1996年8月5日—1997年5月15日Hale—Bopp彗星的照相观测

在1996年8月5日——1997年5月15日对Hale-Bopp彗星进行了照相观测,多次观测到Hale-Bopp彗星彗核的小规模分裂,喷流,壳层结构及彗发的膨胀现象。     

海尔—波普彗星喷流的一次成功检测

上海天文台余山观测站1．56m望远镜于1996年9月23日北京时间19点40分拍摄了海尔-波普彗星的CCD图象。使用的滤光片是R，露光时间为45s。经过偏流（bias）、暗流（dark）以及平场（flat）改正的图象上可以看出彗核附近有5条喷流，但是并不十分清楚（见图1）。这主要是由于喷流叠     

1997年3月4日海尔-波普彗星的小规模分裂

１　引言彗核分裂是彗星的最重要特征之一．至１９８２年止文献记录共观测到２２个彗核分裂,３３个次核［１］．１９８６年哈雷彗星回归时观测到彗核的分裂［２］．１９９６年紫金山天文台２００ｍｍ赤道望远镜和青岛观象台同时观测到百武彗星的分裂［３］．海尔波普彗星从１９９５年８月到１０月曾爆发５次［４］．１９９６年３月至１２月不断有喷流射出,彗核活动日趋剧烈［５］．１９９７年３月４日我们观测到彗核的小规模分裂及喷流特征,３月３日我们观测到海尔波普彗星近核照片上有喷流,这可能是３月４日彗核小块分裂的前奏．３…     

第一张哈雷彗核图

亚利桑那大学S.M.Larson和美国喷气推进实验室Z.Sekenina,分析了1910年哈彗回归时拍摄的一系列照片(采用了图像数字处理技术,提高和增强了反衬度),得出一张哈彗彗核国。从这些照片上,他们测得大量喷流、旋喷流、晕以及彗发上可见的其他征状的边界位置。这些征状主要是由1微米(或更小)的尘粒组成的。他们计算了这些尘粒离开彗核后的运动路径,并且由这些路径寻找到生粒在彗核表面上的发射位置。根据这些结果(将刊于A.J.上)表明,许多尘粒旋喷流、喷流和晕,来自彗核表面上五条狭长区域和一个点状源(标记为     

Vega飞船对哈雷彗星的电视观测

1984年12月份,苏联发射了两艘飞船——Vega-1和Vega-2,观测哈雷彗星。这两艘飞船都载有电视摄像系统.它们的主要任务是:(1)查明彗核是一个整块,还是由一些碎块组成的;(2)测定彗核的大小、形状和自转参数;(3)估测彗核表面的成份和结构;(4)探查彗核表面物质发射的特征:(5)确定活动区域的位置;以及(6)研究近核区域彗发的形态结构和运动。     

彗星的CCD成像观测

近年来，对一系列彗星进行的宽带或带ＣＣＤ测光得到了许多有趣的结果，为深入地理解彗星的物理性质，结构，起源和演化等提供了丰富的信息。文中简要地介绍了利用ＣＣＤ成像观测在测量彗核的自转，大小，开头，质量和研究彗核的活动以及彗发的形成和演化等方面的进展。     

恒星形成区NGC7538中的分子氢发射

报告在ＮＧＣ７５３８中利用Ｈ２（２．１２μｍ）发射线测新发现的两个喷流和１８个近红外ＨＨ天体,在ＩＲＳ１－３星云中观测到了强Ｈ２发射壳层结构环绕在星云的北边。星云中红外源的ＵＶ辐射场的外流活动都可能导致这一Ｈ２发射。在ＨＲＳ１－３星云的南边和东边探测到了５个Ｈ２ｋｎｏｔｓ．在ＩＲＳ１南边发现的Ｈ２喷流暗示该区域有一个南北向的外流,在ＩＲＳ１１星团的周围发现了９个Ｈ２ｈｎｏｔｓ．在西北－东南方向和东     

Hale-Bopp彗星的短期非引力效应与彗核活动

对于Hale-Bopp彗星在1997年2月底到4月初的几次彗核活动中，分析了它的同时期天体测量资料，发现它有活动时的观测位置与由彗星历表计算的位置偏差明显地超过观测误差，也超过彗星质心与光心的偏差。因此，这些结果表明彗核活动的确造成了可观测的短期非引力效应，对几次彗核活动及其相应的非引力效应作了讨论。     

哈雷彗星的彗核分裂

彗核分裂是最重要的彗星性质之一。这是因为,不仅这一性质是支持P.L.Whipple的冰冻团块模型的强有力的证据,而且,对彗核分裂现象的理解亦将为研究彗星本质提供大量的信息。迄今为止,发现有彗核分裂的彗星总数已超过20。至于关于哈雷彗星的彗核分裂,上一次回归(1910年)提供的报告极少。国际天文界对此将信将疑,并无定论。     

