Notiser og litteratur—Notes and Reviews

Arcalressurskartet er eit forenkla oversyn over arealbruk, potensialet for planteproduksjon og økologiske tilhøve. Over grensa for produktiv skog gjev kartet eit oversyn over vegetasjonsdckket som biologisk ressurs, for det ovrige arcalct ligg markslagsklassifiseringa for Økonomisk kartverk til grunn. Arealberekning av dei kartlagde einingane gjev grunnlag for arealoppgåver som kan gå inn som del av it rcgistersystem.

The Land Capability Map gives a survey of land use, plant production potentials and ecological conditions. A vegetation inventory is carried out above the altitudinal limit for forest production. For the remaining area, information is derived from the land type classification of the Economic Map System. Mapped units are digitized and may form part of a comprehensive register system.     

Empirism and Experiments——Discussion on Raymond W. Gibbs’ s Linguistic Research Approach and Method

Over the last decades,Raymond W.Gibbs,a wellknown American scholar,has carried out a host of researches in the field of cognitive psycholinguistics.And many of them,such as the study of the relationship between metaphors and idiom comprehension give an extra flavor of empirical approach to cognitive linguistic research paradigm.Specifically,his exploration of empirical research dimension and quantitative approach,for example,the employment of psycholinguistic experiments has shed light on the cognitive linguistic methodology construction----injecting the empirical method into traditional linguistic methodology(i.e.introspection).     

Converting to organic agriculture—Danish farmers' views and motivations

Expanded organic food production has been an issue of public debate in Denmark since its promotion by two government-sponsored plans. Yet the number of organic farms, constituting 5% of alt Danish farms, is still small. Farmers' attitudes and motivations around converting their farms to organic agriculture were surveyed in the counties of Ribe and Vestsj?lland in order to assess the feasibility of expansion. New organic farmers come either from the ranks of conventional farmers or from ‘beginners’ who initiate organic agriculture from the start. Only 7% of conventional farmers plan to convert their farms by the year 2003, but beginners will have increasing importance and augment the number. Farmers most frequently mentioned consideration for the environment as a reason for conversion. A considerable expansion of organic agriculture will be difficult, due to an insufficient number of farmers interested in organic agriculture. A high number of less productive hobby or spare-time farmers among new organic farmers also hinders expanded organic food production. Organic agriculture shows parallels to conventional agriculture, with a surplus of very small and very large farms, regional specialisation, and oil-farm specialisation.     

The relationship betwwen ENSO cycle and high and low—flow in the upper Yellow River

Firstly,the hydrological and meteorological features of the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Tangnag are analyzed based on observation data,and effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the high and low flow in the upper Yellow River are discussed.The results show El Nino and La Nina events possess consanguineous relationship with runoff in the upper Yellow River.As a whole,the probability of low flow occurrence in the upper Yellow River is relatively great along with the occurrence of El Nino event.Moreover,the flood in the upper Yellow River occurs frequently with the occurrence of La Nina event.Besides,the results also show dissimilarity of El Nino event occurring time exerts greater impact on high flow and low flow in the upper Yellow River,that is,the probability of drought will be greater in the same year if El Nino event occurs in spring,the high-flow may happen in this year if El Nino occurs in summer or autumn;the longer the continuous period of El Nino is,the lower the runoff in the upper Yellow River is.     

Diverse Perspectives on Society and Environment——Plenary Lecture at the 32th International Geographical Congress

This paper is based on the plenary lecture presented by Professor Anne Buttimer at the 32th International Geographical Congress (Cologne, August 27, 2012), with several revisions and amendments. Professor Anne Buttimer is a world famous geographer, gaining exceptionally high regard through her work in social and humanist geography. She was President of the International Geographical Union (IGU) during 2000-2004, and remains a Fellow of Royal Irish Academy, Royal Geographical Society (UK) and was recently elected as Vice President of Academia Europaea. In this paper, the author makes a systematic review of the traditions of geographic enquiry, especially those conterpoint voices on the relationship between society and environment down the centuries, tracing their philosophical sources both in the East and West. Referencing the four world views and their root metaphors, she then points out the problems in present-day geographic study, and calls for innovations in the future studies on this theme. The paper has a very high perspective and thus will be extremely influential.     

Medical Mapping: The Revolution in Teaching—and Using—Maps for the Analysis of Medical Issues

Abstract

As a result of advances in GIS, students from a range of disciplines (epidemiology, public health, medical sociology, and anthropology) are seeking to learn how to apply a mapped, spatial perspective to issues of disease and health. This paper describes a pilot program whose intent has been to develop an interdisciplinary, skills-based course in medical mapping using a case-based approach. The focus of its first module is the famous nineteenth-century case of a cholera epidemic in Soho, London. Here, however, that case–critical to a range of disciplines—is an opportunity to introduce modern GIS tools and their applicability to the issues surrounding the mapping of diseases in general.     

