环长株潭城市群湿地生态安全研究

本文选取环长株潭城市群为研究区域,以Landsat TM影像解译后的土地利用数据、MODIS影像计算的植被指数,以及人口、经济和气候数据等为数据源,基于“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建湿地生态安全评价指标体系对该区域2000-2010年湿地生态安全进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）环长株潭城市群2000、2005、2010年湿地生态安全指数均值分别为0.7268、0.7151和0.7196,湿地生态安全状态“良好”,生态安全等级程度为“较安全”。（2）环长株潭城市群区域差异性明显,一级湿地生态安全区主要分布在洞庭湖周边,二级湿地生态安全区沿主要河流分布,三级湿地生态安全区主要分布在2个或3个城市之间的交界区域。（3)研究期间环长株潭城市群湿地面积变化明显,该区域湿地总面积逐年减少;森林沼泽、草本沼泽、湖泊、河流、水田的斑块分维数均呈增加趋势;水库/坑塘、河流破碎度指数明显高于其他景观类型,湿地生态系统服务价值总体减少。在此基础上,从土地利用变化与转型、湿地景观结构与功能、自然因素等方面对影响该区域湿地生态安全的主要驱动因子进行了分析。结果表明,人类社会经济活动直接作用于湿地生态环境,通过改变区域景观和土地利用结构使湿地面积发生变化,直接影响湿地生态安全。气温、降水等气候因素通过改变水热状况和植被覆盖,间接影响湿地生态安全。针对该区域湿地生态安全存在的问题,建议在发展过程中正确处理好经济与生态环境之间的关系,尽可能减少人类活动对湿地生态环境的干扰。     

内蒙古贫困地区生态安全评价及空间格局分析

在压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)模型确立指标体系的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析和熵值赋权相结合的方法,测算出2012年内蒙古贫困地区生态安全综合,压力,状态和响应指数,对研究区生态安全状况进行综合评价;并利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件GeoDA对生态安全综合状况进行空间相关性分析,同时结合研究区自然地理特征和社会经济状况,对其生态安全空间格局特征及成因进行诊断性分析.研究发现:(1) 内蒙古贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于一般状态,等级布局具有大聚集,小分散的特点;(2) 生态安全状况分布并非完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集,具有正相关性;(3) 生态安全等级分布状况呈现出区域分异的特点,总体表现为内蒙古西部和东部贫困地区处于一般状态,而中部贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于良好状态,区域内部生态安全水平具有明显的县域差异;(4) 生态安全水平较好的县域和生态安全处于一般水平的县域,压力,状态,响应指标方面差距明显,且影响因素各异.     

基于主客观分析法的城市生态安全格局空间评价

生态安全是城市生态文明建设的主要目标,是城市经济可持续发展的重要基础,评价城市生态安全格局对于城市规划具有极其重要的作用。本文通过选取典型评价指标,运用生态安全格局客观分析法与主观分析法进行对比分析,建立了包括生态系统服务安全格局、生物多样性保护安全格局、生态敏感性安全格局的生态安全格局综合评价体系,并将该评价体系运用到研究区域,对研究区域生态安全格局的变化趋势进行评价和分析。结果表明：①在基本生态控制线内,低水平、较低水平生态安全格局区域的面积有所增加;在基本生态控制线外,中水平生态安全格局区域的面积有所减少;整体上高水平生态安全格局区域面积基本不变。②生态安全格局主观分析法评价结果主要依赖于专家的评定,本文采用的专家评价方法结果与客观分析法评价结果一致。该评价体系已经应用于研究区域的城乡规划和生态保护中,应用结果表明该评价体系能够较完备地进行城市生态安全格局评价,对城市规划和生态保护具有重要的指导作用。     