南天区20个河外射电源的VLBI研究

本报道南天区５ＧＨｚ普查式观测结果，首次观测是在１９９２年１１月期间进行的，共观测２３个河外射电源，获得了２０个河外射电源的ＶＬＢＩ高分辨率的射电图象，有１５个射电源呈现核喷流结构，１个有双向喷流，３个未分解，未发现有致密双源，在１６个核喷流（包括一个双向喷流源）源中有１１个呈现弯曲喷流现象。此外还首次发现了３个源中可能有超光速运动现象。     

Numerical simulation of the gould belt dynamics

The results of numerical simulations of the Gould Belt motion for the 2D (a ring in the Galactic plane) and 3D (a spherical shell outside the Galactic plane) cases are presented. Particles of the expanding shell interact with each other within the framework of the N-body problem. The Galactic potential has been borrowed from Flynn et al. (1996). The total mass of the shell is 1.5 × 10⁶ M_⊙ in accordance with the estimate from Bobylev (2006). The initial mutual distances and velocities of the shell components are chosen in such a way that the shell reaches the present-day sizes of the Gould Belt in 30–60 Myr. In the 2D case, the ring is shown to be stretched with time into a rotating ellipse, which is consistent with the results from Blaauw (1952) obtained by other methods. In the 3D case, the projections of the initially spherical shell onto the Galactic plane are also rotating ellipses. A vertical oscillation of the Gould Belt components relative to the Galactic plane, a flattening of the spherical shell, and its inclination to the Galactic plane after a certain time interval have been revealed.     

Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock

The optical flash accompanying GRB 990123 is believed to be powered by the reverse shock of a thin shell. With the best-fit physical parameters for GRB 990123 and the assumption that the parameters in the optical flash are the same as in the afterglow, we show that: 1) the shell is thick rather than thin, and we have provided the light curve for the thick shell case which coincides with the observation; 2) the theoretical peak flux of the optical flash accounts for only 3×10~-4 of the observed. In order to remove this discrepancy, the physical parameters, the electron energy and magnetic ratios, εe and εB, should be 0.61 and 0.39, which are very different from their values for the late afterglow.     

AMRVAC and relativistic hydrodynamic simulations for gamma-ray burst afterglow phases

We apply a novel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code, AMRVAC (Adaptive Mesh Refinement version of the Versatile Advection Code), to numerically investigate the various evolutionary phases in the interaction of a relativistic shell with its surrounding cold interstellar medium (ISM). We do this for both 1D isotropic and full 2D jet-like fireball models. This is relevant for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and we demonstrate that, thanks to the AMR strategy, we resolve the internal structure of the shocked shell–ISM matter, which will leave its imprint on the GRB afterglow. We determine the deceleration from an initial Lorentz factor  γ= 100  up to the almost Newtonian     phase of the flow. We present axisymmetric 2D shell evolutions, with the 2D extent characterized by their initial opening angle. In such jet-like GRB models, we discuss the differences with the 1D isotropic GRB equivalents. These are mainly due to thermally induced sideways expansions of both the shocked shell and shocked ISM regions. We found that the propagating 2D ultrarelativistic shell does not accrete all the surrounding medium located within its initial opening angle. Part of this ISM matter gets pushed away laterally and forms a wide bow-shock configuration with swirling flow patterns trailing the thin shell. The resulting shell deceleration is quite different from that found in isotropic GRB models. As long as the lateral shell expansion is merely due to ballistic spreading of the shell, isotropic and 2D models agree perfectly. As thermally induced expansions eventually lead to significantly higher lateral speeds, the 2D shell interacts with comparably more ISM matter and decelerates earlier than its isotropic counterpart.     

Star formation triggered by supernova explosions in young galaxies

We study the evolution of supernova remnants in a low-metallicity medium   Z /Z_⊙= 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻²  in the early universe, using one-dimensional hydrodynamics with non-equilibrium chemistry. Once a post-shock layer is able to cool radiatively, a dense shell forms behind the shock. If this shell becomes gravitationally unstable and fragments into pieces, next-generation stars are expected to form from these fragments. To explore the possibility of this triggered star formation, we apply a linear perturbation analysis of an expanding shell to our results and constrain the parameter range of ambient density, explosion energy and metallicity where fragmentation of the shell occurs. For the explosion energy of  10⁵¹ erg (10⁵² erg)  , the shell fragmentation occurs for ambient densities higher than  ≳10² cm⁻³ (10 cm⁻³  ), respectively. This condition depends little on the metallicity in the ranges we examined. We find that the mode of star formation triggered occurs only in massive  (≳10⁸ M_⊙)  haloes.     

