闽南-台湾浅滩二长棘鲷食性研究

二长棘鲷(Parargyrops edita)是暖水性底层鱼类,分布于日本南部、东海、台湾海峡、台湾浅滩、南海北部以及印度尼西亚沿岸,为我国东南沿海底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象,近几年来,由于捕捞过度,北部湾和南海北部沿岸二长棘鲷资源严重衰退,唯独台湾浅滩地形复杂,底拖网不易作业,二长棘鲷资源却受到自然保护.在闽南-台湾浅滩底拖网渔获中,二长棘鲷仍然是主要优势种.     

东海头足类的数量分布与可持续利用

根据1994年6月～1996年5月和2004～2006年对东海大陆架25°30′N～33°30′N,128°00′E以西海域调查资料,对头足类的数量分布进行研究.结果表明:头足类数量分布高峰期出现在夏季,渔获率为26.9 kg·h-1,其次是秋季,为16. 5 kg·h-1,春季最低,只有8.7 kg·h-1.其渔获量分布以6～12月密度较高,密集中心出现在舟山渔场东南部和鱼山渔场、温台渔场外侧水深80～100 m海域.东海实施伏季底拖网休渔制度后,头足类产卵场得到保护,但头足类夏季高峰失去利用,渔获率下降了14. 7%.建议调整作业结构,调整捕捞季节,在夏季高峰季节发展光诱作业和鱿钓作业,上半年进行养护,集中在下半年进行利用,以提高头足类资源的产业效益.     

南麂列岛岛礁区域鱼类种类组成和数量分布

采用底层拖网方法,以渔获率作为鱼类资源分布的数量指标,进行了南麂列岛岛礁区域2011年4月、8月、11月和2012年3月4个季节的鱼类种类组成、数量分布以及时空变化研究。结果表明:(1)调查海域鱼类有69种,鱼类种数夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;(2)六指马鲅、海鳗、棘头梅童鱼、龙头鱼、赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼、、中颌棱鳀、六丝钝尾虎鱼等15种鱼占鱼类总渔获量的89.13%,是调查海域底层拖网的主要捕捞鱼类;(3)不同季节的鱼类渔获量组成相差较大,优势种季节演替现象明显;(4)渔获率的季节变化明显,渔获率夏秋季明显高于冬春季,夏秋季渔获率较高的区域一般在调查海域西北方向的开阔海域。     

台湾海峡和北部湾二长棘鲷种群鉴别研究

二长棘鯛(Parargyrops edita Tanka)为暖水性的底层鱼类,分布于日本南部、东海、南海北部、台湾海峡以及印度尼西亚沿海,为我国东南沿海和北部湾底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象之一。台湾海峡二长棘鯛的两个产卵场位于澎湖列岛北面和台湾浅滩内缘海区;南海北部的三个产卵场即粤东的汕尾近海、珠江口近海和粤西的电白近海;涠洲岛西北面和珍珠港附近是北部湾一个主要的产卵场。近年来二长棘鯛在南海北部近海底拖网中已很少渔获;在南海北部大陆架边缘则更少出现。由于滥捕幼鱼十分严重,台湾海峡和北部湾二长棘鲷的渔获量也已明显下降。     

闽江口及其附近海域棘头梅童鱼资源的研究

利用2006～2007年4个季节的底拖网捕捞渔获调查数据,对闽江口及附近海域底拖网鱼类中的棘头梅童鱼的资源状况进行了分析.结果表明：棘头梅童鱼在春季和冬季的渔获质量所占比例较高,分别为3.2%和4.8%;而夏季和秋季的渔获质量所占比例较低,分别为1.8%和1.5%.优势体长组为110～120mm;4个季节的资源密度波动于1.44～38.61kg/km2之间,其平均值为16.14kg/km2.4个季节的平均资源现存量约为58.09t,其中冬季资源量最大（138.99t）;资源密度在春、冬季明显高于夏、秋季;资源分布与水温、水深及盐度等环境因子关系密切.其喜栖息于低温、低盐和浅水海域,秋、冬季分布较广,部分出现离岸及南移现象.文中还应用ELEFAN技术分析了棘头梅童鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长参数（K）、极限体长（L∞）、总死亡系数（Z）、自然死亡系数（M）和开发率（E）,各指标值分别为0.60、183.75mm、2.42、0.69和0.71.这说明其生长较为迅速,但捕捞死亡率过高,已出现过度捕捞现象,应该加强保护以实现资源可持续再生与利用.     