四川省若尔盖县生态环境质量评价

本文以2007、2009和2012年的5月和9月共6个时期的遥感影像,基于栅格数据和综合评价模型,对若尔盖县的生态环境质量状况进行了评价。首先,从影响生态环境质量的因子出发,选取归一化植被指数（NDVI）、地表温度、坡度、坡向、土地利用、湿度指数6项生态因子作为评价指标;然后,利用主成分分析法确定各评价指标的权重,根据综合指数评价模型计算出研究区的生态环境质量指数,同时,依据计算结果的大小把研究区的生态环境质量划分为优、良、中、差4个等级;最后,对若尔盖县的生态环境状况的空间分布规律进行分析。结果表明,2007-2012年若尔盖县生态环境质量良好,不同时相的生态环境综合指数的均值均在60左右,同时该区域的生态环境质量有变好的趋势;不同季节的评价结果稍有差异,但是同一季节不同年的变化趋势是一致的;不同等级的区域相间分布,较差区域主要集中在植被覆盖较差的区域,西北部居多,中部零星分布。     

西江流域生态脆弱性时空分异及其驱动机制研究

流域作为人口、资源、资本都相对集中的水文单元,其生态系统结构的稳定性是区域社会经济发展的基础。流域在生态系统演变及人类频繁活动的共同胁迫下,生境敏感性增强,脆弱易损。本文以广西西江流域为例,通过对其生态脆弱性成因机制分析,依循“敏感性-压力度-恢复力”评估框架,选取11个指标构建完成流域生态脆弱性评价指标体系,以GIS技术为支撑,采用空间主成分分析法和差值法对生态脆弱性指数进行计算与分析,探究2000-2010年广西西江流域生态脆弱性时空变化特征。基于地理探测器的因子探测和交互探测模块分析各影响因子对流域生态脆弱性结果的解释力及因子交互作用对流域生境脆弱性变化的驱动机制。结果表明:① 2000-2010年,广西西江流域生态脆弱性指数多年平均值为0.69,整体处于中度脆弱状态。空间上,流域生态脆弱性表现为中部高于四周,由城市核心区往外逐步减弱的格局特征,研究时段内流域生态脆弱性综合指数多年平均值最大的为贵港市（3.40）,最小的为百色市（2.23）;时间上,10年间,流域整体生态脆弱性呈现轻微恶化的趋势,2005年流域中部及东部地区受高温影响,导致2005年流域生态脆弱性指数整体高于其他两年;② 6个因子对流域生态脆弱性的解释力强度为生物丰度指数（0.475）>高温季节温度（0.340）>植被覆盖度（0.211）>NPP（0.183）>降雨侵蚀力（0.098）>汛期降雨量（0.030）,因子交互协同作用后对结果解释力增强。     

武陵山区生态安全格局演变分析

本文依据武陵山区遥感调查数据及社会经济统计数据,运用灰色关联度模型计算2000年和2010年生态安全综合指数,并对研究区生态安全综合指数的时空演变特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)2000年研究区生态安全综合指数处于Ⅲ级临界安全和Ⅱ级较差安全水平,2010年生态安全综合指数整体处于Ⅲ级临界安全水平之上;(2)2期Moran's I指数分别为0.3828及0.4411,P值均小于0.01,生态安全综合指数在空间上表现出较强正相关,存在空间聚集性,且2010年聚集性更强;(3)武陵山区2期生态安全综合指数空间分布出现较大变化,且都呈现高值,低值聚集;(4)生态安全综合指数与扶贫人口比例及森林覆盖率呈正相关,与农民人均纯收入没有必然的联系.     

顾及土地生态安全的环鄱阳湖城市群土地利用情景模拟

在国家大力推进新型城镇化和落实城市群空间规划的背景下,评价城市群土地生态安全水平,并以此为限制条件预测城市群未来土地利用格局,对城市群可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以环鄱阳湖城市群为研究对象,对城市群土地生态安全格局和变化进行分析,根据土地生态安全评价结果设置自然发展情景和生态保护情景,结合多分类Logistic回归和多标准评价方法(MCE),构建CA-Markov模型,预测2种情景下2030年土地利用格局并进行对比分析。研究结果表明:①2005、2010和2015年,环鄱阳湖城市群网格平均生态安全值分别为0.574、0.573和0.571,空间布局上呈现"中部低、东西高"的特征;②预测2030年,自然发展情景下新增城镇用地主要位于九江市、上饶市和南昌市,生态保护情景下限制城镇用地和其他建设用地向土地生态安全高值区扩展,使得城镇用地和其他建设用地扩展更加集中;③预测生态保护情景下,高生态安全区面积比自然发展情景下多39.39%且分布更加均匀,包括鄱阳湖周边区域、九江市中部以及新余市和吉安市,城市群生态安全得到有效保护。该研究可为环鄱阳湖城市群土地利用规划及生态保护提供参考。     

