福建笏石半岛—湄洲岛海滩岩与海滨砂丘岩之鉴别

本文根据岩性、沉积结构、胶结物成分、胶结类型和产状等特征区分海滨砂丘岩与海滩岩,从而把福建莆田笏石半岛—湄洲岛地区的海滨砂丘岩从以往所称的海滩岩中划分出来。为了便于鉴别,文中对海滨砂丘岩、潮上带海滩岩和潮间带海滩岩的特征作了对比。     

汕头广澳全新世风坡积砂丘岩的发现——兼论东南沿海全新世碳酸盐胶结碎屑岩的类型

汕头广澳半岛全新世风坡积砂丘岩在我国是首次发现的。它由风积与坡积组分的碎屑物质互层或混合成层组成,胶结物属低镁方解石。它是由热带暴雨期的片状流水与强风期的风搬运作用而堆积,再在淡水环境中沉淀胶结成松散的砂丘岩类。文中还探讨其沉积模式,并从地貌和沉积动力角度把东南沿海全新世碳酸盐胶结的岩石分为贝壳堤岩、海滩岩、砂堤岩、砂丘岩与风坡积砂丘岩。通过其特征对比,认为后三类不能作为海平面升降的标志。     

中国的海滩岩研究与进展

海滩岩作为海陆交互作用的直接产物之一,对于研究古海平面变化、海岸带演化以及古气候变化等海陆相互作用过程具有重要意义.对我国的海滩岩研究历史与现状进行了分析,对当前的海滩岩研究中存在的一些争议和问题如海滩岩的定义、海滩岩的胶结物及其形成机制、海滩岩的形成时代、研究方法等进行了讨论,并对今后我国海滩岩研究的发展进行了展望.     

西沙群岛海滩岩类型及其油气地质意义

介绍了西沙群岛现代生物礁最新科考成果,在数十个岛屿上发现海滩岩,划分为固结海滩岩、高位海滩岩、坍塌破坏型海滩岩、侵蚀破坏型海滩岩和侵蚀型海滩岩5种类型;描述了它们的手标本特征、赋存分布及岩石类型和作为油气储层的价值;指出甘泉岛淡水资源的存在归因于海滩岩的胶结致密程度。     

海南岛鹿回头水尾岭海滩岩中的微生物岩

在海南岛的海滩岩中首次发现了微生物岩,这是一种发育在珊瑚(碎屑和砾块)骨骼孔穴中,少量在珊瑚碎块表面的微生物碳酸盐沉积,这些微生物碳酸盐沉积呈叠层或包壳状生长,可黏结细小的生物碎屑,具有独特的发育模式。微生物碳酸盐沉积在南海的发现支持海滩岩的胶结物部分是源于微生物成因的假设,进而肯定了微生物在碳酸盐沉积中所起的重要作用。结合海滩岩组分中微钻孔的发育特征和微生物岩发育模式的描述,在一定程度上填补了我国南方海滩岩中发育微生物碳酸盐沉积物的研究空白。     

广东海山岛晚全新世“海滩岩田”的沉积相及其海岸升降特征的研究

海山岛海滩岩是中外罕见的“海滩岩田”.海滩岩中有典型的胶结物——文石和高镁方解石泥晶.有孔虫和介形虫种属组合确定,中下层为淡化海水中形成的岩层,上层见有浮游生物,表明当时为正常海水环境沉积,属典型的滨海相沉积物.晚全新世以来,该岛至少有四次升降运动,后三次的沉降,逐次更深,海岸线向大陆迁移,近600年来是以抬升为主的活动期.笔者研究发现,闽粤海岸带近几千年来的海岸升降,其沉降阶段和抬升阶段各为250年左右,即具有500年左右的升降周期.     

