苏北盆地阜二段泥页岩储层测井解释

利用测井数据、岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、三轴应力测试、全岩分析测试、有机地化测试等资料,在完成测井曲线标准化的基础上优选出影响研究区泥页岩储层质量的几个主要参数,分别建立了有机碳及无机矿物含量测井解释模型、孔隙度模型、弹性参数模型等,并基于相关模型将各参数归一化到同一岩石体积模型中,完成对单井的综合解释。结果表明:所建模型具有较高的准确性,依据测井解释结果能够有效划分出有利岩相段及易压裂层段,继而实现对苏北盆地阜二段泥页岩储层特征及可压裂性的研究,用于指导下一步泥页岩油气勘探。     

沾化凹陷页岩油储层特征及控制因素

为确定沾化凹陷古近系沙河街组三段下亚段(沙三下亚段)页岩油储层特征及控制因素,开展了岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、物性、有机碳含量、岩石热解等分析测试工作。根据岩石矿物成分和显微沉积构造,可将研究区湖相泥页岩分为7类岩石类型。储集空间包括裂缝和孔隙2种类型,其中,裂缝主要有4类,即构造裂缝、异常压力缝、矿物收缩裂缝和层间微裂缝,前二者在岩心上清晰可见,后二者宽度为微米级别;孔隙主要有3类,即重结晶晶间孔、有机质演化孔和溶蚀孔隙,为纳米到微米级别。研究区页岩油储层发育的控制因素主要有4项:岩石矿物成分和显微沉积构造、有机质含量及赋存方式、成岩作用以及构造作用,在对各控制因素详细分析的基础上,选取方解石含量、纹层状构造、TOC、Ro、孔隙度及综合破裂率6项参数做为页岩油储层评价的关键参数,将沾化凹陷页岩油储层分为优质储层、有利储层和不利储层3类。     

页岩气储层非均质性研究——以四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组为例

在详细调研国内外页岩气储层非均质性研究的基础上,以四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组为例,通过平面、层内和微观3个方面分析了泥页岩非均质性特征。平面非均质性主要受区域沉积特征和泥页岩有机地球化学特征控制,盆地中西部主要发育泥质砂岩和砂质泥岩,总有机碳含量TOC和有机质成熟度相对较低;东北部泥质灰岩发育,TOC和有机质成熟度较高;南部以碳质泥页岩为主,TOC和有机质成熟度最高(镜质体反射率Ro可达4.0%)。连井剖面和单井泥岩层矿物特征分析表明,层内非均质性较强,主要表现为横向上地层总厚度、泥页岩单层厚度、泥页岩发育层数、夹层特征和顶—底板岩性沿剖面变化快,纵向上矿物成分和岩石脆性度差异明显。微观非均质性主要受孔隙类型和基质微裂缝影响,黏土层间孔隙和有机质孔隙发育,基质微裂缝对沟通孔隙起主要作用。综合分析认为,四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气储层非均质性特征明显,对页岩气井产能和页岩气采收率有重要影响。     

南华北盆地二叠系山西组页岩气成藏地质条件及勘探前景

对南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩发育的地质背景、有机地球化学参数以及钻井资料的分析研究表明,南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩在研究区内分布广泛,沉积厚度达30~100m,其中在太康、鹿邑地区的平均厚度超过60m;有机质丰度中等—高（1.76%~4.16%）,镜质体反射率适中,有机质处于成熟—过成熟阶段。研究区山西组地层发育微孔隙、微裂缝等孔隙类型,储集性能较好。等温吸附实验测得暗色泥页岩吸附气含量平均为1.32m3/t,表明山西组暗色泥页岩具有较强的吸附能力,吸附性较好。综合研究认为,南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩在荥阳—通许—太康—郸城一带分布厚度大,埋深适中,页岩气保存地质条件较好,具有良好的资源开发前景。     

