计算明渠非恒定流的一个Lattice BGK模型

分析了Lattice Boltzmann(LB)方法的建模原理,通过比较LB的多尺度方程和明渠St.Venant方程,建立了计算一维明渠非恒定流的一个Lattice BGK模型。对几个典型应用实例进行了模拟分析,与Preissmann隐格式及特征线法作了比较,证明将该方法引入实际明渠非恒定流计算是可行的。     

Improved numerical algorithms for frictional contact in pile penetration analysis

This paper presents a numerical formulation for frictional contact problems associated with pile penetration. The frictional contact at the soil–pile interface is formulated using the theory of hardening/softening plasticity, so that advanced models for the interface can be dealt with. A smooth discretisation of the pile surface is proposed using Bézier polynomials. An automatic load stepping scheme is proposed, which features an error control algorithm and automatic subincrementation of the load increments. The numerical algorithms are then used to analyse the installation process of pushed-in axial piles. It is shown that the smooth discretisation of the pile surface is effective in reducing the oscillation in the predicted pile resistances and the automatic load stepping scheme outperforms the classical Newton–Raphson scheme for this type of problem.     

Errors in the upstream mobility scheme for countercurrent two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media

In reservoir simulation, the upstream mobility scheme is widely used for calculating fluid flow in porous media and has been shown feasible for flow when the porous medium is homogeneous. In the case of flow in heterogeneous porous media, the scheme has earlier been shown to give erroneous solutions in approximating pure gravity segregation. Here, we show that the scheme may exhibit larger errors when approximating flow in heterogeneous media for flux functions involving both advection and gravity segregation components. Errors have only been found in the case of countercurrent flow. The physically correct solution is approximated by an extension of the Godunov and Engquist–Osher flux. We also present a new finite volume scheme based on the local Lax–Friedrichs flux and test the performance of this scheme in the numerical experiments.     

基于小波包变换的SAR干涉图去噪研究

基于SAR复干涉图中噪声满足加性噪声模型,提出对复干涉图实部和虚部分别应用小波包软阈值方法的去噪方案。以Daubeachies小波为小波包基函数,对添加了噪声的模拟SAR干涉图进行去噪实验,发现三级小波包分解的去噪效果明显优于一级和二级分解。并进一步对实际的含噪干涉图进行了去噪实验,与小波包软阈值方法直接对干涉图去噪的结果进行了比较。实验结果证实了本文方案的有效性。     

A framework for coupling shoals and shallow embayments with main channels in numerical modeling of coastal plain estuaries

A simple computational framework is developed to include shoals and shallow embayments (SSE) and their interaction with main channels in estuarine modeling. The scheme, treating SSE as temporary storage areas, accounts for the water and material exchanges between SSE and main channels as the tide rises and falls, and for the biogeochemical processes affecting nonconservative substances such as water-quality parameters in SSE. The scheme, because of its simple nature, can be easily incorporated into one-, two- or three-dimensional models of estuaries with substantial SSE. The concept and the model implementation of the scheme are explained using a vertical two-dimensional model of estuarine hydrodynamics and water quality. The model application to the tidal Rappahannock River, a western shore tributary of Chesapeake Bay, demonstrates the scheme is simple and physically reasonable, and the importance of SSE in estuarine modeling. The inclusion of SSE in a water-quality model not only provides a framework, for computing water-quality conditions therein but also accounts for the interaction between SSE and the main channel. It is shown that significant errors may result if the effects of SSE are not properly accounted for in modeling of an estuary with extensive SSE.     

Monotone nonlinear finite-volume method for challenging grids

This article presents a new positivity-preserving finite-volume scheme with a nonlinear two-point flux approximation, which uses optimization techniques for the face stencil calculation. The gradient is reconstructed using harmonic averaging points with the constraint that the sum of the coefficients included in the face stencils must be positive. We compare the proposed scheme to a nonlinear two-point scheme available in literature and a few linear schemes. Using two test cases, taken from the FVCA6 benchmarks, the accuracy of the scheme is investigated. Furthermore, it is shown that the scheme is linearity-preserving on highly complex corner-point grids. Moreover, a two-phase flow problem on the Norne formation, a geological formation in the Norwegian Sea, is simulated. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme is consistent in contrast to the linear Two-Point Flux Approximation scheme, which is industry standard for simulating subsurface flow on corner-point grids.     

