浅谈区域成矿学在地质找矿中的作用

区域成矿学广泛应用于地质矿产找矿工作,本文总结了区域成矿学的相关内容,并结合区域成矿学在地质找矿中的应用,从经验指导、减小目标范围以及判断成矿原因三个方面,探究了区域成矿学在地质找矿中的作用,认为区域成矿学在地质找矿中可以明确找矿方向、预测远景区和探究成矿规律,能够为矿产资源进一步开发提供参考。     

对提高地质找矿效果、实现找矿突破的探讨

提高地质找矿效果、实现找矿突破是我国面临的矿产资源短缺形势的必然需要。本章结合地质找矿的实践、学习、思考、研究经历,从地质找矿创新能力、创新工作模式、创新文化和成矿研究等不同方面对提高地质找矿效果、实现找矿突破进行了探讨,认为地质找矿工作是以地质找矿创新能力、创新工作模式和创新文化建设为基础,通过对地质找矿信息的收集、提取、研究,建立区域成矿模型、综合找矿模型、矿产勘查模型和矿床模型,在解剖成矿系统的过程中发现矿床,实现找矿突破,为社会经济的可持续发展提供矿产资源保障。     

大兴安岭巴升河—根多河一带有色金属找矿前景分析

本文主要从区域地球物理、地球化学特征分析了巴升河—根多河地区地质特征,归纳总结了区域有利的成矿地质条件。根据找矿靶区的圈定依据,在工作区筛选出找矿远景区5处和6个找矿靶区。同时对区域内有代表性的找矿远景区特征进行了论述,总结了成矿规律,并进行了成矿预测。     

山西省娄烦县不算沟铁矿成矿地质特征

本文通过对山西省娄烦县不算沟铁矿勘查区区域地质、矿区地质、矿体地质等的综合和分析研究,总结了矿床成因和找矿标志,为在该区外围继续找矿提供一定的地质依据。     

磐石—双阳一带成矿条件分析及找矿方向

通过深入研究磐石—双阳一带区域地质背景,区域成矿规律和典型矿床特征,对区域成矿条件进行了系统分析,确定了磐石至双阳一带的找矿方向,圈定了找矿远景区.认为该带的主攻矿种为金、铁,兼顾多金属,矿床类型以矽卡岩型、岩浆热液型矿床为主,成矿地质条件优越,找矿前景广阔.     

中国陆区区域成矿作用同向性的理论找矿——试论在区域地体内深部和外围找矿预测中,以浅部矿化为中心的“第三象限”找矿理念

<正>笔者应中国有色金属学会邀请曾于2012年3月18日在深圳"金属矿山成矿理论与深部找矿新技术研讨会"上,专题报告:"初论中国陆区区域成矿作用同向性在地质勘查和找矿预测中的应用";这个创新的区域地质流体方向性运移找矿的学术理念初成雏形,极需宏观上理论深化、找矿中勇于预测、具体矿床勘查实践中细心求证。为此,笔者在原有"地质流体方向性运移找矿理念"基础     

福建省区域地球物理、地球化学的基本特征及内生金属矿成矿特点的探讨

地球物理和地球化学方法是地质找矿的重要手段,显著的找矿效果早已成为众所周知的事实。由于物化探资料能够带来众多的地质找矿信息,区域物化探资料已逐步成为解决区域地质问题和研究成矿规律不可缺少的基础资料。近几年来我们根据福建省的实际情况,利用现有区域物化探资料,对全省区域重磁场及地球化学元素分布(主要为 Pb、Cu,Sn、Mo 四个元素)的基本特征进行了研究,对深部构     

粤北地区锡矿成矿规律及找矿前景

粤北地区锡矿主要有石英脉带型锡矿、矽卡岩型锡矿、矽卡岩-破碎带复合型锡矿、脉状锡铅锌多金属矿、花岗岩风化壳型锡矿、云英岩型锡矿和砂锡矿等类型。根据区域成矿地质和物化探异常等特征,认为粤北地区石英脉型锡矿与矽卡岩-破碎带复合型锡矿具有良好的找矿前景,前者可作为今后该区域锡矿的主要找矿类型。根据区域成矿地质特征划分为5个找矿远景区,即锯板坑—瑶岭找矿远景区、杉木洞—禾尚田找矿远景区、大东山找矿远景区、岭脚找矿远景区、谢家山找矿远景区。     