DEM栅格单元异质性对地形湿度指数提取的影响分析

 地形湿度指数可定量模拟流域内土壤水分的干湿状况,是静态土壤含水量的最常用指标,具有明确的物理意义。但是,由于DEM本身的结构特点,其提取的地形湿度指数具有尺度依赖性。本文主要探讨因DEM水平分辨率不同而导致的DEM栅格单元异质性,对地形湿度指数提取的影响。以厦门市地貌类型比较复杂的西源溪流域为实验区,使用1 ∶1万等高线生成的2.5m和20m分辨率DEM数据,分别提取地形湿度指数并计算栅格单元地形异质性指数,分析DEM栅格单元异质性指数与地形湿度指数之间的关系。研究表明,基于高程标准差、地势起伏度、景观破碎度和多样性的栅格单元异质性指数与地形湿度指数偏差之间均存在显著的负相关性,这4个异质性指数对地形湿度指数差值的对数回归模拟效果良好且显著有效。这对低分辨率DEM提取地形湿度指数的误差纠正,以及描述区域土壤含水量等地形湿度指数的应用研究具有积极意义。     

山东黄河流域国土空间生态修复布局与路径

本文在分析山东黄河流域生态基础条件、生态本底状况,识别流域主要生态问题的基础上,提出了流域生态修复基本思路,构建了“两屏两心多廊”的流域生态修复格局,进行了流域生态修复分区;提出了流域生态修复的具体路径,主要是泰山和徂徕山-莲花山区域、黄河和大汶河生态廊道、黄河三角洲和东平湖湿地的生态修复;为实现流域一体化保护修复,从法律、经济、技术等方面构建了流域生态修复协同推进机制。     

湖南省土地生态安全动态评价

以湖南省为研究区,依据扩展型PSR框架模型,并结合湖南省区域环境及土地利用特点,建立湖南省土地生态安全评价的指标体系,运用AHP法与综合评分法计算研究区土地生态安全值,对湖南省1997～2006年土地生态安全状态进行动态综合评价,划定安全等级.结果表明,湖南省土地生态安全状态逐年改善,其安全级别已由风险级上升至敏感级.最后分析了影响湖南省土地生态安全的主要胁迫因子,为湖南省土地生态安全建设提供借鉴和参考.     

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARST MOUNTAINOUS AREA—A Case Study of Du'an Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi

Ecological security is the main task and applied ficld of present geography, resources and environment sciences and ecology. Ecological security evaluation will efficiently promote ecological security and environmental construction in regional land use. In this thesis, the authors put forward the index system of ecological security evaluation in karst mountainous area on three aspects, the pressure of resources and eco-environment, the quality of resources and eco-environment, and the ability of environmental protection and ecological improvement. Using the evaluation method with single index, based on the case study of Du'an Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the system of synthetic regionalization of ecological agricultural economy was formed, which includes three regions, south region with basic security and synthetic agricultural development, east region with critical security and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry balanced development, mid-west and south region with eco     

肥城市土地生态系统安全评价研究

在分析土地生态系统安全内涵的基础上,以肥城市为研究区域,选取24个指标构建土地生态系统安全评价指标体系,采用熵值法、综合指数法和GIS相结合的方法,对肥城市2000—2013年的土地生态系统安全状况进行分析。研究结果表明:14年来,肥城市土地生态系统安全状况处于波动状态,土地生态系统安全面临着诸多压力。最后提出了提高土地生态系统安全状况的对策建议。     

Regional ecological security and diagnosis of obstacle factors in underdeveloped regions: a case study in Yunnan Province,China