构造运动对生物礁成岩作用的影响——以巴布亚新几内亚合恩晚第四纪珊瑚礁研究为例

对地处新构造运动强烈地区的合恩晚第四纪上升珊瑚阶地三条剖面的样品分析表明:造礁珊瑚和礁灰岩的不稳定矿物成分的转化和成岩强度与构造运动密切相关,而局部气候状况似乎不起主导作用。上升速率较低地区的珊瑚骨骼和礁灰岩的方解石化普遍、彻底,孔隙中方解石胶结物含量大仅存文石胶结物残余;与之相反,构造上升速率高的地区虽有较高的年降雨量,但珊瑚和礁灰岩转化不普遍,方解石胶结物含量低且保存大量文石胶结物。这是因为构造上升决定了阶地的区域地貌特征,影响阶地地形起伏,从而控制了在生物礁成岩变化中起主要作用的水动态条件。     

我国北方首次发现海滩岩

海滩岩发育于热带和亚热带地区,由碳酸盐胶结而成,形成于海滩,故称海滩岩.我国西沙群岛、海南岛的海滩岩已有过不少研究和报导,但在我国北方尚未曾发现过.中国科学院海洋研究所白沙口调查队于1985年7月在山东省乳山县白沙口地区进行地貌第四纪地质调查时,在一个宽1000米以上的沙堤群上首次发现了这种海滩岩(见照片).该岩石露头离现代海边线约200米,厚度50厘米,倾向甫,倾角5°,与现代岸线的走向和坡度基本一致.该海滩岩由贝壳和砂砾石等胶结而成,层理明显,质地较脆,用锤头击之即碎散,镜下观察,胶结物为碳酸盐泥.下伏为黄色细砂,据岩性及其离岸距离推断,该海滩岩形成的历史不会太久,系全新世的产物,推测其形成时代不早于6000年.海滩岩在我国北方的首次发现,对研究我国北方全新世以来的气候和海面变化具有重要意义.     

胶莱坳陷莱阳组碎屑岩的成岩作用

莱阳组由砾岩，砂岩，泥岩，页岩等岩石组成。砂岩中出现赤铁矿，粘土矿物，方解石，石英及斜长石等五种主要的胶结物，它们形成于不同的成岩作用阶段。早期成岩阶段形成赤铁矿，粘土矿物，方解石和石英，晚期成岩阶段形成斜长石，而表生成岩阶段则再次沉淀出赤铁矿。     

神奇的海滩岩

在我国的西沙群岛、海南岛的天涯海角、江苏连云港市的西墅等地,先后发现了狭义的海滩岩,引起了人们的广泛关注。人们对海滩岩的认识是在不断地深化的,随着调查研究的深入,海滩岩已被划分为广义与狭义两大类。在80年代,曾有一些科技人员认为,在海滩上的各种石头,都     

粤东沿海全新世海滩岩的特征及其所反映的海平面变化

利用水准仪对粤东沿海海滩岩的分布高度进行实地测量,并且在同一地点进行连续取样,同时分析了海滩岩的结构、构造、物质组分及其微量元素,并从海滩岩的角度探讨该区的海平面变化。     

海南三亚风景区潮间带软体动物的资源现状研究

于2012年5月和2012年10月对海南三亚几个典型海区潮间带软体动物进行了初步调查,分别于天涯海角、鹿回头、小东海、大东海进行采样,共采集标本1702号,经鉴定组成如下：多板纲1科1种,占1.47%;腹足纲18科46种,占67.65%;双壳纲8科21种,占30.88%。共计27科68种。与其他地点的潮间带软体动物资源相比,本处软体动物偏少,并提出了相关保护建议。     

海滩岩在南海北部中晚全新世海平面重建中的应用和不确定性分析

过去海平面变化特征对认识现代海平面变化过程和预估未来情景具有重要科学和现实意义。海滩岩作为热带和亚热带地区海岸潮间带特有的沉积岩,是海岸变迁和古海平面高程的重要标志物。然而,由于存在海滩岩形成后动力条件发生变化、采用的测年方法不同以及海平面高程估算和分析误差等问题,基于海滩岩的过去海平面重建结果依然存在较大争议和不确定性。我们分析和总结了南海北部中晚全新世海滩岩重建海平面的进展,以及在海平面研究中存在的问题和潜在机遇,从海滩岩的形成年代与海滩岩形成后高程产生变化等方面进一步量化研究海滩岩重建海平面变化的不确定性。同时,通过对南海北部海南岛东部沿岸的3块原生珊瑚礁（1块大型块状滨珊瑚和2块滨珊瑚微环礁）进行高精度高程测量和铀系测年,共获得6个海平面数据,结合冰川均衡调整模型（Glacial Isostatic Adjustment,GIA）和ICE-5G模型结果,对基于海滩岩重建的南海北部中晚全新世海平面的可靠性进行比较和评估。以上不确定性分析和研究结果表明,通过年代与高程校正后,海平面重建结果准确性进一步提高。研究结果可为以其他海平面标志物重建的过去海平面的不确定性分析和可靠性分析提供参考和借鉴。     

