研究区沉积物类型以砂为主,在平行海岸方向上,沉积物粒径自北至南由细变粗。在垂直海岸方向上,从滩肩到滩面再到低潮线处,沉积物粒径逐渐变细。海滨国家森林公园海滩的分选性要好于万平口海水浴场海滩。沉积物受黄海沿岸流影响,多自北向南运移。海滩中浅部物质的来源与陆内一侧基岩中斜长片麻岩和二长花岗岩的关系较为密切,深部物质的来源与靠海一侧基岩中花岗斑岩和花岗闪长岩的关系较为密切。     

基岩油气藏的形成与分布

与成层性良好的沉积岩油气藏相比,基岩油气藏属于特殊类型的油气藏。在前人研究的基础上,结合辽河坳陷所发现
的基岩油气藏,界定了基岩油气藏的内涵,梳理了全球基岩油气藏的分布特征,研究了基岩油气藏的形成条件与控制因素,提出了
目前面临的问题。基岩油气藏包括基岩顶部风化壳油气藏和内幕油气藏2种类型,与构造特征明显的潜山相比较,其更强调岩性
特征;全球已超过30个盆地中发现了基岩油气,主要发育在构造活动强烈的裂陷盆地、走滑盆地和前陆盆地;基岩油气来源于周
围毗邻多洼陷的烃源岩层段,储层的储集空间分为顶部风化壳溶蚀孔洞和内幕网状裂缝系统,后者主要遵循“岩性优势序列”发
育,圈闭发育存在纵向上的多重性和空间上的普遍性特点,源储接触方式分为垂向直接接触、侧向直接接触和间接接触3种类型,
并依此建立3种油气成藏模式,受到多洼陷的烃源岩条件、多期次的断裂活动、广布性的圈闭条件和内外结合的沟通条件等控制;
强调了基岩油气藏在内幕储层形成机制、油气成藏和油气水分布规律等方面存在的问题,为下一步基岩油气藏勘探指明了方向。      

浅析忻州盆地地下水补迳排特征及含水层系统边界

忻州盆地地下水补给、径流和排泄条件的好坏主要取决于地表岩性、地形地貌、含水层埋藏条件等因素的控制,也决定地下水透水性和富水性的强弱。对于松散岩类孔隙含水层系统的边界类型,其水文地质特征不仅与地形、地貌、地表岩性密不可分,同时也受诸多自然与人为因素的影响。     

Bongor盆地N油田下白垩统PⅠ油组扇三角洲前缘沉积模式及构型演化

扇三角洲沉积体是陆相湖盆重要的油气储集体,确定储层内部砂体叠置关系是油田后期增储上产的关键。以Bongor盆地N油田下白垩统PⅠ油组为例,基于岩心、测井和地震资料,识别井下单砂体,分析扇三角洲前缘内部构型单元,建立由低位域期、湖侵域期到高位域期的扇三角洲前缘内部构型,研究砂体叠置样式的演化规律。结果表明：扇三角洲前缘发育水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂及水下分流间湾4类微相,其中水下分流河道和河口坝为主要的单砂体类型,与四级构型单元相对应,存在切叠型、接触型和孤立型3类叠置样式。由低位域期、湖侵域期到高位域期演化过程中,扇三角洲前缘的砂体由高角度前积式、退积式到加积式、低角度前积式变化;平面上,表现为由长帚状、小朵状到大朵状演化。低位域期,具有水下分流河道构型优势,砂体以切叠型为主;湖侵域期,砂体发育有限,以孤立型为主;高位域期,河口坝和水下分流河道构型同时发育,演化为接触型。层序演化控制扇三角洲前缘内部砂体叠置样式与构型展布规律。该结果对扇三角洲前缘储层构型演化及油田后期开发和剩余油挖潜具有指导意义。     

Coastal Erosion Along the West Coast of the Taiwan Strait and It’s Influencing Factors

Based on the field surveys and repeated cross-profile observations combined with the comparison of many years’ topog-raphic maps,this study shows the spatial variability and varying patterns of coastal erosion along the west coast of the Taiwan Strait.Regional differentiation in the Meso-Cenozoic coastal tectonics determined the irregular coastline and geological background for large-scale coastal erosion distribution.The intensity of coastal erosion on the west side of the Taiwan Strait is mild in the nort...     

Application of the Static Headland-Bay Beach Concept to a Sandy Beach: A New Elliptical Model

The headland-bay beach is one of the most common coastal types in the world.Its morphology reflects the changes that occurred during long-term evolution of the sandy coast.Several headland-bay beach models have been proposed to simulate the coastline’s configuration in equilibrium.In this paper,a new elliptical model is proposed,described,and applied.On the east coast of Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province from Longkou Port to Diaolongzui,four typical headland-bay beaches have developed,and four headland-bay beach models are used in this paper to simulate the morphology of these beaches to assess the applicability of each model.The simulation results of the elliptical model verify that it is applicable to the study area.In addition,the elliptical model is easy to use.Through simulation and field investigations,we concluded that most of the coastal segments in this area will remain in an erosion state,and the human activity has a significant impact on the shoreline’s evolution.     