星周尘埃壳层的消光值

本文首次提出了从观测得到的具有星周尘埃壳层的恒星的能谱分布求取星周尘埃云的消光,并由此可通过改正星周消光改正后的星际消光法求得恒星距离的方法。     

The global shape of Europa: Constraints on lateral shell thickness variations

The global shape of Europa is controlled by tidal and rotational potentials and possibly by lateral variations in ice shell thickness. We use limb profiles from four Galileo images to determine the best-fit hydrostatic shape, yielding a mean radius of 1560.8±0.3 km and a radius difference a−c of 3.0±0.9 km, consistent with previous determinations and inferences from gravity observations. Adding long-wavelength topography due to proposed lateral variations in shell thickness results in poorer fits to the limb profiles. We conclude that lateral shell thickness variations and long-wavelength isostatically supported topographic variations do not exceed 7 and 0.7 km, respectively. For the range of rheologies investigated (basal viscosities from 10¹⁴ to ) the maximum permissible (conductive) shell thickness is 35 km. The relative uniformity of Europa's shell thickness is due to either a heat flux from the silicate interior, lateral ice flow at the base of the shell, or convection within the shell.     

Searches for the shell swept up by the stellar wind from Cyg OB2

We investigated the kinematics of ionized gas in an extended (20°×15°) region containing the X-ray Superbubble in Cygnus with the aim of finding the shell swept up by a strong wind from Cyg OB2. Hα observations were carried out with high angular and spectral resolutions using a Fabry-Perot interferometer attached to the 125-cm telescope at the Crimean Observatory of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. We detected high-velocity gas motions, which could result from the expansion of the hypothetical shell at a velocity of 25–50 km s^?1. Given the number of OB stars increased by Knödlseder (2000) by an order of magnitude, Cyg OB2 is shown to possess a wind that is strong enough [L _w ? (1–2) × 10³⁹ erg s^?1] to produce a shell comparable in size to the X-ray Superbubble and to a giant system of optical filaments. Based on our measurements and on X-ray and infrared observations, we discuss possible observational manifestations of the shell swept up by the wind.     

Observed interstellar magnetized supershells and stellar-wind theories

Early theories of stellar winds from an association of OB stars predicted the formation of a common superbubble enclosed by athin, dense supershell, through the combined effort of the winds from the stars at the center. These early theories were adequate for explaining the primary observational features (defined as: shell age, outer radius, shell speed, shell mass, shell energy), but they were not adequate to explain the secondary features (defined as: shell thickness, shell magnetic field, shell gas density). A recently published theory for a stellar-wind-bubble and supershell, predicting a range ofthick supershells, can now be compared with the secondary observational features.Using the observed parameters from all large (> 100 pc) interstellar magnetized supershells near the sun (< 1 kpc away), I assemble for comparison with stellar-wind theories: (a) the primary observational features of these shells — I find: large shell age, large outer radius, low shell speed, large shell mass, large shell energy; and (b) some of their secondary observational features — I find: thick shell, low shell magnetic field strengh, low shell gas density.     

Optical depth effects on the formation of spectral lines in rotating and expanding spherical atmospheres

We have investigated the effects of increasing optical depths on spectral lines formed in a rotating and expanding spherical shell. We have assumed a shell whose outer radius is 3 times the inner radius, with the radial optical depths equal to 10, 50, 100, 500. We have employed a constant velocity with no velocity gradients in the shell. The shell is assumed to be rotating with velocities varying as 1/_ρ, where_ρ is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation, implying the conservation of angular momentum. Two expansion (radial) velocities are treated: (1)V = 0 (static case) and (2)V = 10 mean thermal units. The maximum rotational velocities areV _rot = 0, 5, 10 and 20. In the shell where there are no radial motions, we obtain symmetric lines with emission in the wings forV _rot = 0 and 5 while forV _rot ≥ 10 we obtain symmetric absorption lines. In the case of an expanding shell, we obtain lines with central emission.     

An anomalous velocity neutral hydrogen structure near the galactic center

An extensive concentration of neutral hydrogen has been observed in the fourth galactic quadrant, with a mean radial velocity of +44 km s^?1 referred to the local standard of rest. At a distance ofR kpc from the Sun this structure would contain 2.5×10⁴ R ² solar masses of neutral hydrogen. Five possible interpretations of this extensive concentration are considered: (1) part of the shell of a nearby explosive event; (2) a distant spiral arm of the Galaxy; (3) an extragalactic object; (4) material falling into our Galaxy; (5) gas expelled from the galactic center. Arguments are offered against the first three possibilities.