成矿预测单元的基本概念及其划分方法

本文提出了依据于地质体的地质统计单元的基本特征及地质意义,同时给出了单元定义域和边界条件的概念和研究方法。根据各种矿产预测具体实践,作者探讨了成矿预测单元划分的一般方法,并在金属及非金属矿的成矿预测中加以运用,取得了明显的效果。     

证据权模型中两种预测单元划分方式对比

证据权模型作为一种数据综合方法已被广泛应用于矿产资源定量预测与评价。在模糊证据权基础上,发展了基于地质单元思想的矢量证据图层构建和数据综合方法,并通过实例作具体阐述：它以矿点缓冲区图层作为训练图层,以各证据变量图层在空间上的叠置所形成的唯一地质单元作为评价对象,统一计算各个证据变量的证据权重,进而基于地质单元进行证据综合和后验概率成图。与基于栅格（或规则格网）的模型不同,基于矢量证据权模型以具有明确地质内涵的地质单元（而非规则网格单元）为预测单元,易于解释,并且消除了边界误差;相比基于规则格网划分所得到的成矿单元,以矿床（点）缓冲区作为训练对象,提高了已知矿点的代表性。实例表明：若预测单元大小为初始栅格大小整数倍,各缓冲等级平均面积计算误差为0.26%,否则面积平均误差达到6%;即使在预测单元大小为初始栅格大小整数倍情况下,矿点平均计算误差也达到4.78%。因此,基于地质单元思想的证据权预测单元划分方法在精度上优于基于栅格或规则格网方法。     

地质单元法区域成矿预测

网格单元法和地质体单元法是目前运用在矿产预测中最普遍的地质统计方法,2种方法各有优缺点。为了更好地使2种方法扬长避短,以青海省祁漫塔格地区接触交代型铁铜矿床为例,在其找矿预测模型的背景下,运用网格法和地质体法分别进行资源预测;并在运用地质体单元法时,在传统的圈定地质体界限的同时,也对地质体本身进行了网格划分,从而进一步进行证据权的计算,得到后验概率值。2种方法得到的结果较一致,证明新地质体法的可靠性。将预测结果结合地质体分级情况、地质体法和网格法阈值大小综合考虑,圈定出预测远景区,从而划定靶区。预测出的靶区既是找矿后验概率的高值区域,又是成矿最有利的地质体区域。     

秩特征分析方法在矿产资源预测中的应用

提出了一种新的矿产资源靶区定位预测的统计方法—秩特征分析方法。该方法以地质变量之间秩相关分析为基础,根据地质变量集合中某一地质变量与其余地质变量之间总的秩相关程度来度量该变量的重要性大小,根据每个地质变量在统计单元（万能的资源靶区）上的取值情况计算单元成矿联系度,,再根据单元成矿联系度相对大小评价优选矿产资源靶区。该统计方法可以同时使用定性、定量和半定量三种地质变量,减少了由于数据离散化而造成的地质信息丢失,可以最大限度地利用各种类型地质变量所提供的有用信息。     

秩相关权法及其在资源靶区定位预测中的应用

提出了一种矿产资源靶区定位预测的统计方法－秩相关权法。该方法以评价目标变量（矿床的资源量，矿床规模等）与成矿和控矿地质变量（定量地质变量，半定量地质变量和定性地质变量）之间的秩相关性研究为基础，用地质变量与目标定量之间的τ秩相关系数来衡量地质变量的重要程度，用矿床统计单元之间的联系度来评价资源靶区的优劣。     

秩相关权法及其在资源靶区定位预测中的应用

提出了一种矿产资源靶区定位预测的统计方法秩相关权法。该方法以评价目标变量（矿床的资源量、矿床规模等）与成矿和控矿地质变量（定量地质变量、半定量地质变量和定性地质变量）之间的秩相关性研究为基础，用地质变量与目标变量之间的τ秩相关系数来衡量地质变量的重要程度，用矿床统计单元之间的联系度来评价资源靶区的优劣     

应用地质异常单元圈定矿产资源体潜在地段--以鲁西铜石金矿田为例

地质异常单元圈定矿产资源体潜在地段是以地质异常矿体定位理论为前提,应用综合信息定量标度"致矿地质异常单元".首先分析了铜石金矿田金矿成矿地质背景的综合信息特征,详细研究了"致矿地质异常"的组分分带趋势;推断了金矿产资源体系列形成的深部地质结构样式;在此基础上,选择控矿地质异常标志和地质矿异常标志作为构置成矿有利度的变量,利用成矿有利度圈定矿产资源体潜在地段.     

基于熵权法的新疆阿尔泰成矿区金矿床定位预测研究

      本文通过结合信息熵和灰色关联度来分析地质变量和矿床单元之间的关系,以达到圈定成矿靶区的目的。在地质、 物探、化探、重砂等资料研究的基础上提取了87个综合信息地质变量。在综合信息矿产预测理论与方法的指导下,将研究 区域划分为16个金矿床密集单元和14个金异常密集区为单元,引入熵权法对定性变量和定量变量分别计算信息熵和变量权 值,然后采用灰色关联分析法来定量解析单元之间的关联程度。结果表明：重力梯度、航磁、重磁吻合以及汇水盆地异常 等地质变量可以作为研究区域寻找金矿的有效地质标志,6号、 22 号、 18号和19号等单元可以作为一级远景成矿靶区,这与 很多相关研究结果基本一致,从而表明该方法能被有效应用于圈定找矿靶区。     

论成矿预测模型

本文结合广东铁矿预测的实践,讨论在成矿预测的几个环节中,影响建立成矿地质条件统计模型的有关因素。1.在预测区内,对成矿地质条件复杂、多成因类型的矿种,涉及到划分预测矿床的问题,正确的划分将为预测模型提供可靠的基础。2.文中提出以综合控矿信息的整体性为前提划分模型单元,以提高统计模型的真实性。3.验证是建立预测模型必不可少的一环,本文提出用回代法和冗余法进行检验。     

地质体单元及其在矿产资源评价中的应用

地质统计单元划分是矿产资源评价的一项基础性工作.地质体单元法是70年代末首先采用的一种单元划分法.地质体单元的划分是在金矿综合信息找矿模型的指导下进行的.本文运用地质体单元法的划分原理,全面分析反映各级矿产资源体单元存在条件和边界条件的地质、地球物理、地球化学、重砂特征,经过区域类比,筛选,确定出划分各级各类矿产资源体单元的具体条件.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.