下扬子地区官地1井下寒武统海相泥页岩孔隙发育特征及影响因素

以下扬子陆域地区官地1井下寒武统幕府山组海相泥页岩岩心样品为研究对象,综合运用场发射扫描电镜、X衍射分析、气体吸附、高压压汞和有机地球化学分析等实验测试手段,系统研究了官地1井幕府山组泥页岩孔隙结构特征和孔隙发育影响因素。研究表明：(1)官地1井幕府山组泥页岩矿物组成以石英、方解石胶结物和黏土矿物为主,其总有机碳含量较高,有机质类型以I型干酪根为主且均处于过成熟阶段;(2)泥页岩孔隙类型主要为基质孔隙（粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙）、有机质孔隙和微裂隙,其中以有机质孔隙含量居多,而粒间孔隙面孔率占比最高;(3)有机质丰度对有机质孔隙的孔径和比表面积具有一定的影响,压实作用则构成过成熟阶段孔隙演化的主要因素,而刚性矿物具有一定的支撑作用并对有机质孔隙的保存具有积极意义;(4)分形维数与总有机碳含量和比表面积相关性较好,而与孔隙体积相关性弱,反映孔壁粗糙程度及孔隙结构复杂程度受有机质丰度影响。     

波斯湾盆地烃源岩特征及对油气成藏的控制

波斯湾盆地油气地质条件优越,发育古生界志留系、中生界侏罗系、白垩系3套主力烃源岩,均沉积于海侵时期的陆架内盆地相闭塞环境。志留系烃源岩为Qusaiba段热页岩,具有高GR、高有机质含量的特点,整个中东均有发育,但非连续分布,整体处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。侏罗系烃源岩为中—上侏罗统沥青质灰岩与黑色页岩,有机质丰度高,发育3个烃源灶,目前主要处于生油阶段,局部生气。白垩系烃源岩为Kazhdumi组、Balambo组及Sulaiy组泥岩,有机质丰度高,主要发育于扎格罗斯褶皱带及波斯湾西北部,处于生油阶段。烃源岩对盆地的油气成藏具有显著的控制作用,主力烃源灶的发育范围决定了其对应含油气系统内油气藏的平面分布规律,热演化程度决定了油气藏的类型。     

南黄海盆地海相储层成岩作用与储层发育特征

南黄海盆地与下扬子陆域具有较为一致的沉积构造演化史,全区具有良好的油气成藏条件,油气资源潜力大,特别是中—古生界海相地层有可能是下一步油气勘探的突破新区。以南黄海盆地为主体的下扬子地区海相储层类型包括砂岩储层、碳酸盐岩储层和泥页岩储层三大类。基于岩性特征、成岩作用、储集空间和物性条件等分析,认为砂岩储层有利的储集体主要为裂缝—次生孔隙型,碳酸盐岩储层中未被胶结物充填或者部分充填的孔、缝、洞可作为有利储集体,泥页岩储层中的有利储集空间为高有机质丰度层段中的无机孔隙、有机孔隙和裂缝较发育带。     

下扬子下寒武统岩相古地理及烃源岩条件研究

以下扬子下寒武统为研究对象,利用野外露头、岩心、岩石微观分析、有机地球化学等资料,在地层对比基础上,开展了下扬子下寒武统岩相古地理研究及烃源岩条件评价。结果表明:下扬子下寒武统主要发育硅质岩、硅质泥页岩、碳质泥页岩、灰质泥页岩、泥灰岩、白云岩6种岩石类型;地层可划分为3段,其中安吉-石台-上海地区三段发育齐全,其他地区一段大部分缺失,二段存在不同程度缺失;沉积相主要发育盆地、陆棚、斜坡、台地边缘、局限台地5种类型;烃源岩主要分布于石台-安吉、滁州-盐城、德兴-桐庐盆地相及周边陆棚相,石台-安吉地区是烃源岩发育最有利区,泥岩厚度300~700m,TOC为3%~9%,平均4.5%~5.76%;德兴-桐庐地区泥岩厚度200~400m,TOC为3%~9%,平均4.96%;滁州-盐城凹陷泥岩厚度50~200m,TOC为2%~4%。下扬子下寒武统烃源岩干酪根类型全部为Ⅰ型,有机质组分主要为腐泥组,以藻类体为主,含少量腐泥无定形体。下扬子下寒武统烃源岩均处于过成熟演化阶段,总体上由皖南盆地区向两侧台地逐渐降低,九江、景德镇、黄山及开化淳安地区受火山岩影响Ro在4.0%以上;安庆-溧阳-南通以南,湖州-苏州以西处于盆地、陆棚及斜披部位,埋深大,Ro为3.0%~4.0%;潜山、南陵、无为、金坛及苏北中新生代凹陷由于后期埋深较大,Ro在3.0%以上;其他区域Ro为2.0%~3.0%。     

