吐哈盆地台北凹陷中侏罗统孢粉组合

吐哈盆地台北凹陷地区井下中侏罗统煤系地层中发现了丰富的孢粉化石，自下而上的西山密组、三间房组和七克台组分别建立了孢粉组合，依次为Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ－Ｑｕａｄｒａｅｃｕｌｉｎａ组合、Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ－Ｐｉｃｅｉｔｅｓ和ＧｒａｎｕｌａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓＣｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ－Ｐｏｄｏｃａｒｐｉｄｉｔｅｓ组合；通过组合特征分析和孢粉组合对比，认为上述３个组合均为中侏罗世产物，根据各组的上下关系和重要分子的分布可以推测它们分别属于中侏罗世的早期、中期和晚期。     

徽成盆地东河群孢粉化石的发现及其意义

对甘肃南部徽成盆地东河群进行了孢粉研究，在上部的化垭组首次发现了一些孢粉化石。孢粉组合以Ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｃｏｓｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ Ｈｓｕｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ Ｃｌａｓｏｐｏｌｉｓ为代表，蕨类植物孢子占明显优势，以海金砂科、水龙骨科和卷柏科为主；裸子植物花粉以掌鳞杉科最常见，还有松科及麻黄科花粉。经孢粉组合特征和属种地史分布对比分析，认为化垭组的地质时代属早白垩世，可能为早白垩世中期，东河群的上界也为这一时期     

准噶尔盆地克拉美丽地区石炭,二叠纪孢粉组合及地质时代

准噶尔盆地东北缘克拉美丽地区石炭、二叠纪地层的孢粉学研究，仅在早石炭世的塔木岗组、滴水泉组和晚二叠世的平地泉组中发现不很丰富的孢粉化石，可划分为与上述３个组相对应的３个孢粉组合，被依次称为Ｄｉｃｔｙｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ－Ｌｙｃｏｓｐｏｒａ组合、Ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａ－Ｐｕｎｃｔａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｓｔｅｎｏｚｏｎｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ组合和ｐｉｔｙｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｔｏｒｉｓｐｏｒａ组合。经孢粉组合特征讨论及与国内外同期孢粉组合对比，这３个组合或３个组的地质时代可初步确定为早石炭世早期的杜内期、早石炭世晚期早维宪期和晚二叠世中期的中欧克期。     

北京西山坨里组孢粉组合及其地层意义

坨里组主要分布在北京西山坨里－大灰厂白垩纪沉积盆地的西部或西南部。是一套以砾岩为主的陆相碎屑沉积。含有丰富的动、植物及孢子花粉化石。孢粉组合是以Ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｃｏｓｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｄｅｎｓｏｉｓ－ｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ为代表，它们在组合中具有较高的含量，类型丰富多彩。根据组合中孢子和花粉的地层分布及国内外孢粉组合比较，定其时代为早白垩世早中期（凡兰吟—戈特里夫期）。气候为半干旱—干旱的热带。亚热带。     

北京地区大灰厂组孢粉组合及其地质意义

大灰厂组沉积在北京西部大灰厂一带发育良好。该组由陆相火山碎屑砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩及砾岩组成，富含狼翅鱼、叶肢介、拟蜉蝣等动物化石和孢子花粉化石，厚度１２０－２００米。与下伏东狼沟组整合接触，与上覆辛庄组假整合接触。其孢粉组合是以ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ占显著优势为特征（６０－８０％）．含有较多Ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｃｏｓｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ，Ｌｙｇｏｄｉｕｍｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ及少量Ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｃｏｓｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ、Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ、Ａｅｑｕｉｔｒｉｒａｄｉｔｅｓ、Ｈｓｕｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ及Ｄｅｎｓｏｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｖｅｌａｔｕｓ，Ｄ．ｍｉｃｒｏｒｕｇｕｌａｔｕｓ等。与国内外早白垩世的孢粉组合比较，时代为早白垩世韦尔登期。属于旱的热带和亚热带气候。     

新疆乌恰县莎里塔什组生物地层新知

对新疆乌恰县塔塔村下侏罗统莎里塔什组孢粉植物群的研究，共发现孢粉２２属２６种，植物化石１２属１５种。根据这些孢粉化石建立了一个孢粉组合，命名为Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ组合，再根据侏罗纪的标志植物锥叶蕨（Ｃｏｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ）的存在，将莎里塔什组的时代确定为早侏罗世，为乌恰地区早侏罗世生物地层提供了可靠依据     

巴彦浩特盆地东部上石炭统羊虎沟组孢粉组合

钻井资料证实，内蒙巴彦浩特盆地东部保存有较完整的石炭系，其中上石炭统羊虎沟组厚达４５９．６ｍ。经７２块岩样分析鉴定，共发现６２属１１９种孢粉，含６个新种。可概括为上下两个孢粉组合，上组合称Ｄｅｎｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｂｅｌｕｌｕｓ－Ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａｌａｔｉｇｒａｎｉｆｅｒ－Ｌｙｃｏｓｐｏｒａｇｒａｎｕｌａｔａ（简称ＢＬＧ）组合，下组合称Ｃｒａｓｉｓｐｏｒａｌａｔｉｇｒａｎｉｆｅｒ－Ｃａｍｐｔｏｒｉｌｅｔｅｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｏｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｖｅｓｔｉｓｐｏｒａｃｏｓｔａｔａ（简称ＬＲＣ）组合。地质时限为晚石炭世中期羊虎沟组（维斯法期Ａ—Ｃ）。     

潮水盆地孢粉组合特征,时代及对比

对潮水盆地侏罗系陆相含煤地层由下而上建立了五个孢粉组合带,在组合三建立了两个亚组织。①Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｈａｓｍａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｄｉｓａｃｉｔｅｓ组合（Ｊ１＾１）。②Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－ｃｈａｓｍａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ组合（Ｊ３＾１）。③Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓｍｉｎｏｒ－Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ ｔｙｐｉｃｕｓ组合（Ｊ１＾２）;上部：Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ     

广西桂林地区晚三叠世孢粉组合及其地层意义

广西桂林地区首次发现晚三叠世孢粉化石２７属３７种,可称为Ｄｉｃｔｙｏｐｈｙｌｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃａｎａｌｉ－ｚｏｎｏｓｐｏｒａ－Ｏｖａｌｉｐｏｌｉｓ－Ｒｉｃｃｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合,其中的主要属种在国内外均为晚三叠世的重要分子,并可与我国华南地区和欧洲有关晚三叠世孢粉组合进行对比。因此,当前组合的地质时代属于晚三叠世,这填补了桂林地区中生代地质发展史中的一个空白。     

四川马角坝地区飞仙关组的双壳类动物群

文章简述了四川江油马角坝地区下三叠统飞仙关组中的双壳类化石组合特征，描述了１新种（Ｃｌａｒａｉａｊｉａｎｇｙｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ）和１新亚种（Ｃｌａｒａｉａｓｏｎｇｐａｎｅｎｓｉｓｍａｇｎｕｓ），划分出两个双壳类化石带（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｃｌａｒａｉａｗａｎｇｉ带和Ｅｕｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｉｓｍｕｌｔｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｃｌａｒａｉａａｕｒｉｔａ－Ｃｌａｒａｉａｓｔａｃｈｅｉ带）刊出了主要化石图版。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.