A Petrogenetic Study of the Rosses Granite Complex, Donegal

The origin and evolution of the Rosses magma series are consideredin terms of the processes of partial fusion, assimilation, andcrystallization differentiation. Discussion of these processesis assisted by a consideration of the actual course of crystallizationat the level of emplacement The chemical variation in the Rossescomplex is shown to be inconsistent with crystallization differentiation,but can be explained by a combination of the other two processes.A scheme of magmatic evolution is proposed which explains boththe chemical variation in the complex and the relation betweencomposition and order of emplacement.     

双相介质中纵波方程的高阶有限差分解法

从双相介质中的纵波方程出发,导出了求解双相各向同性介质中纵波方程的高阶差分格式,给出了吸收边界条件和稳定性条件,在此基础上实现了双相各向同性介质中纵波方程的高阶有限差分法正演模拟,数值模拟结果表明,这种算法能在少量增加计算量的前提下大大提高精度,算法可同时应用于叠前和叠后的数值模拟。     

A Finite Volume Scheme for the Transport of Radionucleides in Porous Media

The COUPLEX1 Test case (Bourgeat et al., 2003) is devoted to the comparison of numerical schemes on a convection–diffusion–reaction problem. We first show that the results of the simulation can be mainly predicted by a simple analysis of the data. A finite volume scheme, with three different treatments of the convective term, is then shown to deliver accurate and stable results under a low computational cost.     

基于变异系数法的灰色关联决策模型在节水工程方案优选中的应用

针对节水工程方案多属性,多指标的特点,采用变异系数赋权法结合灰色关联理论,通过计算评价方案与理想方案间的优属度,建立了节水工程方案优选模型。应用该模型对某节水工程方案进行优选,结果表明,该模型计算简便,结果客观可靠,为节水工程方案优选提供了科学依据。     

Critical Slope and Plasticity

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Ground Support Terminology and Classification: An Update

It is nearly two decades since a formal terminology and a classification scheme were proposed for rock reinforcement hardware and applications. That combined framework was used to clearly identify concepts associated with reinforcement mechanics in a manner that was consistent and robust enough to characterise all reinforcement systems. Since that time, many new reinforcement systems have been developed and it can be shown that they all fit within the proposed classification scheme. Most recently, a complementary new terminology and a classification scheme for surface support, also based on mechanics, have been developed. This framework is invaluable in the design of ground support schemes, the planning of testing and instrumentation programs and the development of software used to simulate the static and dynamic response of rock reinforcement and support systems. It will be shown that the terminology and classification schemes are valid today and will so remain into the future because of the laws of mechanics.     

运用半离散中心迎风格式计算二维浅水方程的研究

以三阶中心加权本质无振荡重构为基础,采用一维一维进行计算的方法,给出了求解二维浅水方程的高分辨率三阶半离散中心迎风格式.引入的重构方法既提高了格式的精度,又保证格式是无振荡的.时间的离散用最优的三阶SSP(Strong Stability Preserving)Runge-Kutta方法.源项的离散用辛普森公式.计算方法保持了中心差分格式简单的优点,即不需用黎曼解算器和进行特征分解过程.数值模拟结果与其它方法所得结果一致,表明了方法的有效性和稳定性.     

水位变化下可压缩土层的黏弹性耦合变形分析

地下水开采等人类工程活动会引起地下水位变化,从而导致地面沉降问题。地面沉降具有土层变形长期发展的特点,土体的蠕变性是导致这一现象的重要原因之一。为此,针对基于Biot理论的地面沉降耦合模型,利用半解析数值原理和黏弹性流变理论,推导了可压缩土层黏弹性耦合变形的求解格式,该计算方法无需数值积分,且具有很好的解耦并行性。在此基础上,编制了FORTRAN计算程序,通过与已有解答的对比验证,说明了方法及程序的合理性,计算结果可以正确反映土体黏滞性所导致的变形滞后效应。通过数值算例,进一步探讨了渗透性、孔隙流体可压缩性和土体黏滞性等因素对土层长期变形的影响规律。     

Numerical modeling of the flow and transport of radionuclides in heterogeneous porous media

This paper is concerned with numerical methods for the modeling of flow and transport of contaminant in porous media. The numerical methods feature the mixed finite element method over triangles as a solver to the Darcy flow equation and a conservative finite volume scheme for the concentration equation. The convective term is approximated with a Godunov scheme over the dual finite volume mesh, whereas the diffusion–dispersion term is discretized by piecewise linear conforming triangular finite elements. It is shown that the scheme satisfies a discrete maximum principle. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology for a coupled system that includes an elliptic equation and a diffusion–convection–reaction equation arising when modeling flow and transport in heterogeneous porous media. The proposed scheme is robust, conservative, efficient, and stable, as confirmed by numerical simulations.      