In order to clarify regional ecological security status and formation mechanism of regional ecological security barriers in underdeveloped regions of China, we took Yunnan province as a case to evaluate its regional ecological security by using entropy matter-element model, comprehensive index and GIS spatial method, and we diagnosed its obstacle factors through obstacle degree model. We found a low overall level of regional ecological security in Yunnan. Only Kunming fell into the good level, 68% of the regions were below the critical safe level. For the vast majority of regions in Yunnan, their regional ecological security was unstable. The indexes related to per capita resources, geological and topography environment, economic, and technology were at the unsafe or dangerous level. The indexes related to urban expansion, level of income, cultivated land quality were at the level of critical safety. The indexes concerning urban management capacity, air quality and water environment were at the good or ideal level. Yunnan’s regional ecological security was not good due to natural obstructive environment itself, simultaneously lower backward economic and social level restricted the ability of ecological security response to manage ragile ecological environment. The results of the composite index were roughly consistent with those of the entropy weight matter-element model. The mean values of the classification index, from high to low, were: the state index > the response index > the pressure index. The state index and the response index had a significant mutual promotion to each other. The regions with good composite index, state index and response index mainly distributed in the central regions of Yunnan Province. Spatial autocorrelation of regional ecological security level in Yunnan was not obvious. Water resources, economic and social development were main obstacle factors of the regional ecological security. When distinguishing with obstacle type, Kunming belonged to natural ecological environment barrier type, while other regions belonged to economic and social barrier type.     

APPLICATION OF FUZZY OPTIMIZATION MODEL IN ECOLOGICAL SECURITY PRE-WARNING

1INTRODUCTIONAs the basis of the human existence and sustainable de-velopment, the ecological security has become a prob-lem increasingly inviting the attention of the whole so-cietyand the government. Ecological security pre-warn-ing is a kind of early i…     

黄土高原生态退耕的时空分异特征

生态退耕是调整陆地生态系统结构与功能以应对土地利用过度干扰的重要途径之一,因此科学掌握退耕格局与耕地格局演变对黄土高原生态环境治理与生态修复具有深远意义。本文以位于黄土高原的延安市为典型区,从生态退耕的整体特征、地形因素及区域差异等角度,探究生态退耕以来其耕地变化及退耕状况的空间分异特征。结果表明：生态退耕致使延安市耕地面积由2000年的11 752.80 km²减少为2013年的9149.93 km²,退耕面积为2756.85 km²,退耕指数为22.15%,且退耕耕地主要转化为林地、草地,占退耕面积的95.29%;耕地与退耕面积主要分布于6~15°、15~25°坡度及第II级（925~1115 m）、第III级（1115~1275 m）,且2005-2013年的生态退耕速率均高于2000-2005年的生态退耕速率;县域退耕面积及退耕程度均呈现由北向南依次递减的分异特征,而退耕重心与耕地重心均在延安市几何中心以北的安塞县与宝塔区边界,且生态退耕的重心由东北向西南方向迁移,耕地重心则由北向南迁移。本文通过对延安市生态退耕的时空分异特征分析可为黄土高原更加科学合理地推进生态保育与生态文明建设提供参考。     

Geographical information system-based assessment of ecological security in Changbai Mountain region

Ecological security defined as the creation of a condition where the physical surroundings of a community provide for the needs of its inhabitants without diminishing its natural stock,which is important for regional security and social stability.In recent years,land use patterns in the Changbai Mountain region have changed significantly with intensive human activities,and consequently led to increasing problems in regional ecological security.Based on the Pressure-State-Impact-Response（PSIR） model and the mathematical method of catastrophe progression supported by geographical information system（GIS）,the ecological security situation of the study area under land use and cover change（LUCC） was evaluated.The results indicated that the ecological security in Changbai Mountain region varied nonlinearly,which got better from 1990 to 2000 but became worse from 2000 to 2007,the ecological security levels in Changbai Mountain region were mainly medium and medium to low during the past 17 years,with higher values of Ecological Security Index（ESI） in the central region and lower values in the east and west,the ecological security situation was more serious in the settlements and river valleys,where the LUCC was most remarkable.     

Evaluation on tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites —Case of Kanas nature reserve of Xinjiang, China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices’ weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40671057), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-355)