Canonical corelation analysis to land-use structure and its driving forces——Taking Yulin Prefecture as an example

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Post fire induced soil water repellency—Modeling short and long-term processes

Soil water repellency has direct implications to hydrological as well as geomorphological processes, especially in fire-prone ecosystems. Five predominant mechanisms have been described as generating water repellency in soils: fungal and microbial activity, growth of particular vegetation species, organic matter, heating of the soils by wildfires and soil characteristics. Herein we synthesize among these mechanisms and propose a general model describing the long-term properties of water repellency in soils. Using non-linear regression analysis methods we compare among different variants of the model in order to assess the relative role of vegetation on water-repellency dynamics. We suggest that following a wildfire event hydrophobic peak soil properties are dictated by vegetation properties, but that the rapid decrease is not associated with the vegetation. Following wildfires, the recovery of the ecosystem commences and water-repellency is characterized by increased predominance of the biotic activity. Thus, the general pattern of a rapid decrease and a long-term increase in water repellency can be described by a mathematical model presented herein.     

The 10th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering——Challenge and adaption of permafrost engineering to a changing climate

Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions,     

GEOLGY OF FILDES PENINSULA,KING GEORGE ISLAND,WEST ANTARCTICA——A Study on the Stratigraphy and Volcanism

On the basis of the geological mapping, isotopic choronoogcal and petrological evidences, the aumors suggested that the early Tertiary volcanic strata in the Fildes Peninsula could be divided into two formations and four members. The erupted centers in the peninsula were gradualy migrating from the western coast to the eastern and the subvolcanic intrusives were regularly distributed along a series of NWW-SEE trending faults. All of these were basically formed in two stages of volcanic activities from Paleocene to Eocene.     

Improving National Park Service and Nonprofit Partnerships—Lessons from the National Trail System

Federal land management agencies are increasingly relying on collaborative partnerships for managing national trails, heritage areas, scenic rivers, and recreation areas. For agencies such as the National Park Service, these joint approaches are significantly different from traditional management approaches. This article uses a case study of the Juan Bautista De Anza National Historic Trail to identify partnership lessons for this case and other protected areas that rely on public–private partnerships. The research highlights partnership issues with nonprofit capacity and mission alignment, project momentum, and leadership dilemmas. We suggest that agencies such as the National Park Service need to assess the mission and capacity of community and nonprofit groups to determine their partnership approach. This is a significant shift, from agencies simply needing to find organizations willing to partner on collaborative management efforts, to a role in assessing, forming, and developing nonprofit partners.     

Regional Geography and the Culture Area Construct—Western Europe: A Case Study

Abstract

The SYMAP program for producing line-printed maps on the computer is considered with respect to problems the new user is likely to have. Two groups of electives or options in the F-MAP package are discussed in detail: those that control map size and orientation and those that permit manipulation of the interpolation algorithm. Some classroom examples are suggested that emphasize the heuristic nature of the SYMAP program.     

Legal Geographies—Governing Through Law: Rightsbased Conflicts and Property Development in Shanghai

This article examines recent legislation on the mandatory practice of government adjudication and its impacts on community residents' legal challenges to chaiqian (demolition and relocation) in Shanghai. In recent years, rights-based grievances over community displacement have become a major source of social conflict in urban China. The new legislation represents the Chinese state's efforts to establish a law-based model through which to govern an increasingly rights-conscious society. It is argued that the mandatory practice of government adjudication has smoothed out the conflict-laden property development process by establishing a legalized channel for affected residents to express their claims of rights and interests. Yet, at the same time, legislative practice has also reinforced the government's control in defining social interests to which residents' individual rights are subordinate.     

Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System in Shizuoka as a GIAHS Site: Values and Conservation—Background of Application and Efforts after Registration

The traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka is the first example of a Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems (GIAHS) site in Japan that was proposed by a local government. In this paper, we report the background and circumstances leading to the recognition of this system, its registration as a GIAHS, and its current use after registration. Although semi-natural grasslands have decreased considerably in Japan, we found unique semi-natural grasslands with no pest insects and a rich biodiversity around the tea fields. These grasslands and the farming method employed are known as “Chagusaba”, which was registered as a GIAHS in 2013. However, the registration process for GIAHS was not easy, as many local farmers do not understand the value of their traditional farming methods or the GIAHS honor. After registering Chagusaba as a GIAHS, our main agenda was branding. Traditional farming, with time and effort, produces high-quality tea. As labor saving technologies in agriculture have progressed in Japan, the price of high-quality tea has declined, and consequently, the numbers of farmers performing the inefficient traditional farming methods are decreasing. It is necessary to correctly brand the Chagusaba-grown tea and reflect the value of the traditional farming method in the price. The local government of the Shizuoka Prefecture is currently working on implementing a certification system, which includes scientific evaluation using GPS, and the introduction of biodiversity indicators.