Runge-Kutta间断有限元格式在一维浅水方程中的应用

针对一维浅水方程组建立了考虑源项离散的Runge-Kutta间断有限元格式,该格式具有通量与源项的和谐性,可以用于求解任意非棱柱体明渠浅水流动问题。所建立的数值模式分别应用于复杂地形下非棱柱体明渠跨临界流浅水流动算例和水跃问题,模拟结果表明,数值解与解析解以及实测值吻合良好,数值格式具有捕捉间断问题中锐利波形的能力。     

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics modelling of soil–water mixing and resulting changes in average strength

Soil–water interaction is a pivotal process in many underwater geohazards such as underwater landslides where soil sediments gradually evolve into turbidity currents after interactions with ambient water. Due to the large deformations, multiphase interactions and phase changes this involves, investigations from numerical modelling of the transition process have been limited so far. This study explores a simple numerical replication of such soil–water mixing with respect to changes in average strength using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). A uniform viscoplastic model is used for both the solid-like and fluid-like SPH particles. The proposed numerical solution scheme is verified by single-phase dam break tests and multiphase simple shear tests. SPH combinations of solid-like and fluid-like particles can replicate the clay–water mixture as long as the liquidity index of the solid-like particles is larger than unity. The proposed numerical scheme is shown to capture key features of an underwater landslide such as hydroplaning, water entrainment and wave generation and thus shows promise as a tool to simulate the whole process of subaquatic geohazards involving solid–fluid transition during mass transport.     

Automatic seismic wave detection and autoregressive model method

The problem of automatic detection of seismic waves by large telemetered seismic networks such as the Mexican Continental Aperture Seismic Network (RESMAC), is extended here to include determination of seismic first-arrival and S-phase-arrival times. A short general outline of the detection problem background and a small introduction to the autoregressive model (AR) concept are presented. Several automatic detection algorithms were implemented and compared with a newly developed autoregressive algorithm. Careful consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each method determined that a mixed detection scheme is optimal and suitable for RESMAC. A few examples are shown that illustrate the relative performances of the methods tried here. The proposed detection scheme has the following characteristics: (a) First-arrival detection, based on a simple (average of squared input) characteristic function, and a trigger criterion that uses as a distortion measure the long-average-to-short-average ratio of the characteristic function, checked using a duration criterion; (b) use of two threshold values, one for triggering, and another for beginning the backward search for the phase arrival time; (c) use of the autoregressive model (AR) method, with the Itakura-Saito distortion measure, for S-phase detection, checked using both duration and amplitude criteria; and (d) characterization of the reliability of the determinations for their subsequent use in automatic location programs, alarms, etc. The automatic detection scheme has proved effective.     

Quadruple LVDT local rotational displacement measurement in torsional shear tests

Experience has shown that to obtain pre-failure deformability of geomaterials in laboratory element tests, it is imperative to make local strain measurements. For torsional shear tests, the local measurement is complicated by coupling of the axial, radial, and rotational movement experienced by the soil specimen during shear. The rotational displacement must be isolated from other modes of movement for the interpretation of test results. Existing techniques designed for torsional shear tests under general stress conditions can be complicated and difficult to use. A simplified scheme using two pairs of linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) is proposed for local rotational deformation measurement, specifically for cyclic torsional shear tests under constant normal stress conditions. The subtraction of readings within an LVDT pair nullifies displacements at the measurement point caused by axial and radial movement or bulging of the specimen. The same subtraction accumulates and thus isolates LVDT readings caused by rotational movement. The error associated with the simplified set-up is expected to be <0.125%. A series of hollow cylinder torsional shear tests have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the new measurement scheme. The results are repeatable and consistent with well-documented test data.     

广州石牌桥地铁车站基坑设计优化

广州市石牌桥地铁车站主体基坑维护结构采用密排人工挖孔桩,通过优化计算分析确定桩间距2.0 m的疏排人工挖孔桩方案,并且详细分析了疏桩基坑的安全性以及对主体结构的影响。计算结果表明,采用的疏桩方案,不仅确保了基坑安全,而且节约了资金,经济效益相当显著。