南黄海盆地白垩系油气赋存特征与2类烃源岩

南黄海盆地是中国海域历经54年勘探至今尚未实现工业油气发现的唯一大型含油气盆地,特别是29年前发现的白垩系黑色页岩含轻质油,属于页岩油范畴。分析了南黄海盆地白垩系勘探研究现状,提出白垩系主要分布于盆地北部,有8口井钻遇,K1系红浦口组,K2系黑泰州组,与苏北盆地近似;在最新地震测线上表现为顶蚀,与古/新近系及下伏侏罗系均呈不整合接触,斜层状分布,残留沉积,部分构成次凹的特征。通过近海灵山岛露头调查、剖面实测和包括常规生油岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、等离子质谱、U-Pb同位素年龄等测试,发现下白垩统多套深灰黑色含煤泥岩层,发育Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型干酪根,自由烃0.02~0.07mg/g或为零,生油潜力0.06~0.03mg/g或为零,残留有机碳1.85%~1.99%或0.70%~0.84%,氧指数4及超过10,属于2类烃源岩,分别生烃和二氧化碳气。总体认为南黄海盆地白垩系具有一定资源前景,值得开展深入分析。     

波斯湾盆地烃源岩地球化学特征与油气分布规律

波斯湾盆地具有形成烃源岩优越的古构造、古地理、古气候等条件,长期继承性地发育多套海相优质烃源岩,即前寒武—寒武系海相碳酸盐岩、志留系热页岩、侏罗系海相碳酸盐岩、白垩系海相碳酸盐岩和古近系海相页岩.前寒武系至古近系烃源灶在波斯湾盆地从东南部至西北部发生迁移.波斯湾盆地油气存在“下气上油”的纵向分布特征和“东南气西北油”的平面分布特征.烃源灶分布及规模控制油气分布范围及资源规模.烃源岩成熟度控制着纵向和平面油气相态分布.     

Pore structure of Cambrian shales from the Sichuan Basin in China and implications to gas storage

The microstructure of black siliceous shale from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Sichuan Basin in China was investigated by the combination of field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and argon ion beam milling. The nanometer-to micrometer-scale pore systems of shales are an important control on gas storage and fluid migration. In this paper, the organic porosity in shale samples within oil and gas window has been investigated, and the formation mechanism and diagenetic evolution of nanopores have been researched.FE-SEM reveals five pore types that are classified as follows: organic nanopores, pores in clay minerals, nanopores of framework minerals, intragranular pores in microfossils, and microfractures. Numerous organic nanopores are observed in shales in the gas window, whereas microfractures can be seen within the organic matter of shales in the oil window. Microfractures in oil window shales could be attributed to pressure buildup in the organic matter when incompressible liquid hydrocarbon are generated, and the orientation of microfractures is probably parallel to the bedding and strength anisotropy of the formation. Pores in clay minerals are always associated with the framework of clay flakes, and develop around rigid mineral grains because the pressure shadows of mineral grains protect pores from collapse, and the increasing of silt content would lead to an increase in pressure shadows and improve porosity. Nanopores of rock framework are probably related to dissolution by acidic fluids from hydrocarbon generation, and the dissolution-related pores promote permeability of shales. Porosity in the low-TOC, low-thermal-maturity shales contrast greatly with those of high-TOC, high-thermal-maturity shales. While the high-TOC shales contain abundant organic microporosity, the inorganic pores can contribute a lot to the porosity of the low-TOC shales.     