南海北部带鱼生长死亡与参数动态综合模式

根据我国近海带鱼分种研究结果,利用南海北部底拖网调查收集的带鱼属3鱼种的生物学资料,运用长度频率法估算了3鱼种的生长和死亡参数.带鱼、南海带鱼和短带鱼von Bertalanffy生长方程的渐近肛长分别为70.0,54.5和48.0 cm;生长系数分别为0.27,0.27和0.17;理论生长起点年龄分别为-0.60,-0.68和-1.10龄.用长度变换渔获曲线法估算的3鱼种总死亡系数分别为3.02,0.80和2.43;用经验公式估算的自然死亡系数分别为0.39,0.58和0.44;捕捞死亡系数分别为2.63,0.22和1.99.动态综合模式的分析结果表明,3鱼种都能承受较大的捕捞压力,资源利用的不合理之处是大量捕捞1龄以内的幼鱼;在最适利用状态下,带鱼、南海带鱼和短带鱼的开捕年龄分别应为3.0,2.0和2.7龄,对应的肛长分别为44,28和23 cm.     

南海北部海区软骨鱼类种类组成和资源密度分布

根据2006～2007年南海北部海区4季的调查资料,分析该海区软骨鱼类的种类组成和资源密度的分布．结果表明,软骨鱼类有32种,分隶于9目17科,优势种为斑鳐、曾氏兔银鲛、褐黄扁缸、橙黄鲨;渔获率D断面最高（10．19kg／h）,B断面最低（4．52kg／h）;渔获率有明显的季节变动,夏季最高（12．16kg／h）,秋季最低（3．71kg／h）,平均渔获率为7．05kg／h;密集分布于180m和140m水深处;其年均资源密度为94．00kg／km^2．文中并讨论合理利用和保护该类群的措施．     

舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年8月、2007年1、5、11月在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30′—32°00′N,127°E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查所获得的游泳动物调查资料,用渔获率作为鱼类资源分布的数量指标,对舟山渔场及邻近海域的鱼类种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势作了定量分析。结果表明,舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种类约有139种,隶属14目、56科、105属,其中日本红娘鱼、绿鳍鱼、六丝矛尾虎鱼、细条天竺鱼、海鳗、黑、星康吉鳗、小黄鱼、前肛鳗、短吻舌鳎、棘头梅童鱼等25种鱼类占鱼类总渔获量的84.18%,是调查海域桁杆拖网的主要捕捞鱼类,而其它种类的渔获量较少。不同季节的经济鱼类渔获物组成相差较大,而优势种种类组成变化较少。渔获量高峰期主要出现在夏季,从不同区域的渔获率分布趋势来看,春、夏、秋季的鱼类渔获率都以江外渔场最高,其次是长江口渔场,舟山渔场居第三,而杭州湾河口区的鱼类渔获率明显偏低。冬季鱼类渔获率分布趋势与春夏秋季不同,以长江口渔场为最高,其次是舟山渔场,而江外渔场和杭州湾河口区渔获率明显偏低。与以往(20世纪60年代初)调查结果相比,舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种数组成、种群动态及群落结构都发生了很大的变化。     

南海北部陆架区海域蓝圆鲹产卵场的研究

根据1997年12月到1999年6月在南海北部陆架区进行1a的4个季度共9个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查的资料,采用统计分析的方法分析了南海北部陆架区蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi性腺成熟度的组成及分布、季节变化和水深变化。结果表明,南海北部陆架区海域蓝的产卵场位于海南岛东部近岸海区和北部湾湾口海区;产卵期主要集中在春季,和历史资料相比产卵期有明显缩短;产卵水深增加,有外移的趋向。     

湛江近海虾拖网副渔获组成分析与评价

为了探明南海北部虾拖网副渔获的种类组成、优势种类和幼鱼比例等情况,2012年8月1~5日作者于湛江近海进行了虾拖网副渔获调查。结果表明:湛江近海虾拖网副渔获种类极多,副渔获物与虾类的质量比为3.9:1;副渔获物的主要种类为蟹类和鱼类;蟹类副渔获物的优势种类分别为红星梭子蟹(Portunus sanguinolentus)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和远海梭子蟹(Portunus pelagicus),其相对重要性(IRI)分别为7558.72、6540.72和2826.41;鱼类优势副渔获物的种类分别为褐斑三线舌鳎(Cynoglossus trigrammus)、少鳞鱚(Sillago japonica)、多齿蛇鲻(Saurida tumbil)和六带石斑鱼(Epinephelus sexfasciatus),其IRI分别为3158.94、1755.57、1294.44和1058.46;副渔获物的幼鱼比极高。最后,作者结合相关研究,对如何从技术层面解决南海区虾拖网严重的副渔获问题进行了探讨,以促进南海区虾拖网渔业的可持续发展。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.