四川省理塘县阿加隆洼金矿地质特征及找矿潜力

阿加隆洼金矿位于甘孜-理塘裂谷带中段,作者研究了区域成矿地质背景,成矿地质条件,矿床地质特征,分析了矿床成因,总结了找矿标志;分析了找矿潜力,提出了三个找矿潜力靶区,预测找矿潜力为大型。     

遥感地质找矿工作准则问题的探讨

遥感地质作为一种先进的手段,在整个地质工作中日益发挥重要作用。多年来,国内外利用遥感地质方法与地面地质、物化探工作结合,找到一系列矿床和圈定了一大批找矿工作靶区。以遥感地质技术为基础的地质测量方法,已经逐步形成新的地质工作程序。尤其在区域地质测量、成矿区带找矿预测和找矿靶区选择上,更显示出它的优越性。这里根据在国内一些有色金属成矿区带、矿田、矿区的遥感地质技术在地质找矿中的应用研究实践,总结遥感地质找矿工作中的一些问题,讨论遥感地质找矿工作准则。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Mass Fractions of S,Cu, Se,Mo, Ag,Cd, In,Te, Ba,Sm, W,Tl and Bi in Geological Reference Materials and Selected Carbonaceous Chondrites Determined by Isotope Dilution ICP‐MS

Mass fractions of S, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Te, Ba, Sm, W and Tl were determined by isotope dilution sector field ICP‐MS in the same sample aliquot of reference materials using HF‐HNO₃ digestion in PFA beakers in pressure bombs and glassy carbon vessels in a high‐pressure asher (HPA‐S) for comparison. Additionally, Bi was determined by internal standardisation relative to Tl. Because isobaric and oxide interferences pose problems for many of these elements, efficient chromatographic separation methods in combination with an Aridus desolvator were employed to minimise interference effects. Repeated digestion and measurement of geological reference materials (BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, SCo‐1, MAG‐1, MRG‐1 and UB‐N) gave results with < 5% relative intermediate precision (1s) for most elements, except Bi. Replicates of NIST SRM 612 glass digested on a hot plate were analysed by the same methods, and the results agree with reference values mostly within 2% relative deviation. Data for the carbonaceous chondrites Allende, Murchison, Orgueil and Ivuna are also reported. Digestion in a HPA‐S was as efficient as in pressure bombs, but some elements displayed higher blank levels following HPA‐S treatment. Pressure bomb digestion yielded precise data for volatile S, Se and Te, but may result in high blanks for W.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定卤水中锂钠钾钙镁硼硫氯

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型、氯化物型三种类型卤水中Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S、Cl等高低含量元素的分析方法。选择仪器最佳的工作条件为射频功率1400W,炬管位置位于-3,载气流量0.60 L/min。确定了各元素测定谱线,使用ICP-AES的双向观测模式、轴向观测模式测定Li、Ca、B、S、Cl以及低含量的K、Mg,径向观测模式测定高含量的Na、K、Mg,可确保卤水中不同含量的元素同时检出。Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S的检测下限为0.07～3.00 mg/L,Cl的测定下限为165mg/L。方法精密度(RSD,n=10)均小于5%,回收率为92.4%～109.7%。其中Na、K、Mg、S、Cl测定结果与传统方法测定结果基本吻合。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Slope hummock development, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada

Slope hummocks, a type of nonsorted patterned ground, are composed of stratified, organic, silty sand, and develop through the interaction of niveo-eolian deposition, solifluction, slopewash, and vegetation growth. Fields of hummocks show consistent patterns: forms on convex slopes increase in height downslope until the channel is reached, whereas those on convexo-concave slopes increase on the upper convexity but are buried by niveo-eolian deposition downslope of the snowbank remnant. These trends can be reproduced using a simple numerical model based on measured slope and snow depth profiles, sediment concentrations in the snow and solifluction rates. The model indicates that hummocks transit slopes of 20-40 m in about 2-4 ka, a time-frame that is plausible given site emergence, measured rates of solifluction, and published dates for organic horizons within hummocks on northern Ellesmere Island. Sensitivity analyses show that long-term effect of climate warming on hummock heights may differ depending on whether it is accompanied by precipitation increase or decrease. The required combination of two-sided freezing to promote plug-like movement, incomplete vegetation cover and thin snow that enable eolian erosion during winter and spring, and vegetation growth in snow-bed sites to stabilize niveo-eolian deposits may explain why these forms are important regionally but apparently are not present throughout the Arctic.