Logging identification and characteristic analysis of marine–continental transitional organic-rich shale in the Carboniferous-Permian strata,Bohai Bay Basin

Currently, global shale gas exploration and exploitation are focused on marine shale. Recently, major shale gas-oil breakthroughs have been made within continental and marine–continental transitional shale in China. This study will show how transitional shale is of great importance. Based on geological field surveys, core observations, thin section analysis, organic geochemistry and X-ray diffraction, we systematically studied the basic geological characteristics (including lithology, mineral composition, and organic geochemistry) of this transitional shale. By comparative analysis of well logging data from 260 wells in the Taiyuan–Shanxi shale, we will show that these methods are effective for identifying organic-rich shale from conventional well logs and determining its thickness distribution in the Carboniferous–Permian strata of the Taiyuan–Shanxi transitional coal-bearing formation.The results indicate that the Taiyuan–Shanxi shale has a high TOC (most 2%–4%) and that the lithology is primarily carbonaceous shale with type Ⅱ₂-Ⅲ kerogens. The high thermal maturation (Ro ≥ 1.1%) favors the generation of gas. The mineral components primarily include clay minerals, quartz, and plagioclase with a moderate brittle mineral content (47 wt.%) and high clay mineral content (51 wt.%) dominated by kaolinite (43%) and mixed-layer illite-smectite (31%). The transitional organic-rich shale on conventional log curves is generally characterized by higher gamma ray (GR), neutron porosity (CNL), acoustic travel time (AC), resistivity (R_t), potassium (K), and uranium (U) readings and a lower density (DEN), photoelectric absorption index (PE) and thorium-uranium ratio (TH/U). After analyzing the log response characteristics of the organic-rich shale, the most sensitive logging curves (such as CNL, AC, DEN, PE and U) were optimized to conduct logging overlays and to construct cross-plots to qualitatively identify organic-rich shale. The identified organic-rich shale amalgamates in the middle-upper member of the Taiyuan Formation and the lower member of the Shanxi Formation consistent with the results of the TOC analysis and practical gas logging. Based on the qualitative evaluation methods of the modified △LogR and a multivariate linear regression model, we calculated the TOC of shale wells in the Taiyuan–Shanxi formation. From this we calculated the characteristic values of organic-rich shale thickness. The results indicate that organic-rich shale in the Taiyuan formation is thicker than that in the Shanxi formation. Additionally, the thickness of organic-rich shale within lagoons and deep reed swamp facies are much thicker (25–35 m and 40–80 m) than other structural profile types, whereas their lateral distribution is less than that of marine shale. The relatively small continuous thickness of the single shale layer and high clay content may have negative effects for developing the shale gas potential.     

2D and 3D nanopore characterization of gas shale in Longmaxi formation based on FIB-SEM

Studying complex pore structures is the key to understanding the mechanism of shale gas accumulation. FIB-SEM (focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope) is the mainstream and effective instrument for imaging nanopores in gas shales. Based on this technology, 2D and 3D characteristics of shale samples from Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation in southern Sichuan Basin were investigated. 2D experimental results show that the pores in shale are nanometer-sized, and the structure of those nanopores can be classified into three types: organic pores, inorganic pores and micro fractures. Among the three types, organic pores are dominantly developed in the OM (organic matter) with three patterns such as continuous distributed OM, OM between clay minerals and OM between pyrite particles, and the size of organic pores range from 5 nm to 200 nm.Inveresly, inorganic pores and micro fractures are less developed in the Longmaxi shales. 3D digital rocks were reconstructed and segmented by 600 continuous images by FIB cutting and SEM imaging simultaneously. The pore size distribution and porosity can be calculated by this 3D digital core, showing that its average value is 32 nm and porosity is 3.62%.The 3D digital porosity is higher than its helium porosity, which can be regarded as one important parameter for evaluation of shale gas reserves. The 2D and 3D characterized results suggest that the nanometer-sized pores in organic matter take up the fundamental storage space for the Longmaxi shale. These characteristics have contributed to the preservation of shale gas in this complex tectonic area.     