Beach Morphology and Coastline Evolution in the Southern Bohai Strait

The beach studied in this paper spans a length of 51 km and is one of several long sandy beaches in the southern Bohai Strait. Due to the obstruction of islands in the northeast and the influence of the underwater topography, the wave environment in the offshore area is complex; beach types and sediment transport characteristics vary along different coasts. The coastlines extracted from six aerial photographs in different years were compared to demonstrate the evolving features. Seven typical beach profiles were selected to study the lateral beach variation characteristics. Continuous wind and wave observation data from Beihuangcheng ocean station during 2009 were employed for the hindcast of the local wave environment using a regional spectral wave model. Then the results of the wave hindcast were incorporated into the LITDRIFT model to compute the sediment transport rates and directions along the coasts and analyze the longshore sand movement. The results show that the coastline evolution of sand beaches in the southern Bohai Strait has spatial and temporal variations and the coast can be divided into four typical regions. Region(I), the north coast of Qimudao, is a slightly eroded and dissipative beach with a large sediment transport rate; Region(II), the southwest coast of Gangluan Port, is a slightly deposited and dissipative beach with moderate sediment transport rate; Region(III), in the central area, is a beach that is gradually transformed from a slightly eroded dissipative beach to a moderately or slightly strong eroded bar-trough beach from west to east with a relatively moderate sediment transport rate. Region(IV), on the east coast, is a strongly eroded and reflective beach with a weak sediment transport rate. The wave conditions exhibit an increasing trend from west to east in the offshore area. The distribution of the wave-induced current inside the wave breaking region and the littoral sediment transport in the nearshore region exhibit a gradual weakening tendency from west to east, which is opposite to the trend of the wave conditions outside the breaking region. The presence of submerged shoal(Dengzhou Shoal), deep trough(Dengzhou Channel), islands and irregular topography influnces the wave climate, beach types, wave-induced current features, littoral sediment transport trends and coastline evolution patterns in the southern Bohai Strait. Human activities, such as the sand exploitation of Dengzhou Shoal and other coastal engineering projects, also influence the beach morphology and coastline evolution.     

SEAWATER INTRUSION TYPES AND REGIONAL DIVISIONS IN THE SOUTHERN COAST OF LAIZHOU BAY

The southern coast of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, is one of the areas in China most seriously impacted by seawater intrusion. Based on the sources of intruding waterbedies, seawater intrusion can be divided into two types: intrusion of saline water derived from modern seawater, and intrusion of subsurface brine and saline water derived from paleo-seawater in shallow Quaternary sediments. There are some distinct differences in their formation, mechanism and damage. The subsurface brine intrusion is a special type, which can cause very serious disaster. The coastal landform and the Quaternary hydrogeological environment are predominant factors in the classification of seawater intrusion types. Various coastal environments in different coastal sections result in three types of intrusion: seawater intrusion, saline groundwater intrusion, and mixed seawater and saline water intrusion, in the southern coast of Laizhou Bay, which can be divided into four areas: the sea-water intrusion area in the northern Laizhou City coast, the mixed seawater and saline groundwater intrusion area in the Baisha River-Jiaolai River mouth plain area, the mixed seawater and saline groundwater intrusion area in the Weihe River mouth plain area northern Changyi county coast, and the saline ground-water intrusion area in the northern Shouguang plains.     

ESTUARINE AND COASTAL CHALLENGES IN CHINA

Estuaries and coasts axe conjunctions of four spheres (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere) and important matter and energy convergence/divergence zones, where devel-oped economy, dense population and highly intensive exploitation induce adverse environmental changes and serious destruction of resources, which have great impacts on coastal sustainable development, espe-cially as the highly intensive development in river basins has direct and pronounced effects on estuaries and their adjacent coasts. In the new century, China‘s estuaries and coast are faced with four main chal-lenges : sharp decrease of sediment discharge into the sea, rapid increase of pollution matter into the sea, loss of coastal wetland, and the impacts of global sea level rise on the coastal lowlands of China. There-fore, it is undoubtedly very important and urgent to carry out studies on estuarine and coastal environmen-tal changes, in order to resolve the issue of national sustainable development, especially that of rational use of coastal zone resources.     

