利用ARC／lNFO建立S-57数据模型的研究

数字海图的标准化、规模化生产，是发展电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)、在世界范围内提供安全可靠的商业化数字海图产品的重要前提。S-57是国际海道测量组织(IHO)颁布的国际通用的数字海道测量数据传输标准，该标准已为越来越多的国家所采用，用来进行数字海图数据的传输。本文介绍了海图数据库建设中对S-57的一些研究情况，提出了如何利用ARC/INFO)平台建立S-57数据体系的参考模式，并对未来电子航海图(ENC)生产和质量检测流程的建立模式加以探讨。     

国际标准电子海图显示平台的研制

随着我国数字海图产品不断的生产完善,研制自主知识产权的“电子海图显示与信息系统（ECDIS）”逐渐成为工作的重心,而这项任务的核心是符合S-57数据传输标准及S-52电子海图模式的显示平台的研制,以此为基础才能研制出我国自主知识产权的ECDIS。在研究电子海图国际标准化的基础上,通过大量的技术实践,实现了自主知识产权的国际标准电子海图显示平台,为我国建立自主知识产权的ECDIS打下了坚实的基础。     

S-63加密电子海图发行管理系统的设计与实现

介绍了国内电子海图发行管理体系的现状,指出了我国电子海图发行管理中面临的问题.通过对IHOS-63电子海图数据保护方案的研究,建立了一套安全、高效的电子海图发行管理系统,保证了发布数据的保密性、完整性和唯一可鉴别性.     

传统海图和电子海图一体化数据模型的构建与应用研究

针对国内在一定时期内既要生产传统纸质海图保证传统导航,又要生产电子海图满足电子导航的需求,构建了一个能够包容S-57电子海图和传统海图信息全集的一体化海图数据模型,基于此模型分析了两种数据到一体化数据模型的转换机制,并应用此模型开发原型系统,实现了二者之间的一体化组织和切换显示,为探索传统海图和电子海图的数据融合提供了思路和参考。     

遥感溢油识别的电子海图设计与功能实现

针对遥感溢油识别的电子海图显示应用系统的开发,进行功能需求分析并提出系统设计方案。在分析了几种常见的电子海图显示平台开发模式的基础上,基于MapObjects组件开发实现了电子海图显示应用平台,具备海图显示、数据叠加、海图分析、添加标注、地图输出等功能。     

电子海图的安全保护

目前已有部分国家开始采取措施保护海图的版权，有的采用法律措施，有的采取技术措施。一些国家的海洋测绘主管部门感到，电子海图特别需要防止盗版和盗用。版权保护不是电子海图供应中特有的问题，而是电子商务时代必须解决的一个基本课题。一个被称为公钥密码体制的基础系统专门用来解决数据证明、数据安全。数字海图的版权保护涉及技术和法规两方面的问题。要使版权保护技术措施真正达到目的，必须在电子海图发行的整个过程的各个环节都采用严格的安全措施。尽管现代加密技术得到发展，但要建立一套有效的加密系统还是有不少重大障碍需要逾越，密钥管理上的复杂性和用户群体对加密方法的认可是这些障碍中最突出的两个问题。     

ENC数据制作进展与应用现状分析

国际标准电子航海图(ENC)数据生产的规模化和规范化,是促进电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)发展的重要前提。介绍了我国目前ENC数据生产的基本情况及应用领域的现状,分析了存在的问题,并对未来ENC数据的生产及电子海图应用系统ECDIS的发展等提出了相关建议。     

基于矢量瓦片技术的Web电子海图优化方法

传统的基于栅格瓦片技术生产的Web电子海图虽解决了跨浏览器显示的问题,但其显示速度、渲染效果及交互能力仍无法满足现在用户的需求。为了实现Web电子海图的大规模应用,针对栅格瓦片技术支持的下电子海图中存在的缺陷,提出基于开源地图服器Geoserver与地图可视化JS库Leaflet的矢量瓦片技术优化方案,包括海图数据预处理、矢量切片的制作、矢量瓦片数据多样式显示及矢量瓦片数据要素查询等,通过在实验室海洋信息展示平台中的验证与测试,实现了矢量电子海图数据在Web页面上的多样式灵活显示及交互功能,证实了优化方案的可行性及高效性,整体提升了Web海图服务的效率。     

PRIMAR数字海图加密方案

1　前　言为了保护海图及海图数据版权 ,促进世界各国之间海图数据的交流 ,国际海道测量组织 (IHO)于 2 0 0 2年年底制定了数字海图加密方案 ,2 0 0 3年 3月 ,国际海道测量局 (IHB)完成了有关安全管理系统应用的培训。IHO数字海图加密方案基本上采用的是由挪威电子海图服务中心 (ECCAS)开发的PRIMAR数字海图加密方案。PRIMAR是世界上第一个按照IHO全球电子航海图数据库模式执行的区域性电子航海图服务中心 ,该中心由挪威电子海图服务中心和英国海道测量局共同负责管理。根据各国官方提供的电子航海图数据 ,目前PRIMAR既可以进…     

日本的小型船用电子海图

日本海上保安厅水路部已完成本国附近海域的电子航海图 (ＥＮＣ)生产 ,编制了 45 0个单元的海图数据并维持到最新 ,每月可提供一次电子海图更新光盘。但是 ,电子海图显示与信息系统 (ＥＣＤＩＳ)的普及都是以大型船舶为主 ,小型船舶进展缓慢。因此 ,水路部为了普及电子海图显示设备 ,试制ＰＣ机小型船用电子海图显示设备。近几年 ,ＰＣ机的性能逐渐提高 ,已能快速处理显示大容量的数据。市场上已出售能在ＰＣ机上处理ＥＮＣ数据的软件。在这一前提下 ,日本海上保安厅为促进在内河航运船舶 ,在小型船舶上普及电子海图显示设备 ,开发了小型船…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.