Enrichment and distribution of shale oil in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Songliao Basin is a large-scale petroliferous basin in China. With a gradual decline in conventional oil production, the exploration and development of replacement resources in the basin is becoming increasingly important. Previous studies have shown that the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn) has favorable geological conditions for the formation of shale oil. Thus, shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation represents a promising and practical replacement resource for conventional oil. In this study, geological field surveys, core observation, sample tests, and the analysis of well logs were applied to study the geochemical and reservoir characteristics of shales, identify shale oil beds, build shale oil enrichment models, and classify favorable exploration areas of shale oil from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation. The organic matter content is high in shales from the first member of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn¹), with average total organic carbon (TOC) content exceeding 2%. The organic matter is mainly derived from lower aquatic organisms in a reducing brackish to fresh water environment, resulting in mostly type I kerogen. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and the temperature at which the maximum is release of hydrocarbons from cracking of kerogen occurred during pyrolysis (T_max) respectively range from 0.5% to 1.1% and from 430 °C to 450 °C, indicating that the K₂qn¹ shales are in the low-mature to mature stage (Ro ranges from 0.5% to 1.2%) and currently generating a large amount of oil. The favorable depth for oil generation and expulsion is 1800–2200 m and 1900–2500 m, respectively as determined by basin modeling. The reserving space of the K₂qn¹ shale oil includes micropores and mircofractures. The micropore reservoirs are developed in shales interbedded with siltstones exhibiting high gamma ray (GR), high resistivity (Rt), low density (DEN), and slightly abnormal spontaneous potential (SP) in the well-logging curves. The microfracture reservoirs are mainly thick shales with high Rt, high AC (acoustic transit time), high GR, low DEN, and abnormal SP. Based on the shale distribution, geochemical characteristics, reservoir types, fracture development, and the process of shale oil generation and enrichment, the southern Taikang and northern Da'an are classified as two favorable shale oil exploration areas in the Songliao Basin.     

Properties and shale oil potential of saline lacustrine shales in the Qianjiang Depression,Jianghan Basin,China

The geochemical and petrographic characteristics of saline lacustrine shales from the Qianjiang Formation, Jianghan Basin were investigated by organic geochemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and low pressure nitrogen adsorption analysis. The results indicate that: the saline lacustrine shales of Eq3 member with high oil content are characterized by type I and type II oil-prone kerogen, variable TOC contents (1.0–10.0 wt%) and an early-maturity stage (R_o ranges between 0.41 and 0.76%). The mineral compositions of Eq3 saline shale show strong heterogeneity: brittle intervals with high contents of quartz and carbonate are frequently alternated with ductile intervals with high glauberite and clay contents. This combination might be beneficial for oil accumulation, but may cause significant challenges for the hydraulic stimulation strategy and long-term production of shale oil. The interparticle pores and intraparticle pores dominate the pore system of Eq3 shale, and organic matter hosted pores are absent. Widely distributed fractures, especially tectonic fractures, might play a key role in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The pore network is contributed to by both large size inorganic pores and abundant micro-factures, leading to a relatively high porosity (2.8–30.6%) and permeability (0.045–6.27 md) within the saline shale reservoir, which could enhance the flow ability and storage capacity of oil. The oil content (S₁ × 100/TOC, mg HC/g TOC and S₁, mg HC/g rock) and brittleness data demonstrate that the Eq3^3x section has both great potential for being a producible oil resource and hydraulic fracturing. Considering the hydrocarbon generation efficiency and properties of oil, the mature shale of Eq3 in the subsidence center of the Qianjiang Depression would be the most favorable zone for shale oil exploitation.     