华南全新世高海滩岩与海岸大震构造

笔者在世界上首次发现的华南海岸全新世高海滩岩中，又发现了海滩岩断代序列模式及其中蕴藏的重大科学信息。本文重点讨论高海滩岩与闽粤琼大震、大震构造与地震周期序列的关系，以及大震构造的定量标志。此外，继发现２５０年左右阶段的海岸升降年垂直活动速率后，又发现了５０年左右阶段的年活动速率。     

海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理室内试验研究

将水泥土和周围土体作为研究对象,利用室内化学分析试验得到了离子浓度的时空分布规律,并从腐蚀离子干预水化反应进程和分解水化产物两个过程揭示了海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理。Ca^2+由水泥土向土体中扩散,Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-从土体向水泥土扩散;随着水化反应的进行,Ca^2+不断生成,水泥土中足够多的Ca^2+是保证水化反应进行并维持水化产物稳定的必要条件,Ca^2+不断向土体扩散是水泥土劣化的原因之一;水泥土内部的SO42^-及Cl^-在浓度较低(分别低于9和15 g/L)时有利于水泥土强度的提高,浓度较高时则导致水泥土发生胀裂;水泥土中Mg^2+的存在会阻碍水化产物的生成并分解水化产物,但浓度较低(低于3 g/L)时,影响不明显;土体中Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-浓度高于水泥土中的浓度,在水泥土表层与水化产物反应生成胶结性差及膨胀性高的物质,促使水泥土劣化。     

Experimental Investigation of Unconfined Compression Strength and Stiffness of Cement Treated Salt-Rich Clay

Soft clay with high sodium chloride salt concentration is a problem encountered by geotechnical and highway engineers. Chemical stabilization using cement is an attractive method to improve the engineering properties of soft soil. However, very limited studies have been conducted to reveal the effect of salt concentration on the engineering properties of cement-stabilized soil and the reported results in literature are not consistent. The impact of sodium chloride salt on the strength and stiffness properties of cement-stabilized Lianyungang marine clay is studied in this study. The clay with various sodium chloride salt concentrations was prepared artificially and stabilized by various contents of Ordinary Portland cement. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests of cement stabilized clay specimen after 7, 14, and 28 days curing periods were carried out. The results indicate that a high sodium chloride salt concentration has a detrimental effect on the UCS and stiffness of cement-stabilized clay. The detrimental effect of salt concentration on the strength and stiffness of cement-stabilized clay directly relates to cement content. Soils mixed with high cement content are more resistant to the negative effect of salts than soils mixed with low cement content. The ratio of modulus of elasticity to UCS of cement treated soil does not have an obvious relationship with salt concentration. The findings of this study present a rational basis for the understanding of the impact of salt on the engineering properties of cement-treated soil.     

Enhancing the mechanical properties of marine clay using cement solidification

Abstract

The use of soft clay and dredged marine clays as the construction material is challenging. This is because the high water content, high compressibility and low permeability of the clay causing the instability of ground and structure. This detrimental effect of soft clay can be improved by the cement solidification process, which is relatively cheap and efficient. This paper mainly focuses on the study of improvement on the mechanical behavior of cement mixed marine clay. The soil is reconstituted by using ordinary Portland cement of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by its mass. The study reveals that cementation of clay significantly improves the peak and residual strength of soil. Similarly, the primary yield stress of the soil is also improved from 16 to 275?kPa as cement content increases from 5% to 20%, respectively. By using statistical tools, the relationships between various parameters are established, which are very important to define the mechanical behavior of the clay. This study reveals that the yield surface of the solidified marine clay is not a smooth elliptical surface. Rather it is composed of two linear surfaces followed by a log-linear surface which can be modeled by using simple parameters obtained from triaxial tests.     

Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones,Hawaii

This is the first article to describe mineralization of midplate submarine rift zones and hydrothermal manganese oxide mineralization of midplate volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala and Puna Ridges. These Mn oxides form two types of deposits, metallic stratiform layers in volcaniclastic rocks and cement for clastic rocks; both deposit types are composed of todorokite and bimessite. Thin Fe‐Mn crusts that coat some rocks formed by a combination of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal processes and are composed of δ‐MnO₂. The stratiform layers have high Mn contents (mean 40%) and a large fractionation between Mn and Fe (Fe/Mn = 0.04). Unlike most other hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits, those from Hawaiian rift zones are enriched in the trace metals Zn, Co, Ba, Mo, Sr, V, and especially Ni (mean 0.16%). Metals are derived from three sources: mafic and ultramafic rocks leached by circulating hydrothermal fluids, clastic material (in Mn‐cemented sandstone), and seawater that mixed with the hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization on Haleakala Ridge occurred sometime during the past 200 to 400 ka, when the summit was at a water depth of more than 1,000 m. Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikces, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits. The supply of seawater to ridge interiors must be extensive because of their high porosity and permeability. Precipitation of Mn oxide below the seafloor is indicated by its occurrence as cement, growth textures that show mineralizing fluids were introduced from below, and pervasive replacement of original matrix of clastic rocks.     

Extensive carbonate cementation of fluvial sandstones: An integrated outcrop and petrographic analysis from the Upper Cretaceous, Book Cliffs, Utah

Extensive, large-scale pervasive cementation in the form of cement bodies within fluvial strata has rarely been documented although fluvial strata commonly act as important hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as groundwater aquifers. Here, we present outcrop, petrographic and geochemical data for pervasive ferroan dolomite cement bodies up to 250 m in size from Upper Cretaceous Desert Member and Castlegate Sandstone fluvial strata exposed in the Book Cliffs in Utah. These cement bodies are present with coastal plain fluvial strata within both the Desert and Castlegate lowstand sandstones and are most abundant in the thin, distal fluvial strata. Cement bodies are almost entirely absent in updip, thicker, fluvial strata. Petrographic observations suggest a predominantly early diagenetic timing to the mildly ferroan dolomite, with a component of later burial origin. δ¹³C values for the cement (+4.8 to −5.7‰ V-PDB) suggest a marine-derived source for the earliest phase with a burial organic matter source for later cement. δ¹⁸O data (−6.3 to −11.8‰ V-PDB) suggest precipitation from freshwater dominated fluids. It is proposed here that dolomite was derived from leaching of detrital dolomite under lowstand coals and cementation took place in coastal aquifers experiencing mixed meteoric-marine fluids as a result of base-level fluctuations. This data presented here shows that large cement bodies can be an important component within fluvial sandstones with a potentially significant impact upon both reservoir quality and fluid flow within reservoirs, especially at the marine-non-marine interface.     

Lithologic characteristics and diagenesis of the Devonian Jauf sandstone at Ghawar Field, Eastern Saudi Arabia

The Lower Devonian Jauf Formation in Saudi Arabia is an important hydrocarbon reservoir. However, in spite of its importance as a reservoir, published studies on the Jauf Formation more specifically on the reservoir quality (including diagenesis), are very few. This study, which is based on core samples from two wells in the Ghawar Field, northeastern Saudi Arabia, reports the lithologic and diagenetic characteristics of this reservoir. The Jauf reservoir is a fine to medium-grained, moderate to well-sorted quartz arenite. The diagenetic processes recognized include compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of the calcite cements and of feldspar grains. The widespread occurrences of early calcite cement suggest that the Jauf reservoir lost a significant amount of primary porosity at a very early stage of its diagenetic history. Early calcite cement, however, prevented the later compaction of the sandstone, thus preserving an unfilled part of the primary porosity. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-bridging clay cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late calcite cement occurs as isolated patches, and has little impact on reservoir quality of the sandstones.In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including illite and chlorite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. While the pore-filling illite and chlorite resulted in a considerable loss of porosity, the pore-lining chlorite may have helped in retaining the porosity by preventing the precipitation of syntaxial quartz overgrowths. Illite, which largely occurs as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges on the pore throats, caused a substantial deterioration to permeability of the reservoir. Diagenetic history of the Jauf Formation as established here is expected to help better understanding and exploitation of this reservoir.