A preliminary study on the distribution and genesis of underground brine in the littoral plain of Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea

Quaternary underground brine in the littoral plain region of the Bohai coast is new type littoral facies evaporation ore deposit in liquid state . This model of " littorally- forming brine " is based on study of the distribution, depositional environment, forming / storing process, and genesis of underground brine in the coast of Laizhou Bay . Essential conditions for genesis of brine are arid and semiarid climate , abundant sources of ancient seawater, and geological and geomorphological environment of wide tidal beach along a coast. The process of underground brine genesis may be : seawater/tidal beach-evaporation and concentration-seeping and accumulation- brine/tidal beach - burial (evolution of the sea- land )- underground brine .Underground brine is characterized by high content of chemical elements, shallow burial depth and easy exploitation . The process of extracting salt from underground brine present in the tidal flat is incomparably superior to that of producing salt from seawater, and has b     

Causes of land loss in Tuvalu,a small island nation in the pacific

Studies on land loss in Tuvalu reveal the following findings. Although both sea level rise and coastal erosion can cause land loss in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands, their mechanisms are different. When sea level rises, the low elevation coastal zone submerges and the erosion datum plane rises, the beach process progresses normally as always, resulting in no beach sediment coarsening. When the sea level is stable, coastal erosion removes finer sediment from reef flat, beach and land, resulting in beach sediment coarsening. The human-induced coastal erosion in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands has the following features. 1) Erosion occurs or intensifies immediately after inappropriate human activities. 2) It occurs near the places having human activities and places related to the above places in sediment supply. 3) It often occurs on original prograding or stable coasts (on lagoon coasts for atolls) because there are more coastal engineering projects and other human activities on such coasts. 4) It is chronic, covering a long period of time. The coastal geological events in Tuvalu islands do not accord with the features resulted from sea level rise but do accord with the features resulted from coastal erosion, particularly from human-induced erosion. The land loss in Tuvalu is mainly caused by inappropriate human activities including coastal engineering and aggregate mining, and partly caused by cyclones. Moreover, all recent measurements (satellite altimetry,thermosteric sea level data and tide observations) so far have not been able to verify any sea level rise around Tuvalu islands.     

Types and distribution patterns of modern tidal channels along the Huanghe River Delta coast

INTRODUCTIONTidalchannelsareimportantgeomorphologicunitsalongsiltcoasts.Theyhaveanevidentfunc tionfortidalflatbecausetheyareassociatedwithitsrapidbayheadwarderosionandlateralswing ing.Thetidalchannelsdevelopalongthecoastandplayanimportantroleinseaandlandinterac tion .Manyscientistsresearchedthetidalchannels (Bayliss Smith ,1 978;Shao ,1 988;Zhang ,1 995) .TheScientificandTechnicalCommitteeofShandongProvince (1 991 )investigatedthecoastoftheHuanghe (Yellow)RiverDeltaandresearchedtheti…     

Sedimentary evolution of the Holocene subaqueous clinoform off the southern Shandong Peninsula in the Western South Yellow Sea

Based on the stratigraphic sequence formed since the last glaciation and revealed by 3000 km long high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and the core QDZ03 acquired recently off the southern Shandong Peninsula, we addressed the sedimentary characteristics of a Holocene subaqueous clinoform in this paper. Integrated analyses were made on the core QDZ03, including sedimentary facies, sediment grain sizes, clay minerals, geochemistry, micro paleontology, and AMS 14 C dating. The result indicates that there exists a Holocene subaqueous clinoform, whose bottom boundary generally lies at 15–40 m below the present sea level with its depth contours roughly parallel to the coast and getting deeper seawards. The maximum thickness of the clinoform is up to 22.5 m on the coast side, and the thickness contours generally spread in a banded way along the coastline and becomes thinner towards the sea. At the mouths of some bays along the coast, the clinoform stretches in the shape of a fan and its thickness is evidently larger than that of the surrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene(about 11.2 cal kyr BP) and can be divided into the lower and upper depositional units(DU 2 and DU 1, respectively). The unit DU 2, being usually less than 3 m in thickness and formed under a low sedimentation rate, is located between the bottom boundary and the Holocene maximum flooding surface(MFS), and represents the sediment of a post-glacial transgressive systems tract; whereas the unit DU 1, the main body of the clinoform, sits on the MFS, belonging to the sediment of a highstand systems tract from middle Holocene(about 7–6 cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoform differs from that of the typical sediments of the Yellow River and can be considered as the results of the joint contribution from both the Yellow River and the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula, as evidenced by the sediment geochemistry of the core. As is controlled mainly by coactions of multiple factors such as the Holocene sea-level changes, sediment supplies and coastal dynamic conditions, the development of the clinoform is genetically related with the synchronous clinoform or subaqueous deltas around the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea in the spatial distribution and sediment provenance, as previously reported, with all of them being formed from the initial stage of the Holocene up to the present.