Depositional environment of oil shale within the Eocene Jijuntun Formation in the Fushun Basin (NE China)

The non-marine Fushun Basin in NE China is a fault-controlled basin filled with Eocene sediments. It hosts the largest opencast coal and oil shale mine in Asia. A single thick oil shale layer overlying sub-bituminous coal occurs within the Middle Eocene Jijuntun Formation. Based on mineralogy, inorganic and organic geochemistry, organic petrography, stable isotope geochemistry, and vitrinite reflectance measurements, the depositional environment and the oil shale potential of the oil shale-bearing succession were investigated. The Jijuntun Formation is subdivided into a lower and an upper unit characterized by a low and high quality oil shale, respectively. The thick oil shale layer of the Jijuntun Formation developed under long-lasting stable conditions in a deep freshwater lake, after drowning of a swamp. The organic matter in the lower unit is characterized by landplant-derived macerals. The sediments containing a type II kerogen (HI: ∼400 mgHC/gTOC) were deposited during warm and humid conditions. Lacustrine organisms predominant in the upper unit are forming kerogen type I (HI: ∼700 mgHC/gTOC). High bioproductivity and excellent preservation conditions resulted in high TOC contents up to 23.6 wt.% in the upper unit. The organic matter preservation was controlled by photic zone anoxia originating in a temperature stratified water column in the deep lake, without significant changes in bottom water salinity. Mid-Eocene cooling during deposition of the upper unit of the Jijuntun Formation is reflected by clay mineral composition. A hot and arid climate favoring brackish conditions in a shallow lake prevailed during accumulation of the overlying carbonate-rich Xilutian Formation. Individual geochemical parameters in the Fushun Basin have to be used with caution, e.g. the maturity proxy T_max is affected by kerogen type, the redox proxy Pr/Ph ratio is probably biased by different sources of isoprenoids. This demonstrates the importance of multi-proxy studies.     

苏北盆地海安凹陷红1井区防膨注水开发实验研究

在注水油田开发过程中,防止注水引起储层黏土膨胀是非常重要的。苏北油区红1井区储层岩石的水敏指数为0．43,临界矿化度为6000mg／L,表现为中等偏强水敏,储层能量不足,油层压力低,地层水型为CaCl2,总矿化度111643．71mg／L。文章结合拟注入的清水,研究了三种防膨剂在不同温度下的防膨率,其中l#防膨剂使用浓度为1．5％时其防膨率达到88％,在现场得到应用。     

Comprehensive polynomial simulation and prediction for Langmuir volume and Langmuir pressure of shale gas adsorption using multiple factors

In this study, 32 experimental measurements on the isothermal adsorption of methane for 18 shale samples from China's three largest continental oil basins—Songliao, Bohai Bay, and Ordos basins—were used to construct comprehensive polynomial simulation and prediction models for Langmuir volume and Langmuir pressure. The models were based on shale properties (total organic carbon (TOC) content, amount of residual hydrocarbon S₁, and mineral composition of rocks) and adsorption condition (temperature) using a weighted sum of multiple variables. The influences of various factors were quantitatively characterized, and the prediction accuracy was verified. Langmuir volume is mainly affected by temperature, shale TOC content, amount of residual hydrocarbon, and clay mineral content; Langmuir pressure is mainly affected by clay, carbonate, feldspar and illite content (because shale pore size can be affected by shale mineral composition). Based on the resource potential and the producibility of shale gas, the area suitable for shale gas exploration and development should have high abundance of organic matter (TOC and residual hydrocarbon S₁), low clay mineral content and feldspar content, high conversion rate of montmorillonite to illite (strong diagenesis), and high carbonate content. The comprehensive polynomial prediction model can effectively simulate and predict Langmuir volume and Langmuir pressure, thereby reducing the amount of work necessary for evaluation of shale gas resource potential and economic feasibility.